双吻合器技术在直肠癌保肛手术中吻合口瘘的危险因素分析

背景与目的：直肠癌术后吻合口瘘是严重的并发症之一,降低吻合口瘘发生率是临床亟待进一步解决的问题,本研究探讨使用双吻合器进行直肠前切除术(Dixon术)后吻合口瘘的发生及原因分析。方法：回顾性分析150例使用双吻合器进行直肠前切除术的患者,对术后发生吻合口瘘的患者进行性别、年龄、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、细胞分化程度、吻合口部位、TNM分期、是否合并糖尿病、是否合并术前贫血及是否进行术前新辅助放疗的单因素分析,旨在进一步判断直肠前切除术后吻合口瘘的风险。结果：150例患者中共7例发生吻合口瘘,其中3例行二次手术回肠造瘘,4例保守治疗后愈合。单因素分析及多因素分析证实,吻合口距肛距离、术前新辅助放疗是影响直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的独立危险因素。结论：使用双吻合器技术进行直肠前切除的吻合其术后吻合口瘘发生率相对较低,吻合口距肛距离、术前新辅助放疗是影响直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的独立危险因素,对于吻合口瘘的高危患者可以考虑选择性的进行保护性小肠造口。     

进展期直肠癌新辅助放疗后形成永久性造口的危险因素分析

目的探讨行新辅助放疗后的进展期中-低位直肠癌患者行直肠前切除术和预防性造瘘后,形成永久性造口的危险因素。方法选取四川省肿瘤医院2013年1月至2018年1月收治的在新辅助放疗后行直肠前切除术和预防性造瘘的进展期中-低位直肠癌患者64例,归纳其临床资料及影像学特征,分析永久性造口的主要病因。结果 64例患者中造瘘口位于末端回肠者58例(90.6%),位于横结肠者6例(9.4%)。从造瘘至造瘘口关闭的时间为(23.6±10.0)周,其中造瘘口成功还纳46例(71.9%),形成永久性造口18例(28.1%)。永久性造口的原因主要有吻合口瘘7例(38.9%),吻合口狭窄4例(22.2%),输尿管瘘1例(5.6%),局部复发1例(5.6%),远处转移5例(27.7%)。结论因新辅助放疗所致的肠道纤维化及微循环减少等病理改变,使吻合口瘘、吻合口及其近段肠道狭窄的发生率增高,进一步导致永久性造口的发生。     

进展期直肠癌新辅助放疗后形成永久性造口的危险因素分析

目的探讨行新辅助放疗后的进展期中 低位直肠癌患者行直肠前切除术和预防性造瘘后,形成永久性造口的危险因素。方法选取四川省肿瘤医院2013年1月至2018年1月收治的在新辅助放疗后行直肠前切除术和预防性造瘘的进展期中 低位直肠癌患者64例,归纳其临床资料及影像学特征,分析永久性造口的主要病因。结果64例患者中造瘘口位于末端回肠者58例(906％),位于横结肠者6例(94％)。从造瘘至造瘘口关闭的时间为(236±100)周，其中造瘘口成功还纳46例(719％),形成永久性造口18例(281％)。永久性造口的原因主要有吻合口瘘7例(389％),吻合口狭窄4例(222％),输尿管瘘1例(56％),局部复发1例(56％),远处转移5例(277％)。结论因新辅助放疗所致的肠道纤维化及微循环减少等病理改变,使吻合口瘘、吻合口及其近段肠道狭窄的发生率增高,进一步导致永久性造口的发生。     

腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后吻合口瘘的危险因素与对策

目的：吻合口瘘为直肠癌保肛手术后严重的并发症之一,增加和患者的痛苦和经济负担。腹腔镜直肠癌根治术已经发展为主流术式,因此研究此术式下吻合口瘘的危险因素显得尤为重要。本研究探讨腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素及吻合口瘘的防治办法,以期提高腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术的综合效果,降低吻合口瘘的发生率。方法回顾性分析2010-01-01—2015-06-30北京大学第九临床医学院行腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术160例患者的临床资料,总结患者性别、年龄、伴有糖尿病、体质量指数、肿瘤最大直径、术前血红蛋白、术前血白蛋白、病理结果、术中出血量、手术时间、离断血管水平、预防性造口、手术方式、肿瘤下极距齿状线距离和新辅助放化疗的情况,统计吻合口瘘的发生情况,并进行单因素和 Logistic 多因素回归分析。分析吻合口瘘的相关危险因素及处理措施和效果。结果吻合口瘘发生率为8．75％（14／160）。单因素分析显示,腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘组与未发生瘘组在患者体质量指数（χ2＝4．974,P ＝0．026）、术前白蛋白水平（χ2＝5．749,P ＝0．016）、超低位保肛（χ2＝8．270,P ＝0．004）、手术方式（χ2＝10．27,P ＝0．001）和新辅助放化疗（χ2＝7．540,P ＝0．006）方面,差异有统计学意义。Logistic 多因素回归分析结果显示,体质量指数（OR＝22．156）、吻合口距齿状线距离（OR＝9．742）、手术方式（OR＝6．161）和新辅助放化疗（OR＝19．045）是腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因子。经采取充分引流、静脉使用生长抑素、双套管冲洗及回肠或横结肠造口等方法进行处理后,吻合口瘘均痊愈。结论体质量指数、吻合口距齿状线距离、手术方式和新辅助放化疗等是腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因子。对伴有独立危险因子病例采取预防性造口,可以降低非计划二次手术的概率,减轻瘘的程度,缩短瘘的愈合时间。围手术期采取适当措施,可有效降低吻合口瘘的发生率。     

新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏危险因素分析

目的:探讨接受新辅助放化疗的患者行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术（low anterior resection,LAR）术后发生吻合口漏的危险因素。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究方法。收集2010年01月至2019年12月南通大学附属东台医院、苏州大学附属第一医院收治的146例cT3-4期和(或)N1-2期低位直肠癌患者临床资料。上述患者先行新辅助放化疗6~8周后行LAR术,所有肿瘤患者遵循全直肠系膜切除原则行根治性切除、低位保肛手术。根据收集的临床数据对比分析各组患者全身一般情况、肿瘤特征、检查指标及术后相关并发症发生率等,采用单因素和多因素分析方法探讨新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素。结果:新辅助放化疗后的低位直肠癌行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术,整体吻合口漏发生率为 10.3%。通过单因素分析法,发现吻合口漏的发生在糖尿病、BMI、术前白蛋白、预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管、侧方淋巴结清扫不同的分组中存在差异（P均＜0.05）。进一步行Logistic回归多因素分析发现BMI(OR=1.172,95％CI:1.012～1.357,P=0.034）,术前白蛋白(OR=1.883,95％CI:1.001～3.993,P=0.037）,侧方淋巴结清扫(OR=10.353,95％CI:1.513~70.846,P=0.017）是术后发生吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结论:新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后发生吻合口漏与患者的血糖水平、BMI指数、白蛋白、预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管、侧方淋巴结清扫等因素相关。对于肥胖、低蛋白血症、行侧方淋巴结清扫等危险因素的患者而言,术后发生吻合口漏的风险将增高;行预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管的患者吻合口漏的发生率可显著降低。     

直肠低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的处理与预防（附24例报告）

目的：探讨直肠低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的治疗措施及术中处理细节.方法：对我院2008年1月至2012年12月期间直肠低位前切除术后出现吻合口瘘患者的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果：510例行直肠低位前切除术的患者中,24例术后出现吻合口瘘,吻合口瘘发生率4.7%;吻合口瘘发生于术后4天～25天（中位8天）;该24例患者中,8例（33.3%）行肠造瘘手术,16例（66.7%）行局部置管冲洗引流,配合全身营养支持治愈;无患者死亡.结论：大多数吻合口瘘都可以通过保守治疗痊愈,术中精细操作,确保肠段的血供和无张力吻合是预防直肠低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的关键.     

734例直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的影响因素分析

目的 吻合口瘘(anