导致肺癌化疗患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症的相关因素及其治疗

目的探讨导致肺癌化疗患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症的相关因素及其治疗。方法回顾性分析106例伴有静脉血栓栓塞症的肺癌化疗患者(观察组)和120例未伴有静脉血栓栓塞症肺癌化疗患者(对照组)的临床症状。对可能导致2组患者发生不同病症的相关影响因素,如:性别、年龄、既往病史(高脂血症、肥胖、高血压、吸烟史、糖尿病)、病理类型与分期、血小板计数、血黏稠度、D-二聚体进行统计分析。对106例患者中5例实施了尿激酶溶栓治疗,其余101例患者采用低分子肝素-华法林序贯抗凝治疗方法。结果单因素方差分析结果显示2组患者的年龄、吸烟史、病理分期、血黏稠度和D-二聚体之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),性别、高脂血症、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、病理分型、血小板计数之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对筛选出的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示年龄≥60岁、有吸烟史、晚期、血黏稠度上升(男士>4.66 c P/女士>3.93 c P)、D-二聚体上升(>500μg/L)是肺癌化疗患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素。经积极治疗后58例治愈,11例好转,有效率为65.09%。结论年龄≥60岁、有吸烟史、晚期、血黏稠度上升、D-二聚体上升是肺癌化疗患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素,在治疗时应及时评估其致病的相关危险因素,尽早实施抗凝治疗,提高疗效,减少并发症的发生。     

晚期肺癌化疗患者伴静脉血栓栓塞症的相关因素分析

目的：分析晚期肺癌化疗患者伴静脉血栓栓塞症的相关因素。方法回顾性分析晚期肺癌化疗伴静脉血栓栓塞症的53例患者（栓塞组）和晚期肺癌化疗未伴有静脉血栓栓塞症的60例患者（对照组）的临床资料,并对晚期肺癌化疗患者伴静脉血栓栓塞症发生的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析表明两组患者的性别、病理分型、高脂血症、高血压、肥胖、糖尿病及血小板计数上升比较,差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;两组患者的年龄、临床分期、吸烟史、D-二聚体上升及血黏稠度升高比较,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。通过对筛选出的影响因素予以多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄≥60岁、吸烟史、临床分期为Ⅳ期、D-二聚体上升及血黏稠度升高属于晚期肺癌化疗患者伴有静脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素。结论年龄≥60岁、吸烟史、临床分期为Ⅳ期、D-二聚体上升及血黏稠度升高作为晚期肺癌化疗患者伴有静脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素,在临床中,应加以重视。     

宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例临床分析

目的:静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)是恶性肿瘤患者常见并发症。本文结合文献分析我院住院病人宫颈癌患者静脉血栓的临床特征,分析VTE形成机制及诱发因素,探索最佳治疗方法。方法:对近5年我科收治的宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:30例患者中17例VTE的发生和介入手术化疗有关。2例(6.7%)血栓栓塞发生在宫颈癌确诊之前,28例(93.3%)发生在宫颈癌确诊之后,单纯并发下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)27例,合并肺栓塞(PTE)2例,DVT合并PTE 1例。22例在栓塞前有化疗史。结论:血栓可能为肿瘤病人的首发表现,病人出现不能解释的血栓栓塞性疾病应考虑有肿瘤的可能。抗凝治疗对于血栓栓塞症疗效确切。及时诊断和治疗可以延长患者的生存期,降低患者的死亡率。口服避孕药、口服甲地孕酮、介入手术与VTE的发生几率可能有关。分期晚,远地转移的肿瘤患者易出现血栓栓塞。     

宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例临床分析

目的：静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）是恶性肿瘤患者常见并发症。本文结合文献分析我院住院病人宫颈癌患者静脉血栓的临床特征,分析VTE形成机制及诱发因素,探索最佳治疗方法。方法：对近5年我科收治的宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：30例患者中17例VTE的发生和介入手术化疗有关。2例（6.7%）血栓栓塞发生在宫颈癌确诊之前,28例（93.3%）发生在宫颈癌确诊之后,单纯并发下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）27例,合并肺栓塞（PTE）2例,DVT合并PTE 1例。22例在栓塞前有化疗史。结论：血栓可能为肿瘤病人的首发表现,病人出现不能解释的血栓栓塞性疾病应考虑有肿瘤的可能。抗凝治疗对于血栓栓塞症疗效确切。及时诊断和治疗可以延长患者的生存期,降低患者的死亡率。口服避孕药、口服甲地孕酮、介入手术与VTE的发生几率可能有关。分期晚,远地转移的肿瘤患者易出现血栓栓塞。     

血浆D-二聚体水平与恶性肿瘤患者发生静脉血栓的相关性

目的:观察血浆D-二聚体（D-dimer,D-D）水平对恶性肿瘤患者相关静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism,VTE）发生的风险评估效果。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年1月本院新收住并经病理组织学证实的171例恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,以初诊3个月内是否发生静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）分为VTE组（32例）和非VTE组（139例）,比较两组患者、不同临床分期患者、不同治疗方式患者、不同静脉血栓风险分层患者的血浆D-D值水平,采用Logistic多因素回归分析血浆D-D水平对恶性肿瘤患者相关VTE发生的风险评估效果。结果:VTE组的血浆D-D值水平显著高于非VTE组（P＜0.05）,且随着恶性肿瘤临床分期的增加和静脉血栓风险分层的增高,该现象更加显著。Logistic多因素回归分析结果表明,化疗、手术、静脉血栓风险评估和血浆D-D水平是患者发生VTE的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论:恶性肿瘤患者血浆D-D值水平明显升高,且与恶性肿瘤的临床分期和血栓风险分层相关;对恶性肿瘤患者进行血浆D-D值水平的检测,对预防恶性肿瘤患者初诊3个月内VTE的发生具有十分重要的参考意义。     

肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症89例临床分析

目的:本研究旨在探讨肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)患者的临床相关因素,为肺癌合并VTE的预防及治疗提供依据。方法:对2008年7月-2010年6月收治的经细胞学或病理学确诊的2053例肺癌病例进行回顾性分析。采用螺旋CT、肺动脉造影及彩色多普勒超声检查明确VTE诊断。将年龄、性别、病理类型、肺癌分期、手术、体质量指数、基础疾病、治疗前血小板计数、D-二聚体、白细胞介素1和肿瘤坏死因子作为临床相关因素。结果:2053例肺癌患者中,89例(4.34%)患者合并VTE。腺癌患者的VTE发生率为5.65%(58/1027),非腺癌患者为3.02%(31/1026),差异有统计学意义(P=0.003);Ⅰ～ⅢA期患者的VTE发生率为1.48%(10/677),ⅢB～Ⅳ期患者的VTE发生率为5.74%(79/1376),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);Ⅰ～ⅢA期接受手术治疗患者的VTE发生率为1.55%(10/645),未行手术治疗患者的VTE发生率为0%(0/32),差异有统计学意义(P=0.044);无基础疾病患者的VTE发生率为2.70%(33/1221),伴随基础疾病患者的VTE发生率为6.73%(56/832),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。治疗前,血小板计数、D-二聚体、白细胞介素1和肿瘤坏死因子水平正常者的VTE发生率分别为3.72%、0.31%、2.44%和3.27%,而水平升高者的VTE发生率分别为6.26%、19.91%、10.26%和7.74%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,腺癌、手术、基础疾病以及D-二聚体、白细胞介素1和肿瘤坏死因子水平升高是肺癌患者发生VTE的相关临床因素(P<0.05)。结论:肺癌合并VTE患者中,腺癌是最常见的病理类型。手术、基础疾病以及D-二聚体、白细胞介素1和肿瘤坏死因子水平升高是肺癌患者发生VTE的危险因素。     

恶性肿瘤并发深静脉血栓形成33例诊治分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者合并静脉血栓形成(VTE)的影响因素,治疗及VTE对生存的影响。方法 回顾性分析本科近年收治 的33例合并VTE的恶性肿瘤患者临床资料,对栓塞部位,血小板,D-二聚体及纤维蛋白原水平及生存资料进行分析 。结果 1例肺栓塞患者4小时内死亡。其余32例患者中,痊愈11例,好转8例,无效14例。恶性肿瘤发生VTE时血浆 D-二聚体及纤维蛋白原水平明显高于正常值,且D-二聚体高水平患者的中位生存期(80天)远低于低水平的患者(420 天),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.026)。结论 恶性肿瘤患者并发VTE后严重影响生存,治疗主要采用抗凝,祛 聚集等。D-二聚体以及纤维蛋白原水平对于VTE诊断及预后有临床价值。     

D-二聚体与乳腺癌的关系

作为凝血和纤维蛋白溶解活化的标志物，D-二聚体可快速评估血栓形成活性，并在静脉血栓栓塞症的诊断中发挥重要作用。研究表明在乳腺癌患者的血浆中D-二聚体浓度增加，因此，D-二聚体可以用作乳腺癌高凝状态的标志物。D-二聚体高表达反映了乳腺癌的恶性程度，与乳腺癌的侵袭转移密切相关，但与乳腺癌患者分子分型的关系有待研究。D-二聚体表达水平可以反映乳腺癌患者的身体机能状况，并可以指导构建静脉血栓栓塞症风险分层的风险评估模型。化疗和内分泌治疗会导致部分患者D-二聚体表达升高，在接受化疗前乳腺癌患者的D-二聚体浓度升高与化疗相对剂量强度降低相关。D-二聚体是指导乳腺癌患者抗凝治疗、判断预后的有效生物标志物。     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症21例临床分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）高危因素、诊断、治疗以及预防。方法回顾性分析21例恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症的临床资料。结果 21例病例中1例深静脉血栓形成（DVT）患者因为活动性咯血而未进行抗凝治疗,随诊发现患者患肢肿胀加重,超声复查提示血栓较前增大。1例肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）患者因病情危重未来得及行抗凝治疗以及溶栓治疗已经死亡。另1例PTE患者经对症治疗病情稳定后接受低分子肝素、华法林抗凝治疗,复查超声提示静脉血栓较前缩小。其余18例DVT患者经过抗凝治疗后患肢肿胀,疼痛减轻、消失或（和）超声检查提示静脉血栓较前缩小、消失,血流恢复通畅。结论通过分析恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症高危因素、诊断、治疗以及预防,提高DVT诊疗水平,减少PTE的发生,对防治VTE有重要意义。     

血液高凝肺癌患者应用低分子肝素后凝血功能的变化

目的:本试验回顾性研究低分子肝素对血液呈高凝状态的肺癌放化疗患者的抗凝作用。方法:将140例存在血液高凝的肺癌患者根据治疗方案分为放疗试验组、放疗对照组、化疗试验组及化疗对照组,每组35例,其中两试验组在放化疗治疗期间给予低分子肝素抗凝治疗,两对照组仅给予放、化疗。结果:两试验组患者抗凝治疗后,血D-二聚体（D-D）、血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）及血小板计数（PLT）水平明显下降,而两对照组患者基础治疗后,血D-D、PLT水平明显升高,化疗对照组治疗后FIB水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;试验组与对照组相比,静脉血栓（VTE）发生率明显降低,未见明显出血等不良反应。结论:低分子肝素可以有效改善肺癌患者的血液高凝状态,降低VTE发生率,且无明显出血不良事件,具有较高的有效性和安全性。     

D-dimer及PF1+2与晚期恶性肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症的相关性的研究

[目的]探讨血浆D-dimer及PF1＋2与晚期恶性肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）的相关性。[方法]150例晚期恶性肿瘤患者随机分为2组,其中117例无VTE的患者为非栓塞组,33例发生VTE的患者为栓塞组。所有患者均在化疗前及第2、第4、第6个疗程化疗后第7d至第10d期间检测血浆中D-dimer和PF1＋2的含量。[结果]随着化疗的进行患者血浆D-dimer、PF1＋2呈上升趋势,且栓塞组高于非栓塞组（P〈0.05）;恶性肿瘤患者血浆中Ddimer和PF1＋2呈显著正相关关系（r=0.53,P〈0.05）,而D-dimer、PF1＋2与患者的年龄、性别、病程、病理分型、临床分期均无相关性（P〉0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：血浆Ddimer、PF1＋2是化疗后VTE发生的独立危险因素,而接受抗凝治疗是化疗后VTE发生的保护因素。[结论]血浆D-dimer、PF1＋2对晚期恶性肿瘤患者VTE的发生具有一定的诊断价值,接受化疗的晚期恶性肿瘤患者应采取适当的抗凝治疗预防VTE的发生。     

恶性淋巴瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞的临床特征及血液学指标检测

目的:了解恶性淋巴瘤（malignant lymphoma,ML）患者并发静脉血栓栓塞（venous thromboembolism ,VTE ）的临床特点及血液学指标变化情况,为预防和治疗ML合并VTE 提供有效依据。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月至2014年4 月江苏大学附属昆山医院收治的65例ML合并VTE 患者的临床资料,观察凝血功能和血液流变学等血栓相关血液学指标。结果:ML合并VTE 患者男女比例为2.6 1:1,主要集中于较晚期的患者,81.54% 病例为ⅢB～Ⅳ期。66.15%（43例）在ML确诊后发现。55例（84.62%）并发深静肿血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis,DVT ）,7 例（10.77%）并发肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）,仅3 例（4.62%）同时并发DVT和PE。上肢和颈部静脉为DVT 的最常见发生部位,占67.27%（37例）。 ML合并DVT 主要表现为患肢肿胀、胀痛和皮温升高,而PE患者表现为不明原因的呼吸困难、胸痛和晕厥。55例DVT 患者治疗总有效率为49.09%（27例）,而PE患者仅为14.29%（1例）。 与单独ML患者相比,ML合并VTE 患者血小板聚集、D-dimer、血液高切黏度、低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数和刚性指数均明显升高,而APTT、血沉、变形指数和血平均流速明显降低。结论:ML合并VTE 多为DVT ,好发于男性,且集中于晚期患者,上肢和颈部静脉为好发部位,患者血液学指标向“易栓状态”变化。      

肺癌术后并发静脉血栓栓塞症的临床分析

目的:分析肺癌术后发生静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的高危因素及其预后.方法:对1001例有完整临床随访资料的肺癌手术患者进行回顾性分析.应用螺旋CT、肺动脉造影和彩色多普勒超声诊断VTE.寿命表法绘制血栓发生曲线,COX多因素分析VTE高危因素.Kaplan-Meier法及log-rank检验绘制并比较高危因素血栓发生曲线及生存曲线.结果:术后1、3、5、11和30个月的VTE累积发生率分别为2.0％、3.0％、4.0％、5.0％和5.3％.COX多因素回归分析显示,接受不完全切除术患者发生VTE的风险比(hazard ratio,HR)为9.867(95％可信区间为5.275～18.459),P=0.000;术后接受化疗联合重组人血管内皮抑制素治疗患者的HR为3.472 (95％可信区间为1.761～6.845),P=0.000;术后接受表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗患者的HR为2.808 (95％可信区间为1.439～5.479),P=0.002;术前基线血浆D-二聚体水平升高者的HR为7.520(95％可信区间为3.968～14.250),P=0.000.肺癌术后伴VTE患者的生存时间明显短于无VTE的患者(P=0.000).结论:不完全切除术、术后化疗联合重组人血管内皮抑制素治疗、表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗和术前基线血浆D-二聚体水平升高是肺癌手术患者术后并发VTE的高危因素.肺癌术后伴VTE患者的生存时间明显短于无VTE的患者.     

Venous thromboembolism in colorectal cancer patients with central venous catheters for 5-FU infusion-based pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy

Colorectal cancer patients with central venous catheters (CVC) for pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy (PMC) have a substantial risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). PMC, designed as a hybrid of lower metronomic and higher shorter plasma 5-FU concentrations, has been clinically successful. To determine the effectiveness and safety of D-dimer tests and multidetector-row CT (MDCT) for diagnosis in cancer patients with suspected VTE, we carried out a clinical outcome study on PMC outpatients. Patients received a D-dimer test before and after commencing the PMC regimen. MDCT was performed additionally if the D-dimer test appeared positive or showed signs of VTE. When CT results were positive for thromboembolism, anticoagulation was started. The overall prevalence of VTE in PMC patients was 2.0% (7 of 350 patients). In this study, 34 out of 102 colorectal cancer patients gave a positive D-dimer test (33.3%). CT identified venous thrombi in 2 of the 102 patients (2.0%), mural thrombosis on catheterized veins in another 3 patients (2.9%), and endothelial hyperplasia on catheterized veins in 8 patients (7.8%). The catheters of these patients did not show any significant abnormalities. Patients with negative D-dimer tests showed no signs or symptoms of VTE. In colorectal cancer patients receiving continuous 5-FU infusion via CVC, a D-dimer test can be safely used as the primary diagnostic test for ruling out VTE. We suggest 7.0 microg/ml as the D-dimer cut-off value. Thromboprophylaxis should be considered in the patients showing values >7.0 microg/ml.     

D-dimer level as a risk factor for postoperative venous thromboembolism in Japanese women with gynecologic cancer

BackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether early postoperative D-dimer levels and certain pre-, intra-, and postoperative parameters can be used to predict venous thromboembolism (VTE) in gynecologic cancer patients.Materials and methodsWe prospectively evaluated 267 gynecologic cancer patients who underwent surgery at our institution. The plasma D-dimer level was measured serially before the operation and on certain postoperative days. After the operation, primary screening for VTE was undertaken by meticulous examination for clinical signs and elevation of the plasma D-dimer level. Seventy-five patients underwent multidetector row computed tomography and were subjected to further investigations.ResultsVTE was detected in 21 of the 75 patients. There were significant differences in the D-dimer value between VTE-positive and VTE-negative patients on postoperative days 3, 5, and 7. The optimal cut-off value for the postoperative D-dimer level was determined as 5 μg/ml on day 3. Logistic regression multivariate analysis revealed that high D-dimer values on postoperative day 3, the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), and non–O blood group were independent risk factors for postoperative VTE.ConclusionHigh plasma D-dimer level on postoperative day 3, the use of rHuEPO, and non–O blood group were independent risk factors for postoperative VTE.     

Novel High-Sensitive D-Dimer Determination Predicts Chemotherapy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism in Intermediate Risk Lung Cancer Patients

IntroductionWe hypothesized that the use of a novel high sensitivity (HS) assay for D-dimer determination might ameliorate venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk prediction in intermediate risk lung cancer patients in whom chemotherapy could act as a trigger for VTE onset.Patients and MethodsPretreatment HS D-dimer levels were retrospectively evaluated in 108 lung cancer outpatients using a novel automated latex enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay. All patients were at the start of a new platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and were classified as intermediate risk according to Khorana's assessment model. Patients were followed-up for a median period of 6.9 months.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and corresponding Bayesian analysis showed that the best performance was obtained at a cutoff level of 1500 ng/mL, which resulted in a sensitivity of 81%, a specificity of 69%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 31%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%, and an accuracy of 70%. Patients with HS D-dimer levels above the cutoff had a worse VTE-free survival (60%) compared with those with levels below the cutoff (95%; P = .0001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards survival analysis confirmed that pretreatment HS D-dimer levels were able to significantly predict VTE with a hazard ratio of 11 (95% confidence interval, 2.62-46.2; P = .001), independently of classic VTE risk factors.ConclusionsThe use of HS D-dimer determination prior to chemotherapy might allow for VTE risk stratification of intermediate risk cancer patients, helping in identifying those individuals who could benefit from thromboprophylaxis.     

Impact of Venous Thromboembolism on Mortality of Elderly Medicare Patients with Stage III Colon Cancer

Background. The improvement in survival rates for patients with colon cancer has shifted the focus from examining cancer-specific mortality to exploring all-cause mortality. Adverse events such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) affect overall survival times and the net clinical benefit of cancer management strategies. Methods. This retrospective study used Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Medicare data to examine VTE incidence and mortality rates for elderly patients with stage III colon cancer who were diagnosed in 2004 or 2005 and followed through 2007. The impact of VTE on mortality was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results. In all, 20.7% of 4,985 elderly patients with stage III colon cancer had clinically diagnosed VTE following diagnosis. All-cause mortality risk was higher for patients with a VTE diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.27), greater comorbidity burden, more advanced tumor depth and nodal involvement within stage III, advanced age, and male sex; the risk was lower for patients treated with chemotherapy. VTE was associated with higher mortality hazards (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.21-1.64) for patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy but not for untreated patients. Conclusions. A new diagnosis of VTE significantly reduced survival rates for elderly patients with stage III colon cancer and further reduced survival rates for patients treated with chemotherapy. Improved prevention and management of VTE for elderly patients with stage III colon cancer who are at risk for VTE is warranted, particularly for patients treated with chemotherapy.     

Early changes in the haemostatic and procoagulant systems after chemotherapy for breast cancer

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) following breast cancer chemotherapy is common. Chemotherapy-induced alterations in markers of haemostasis occur during chemotherapy. It is unclear how rapidly this occurs, whether this is upregulated in patients developing VTE and whether changes predict for VTE. Markers of haemostasis, functional clotting assays and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured before chemotherapy and at 24 h, 4 days, 8 days and 3 months following commencement of chemotherapy in early and advanced breast cancer patients and in age- and sex-matched controls. Duplex ultrasound imaging was performed after 1 month or if symptomatic. Of 123 patients, 9.8% developed VTE within 3 months. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), D-dimer, fibrinogen, platelet count, VEGF and fibrinogen were increased in cancer. Fibrinogen, D-dimer, VEGF and tissue factor were increased, at baseline, in patients subsequently developing VTE. D-dimer of less than 500 ng ml(-1) has a negative predictive value of 97%. Activated partial thromboplastin time, PT and thrombin-antithrombin showed significantly different trends, as early as within 24 h, in response to chemotherapy in patients subsequently developing VTE. Markers of coagulation and procoagulants are increased, before chemotherapy, in patients who subsequently develop VTE. A group of patients at minimal risk of VTE can be identified, allowing targeted thrombopropylaxis to the higher risk group.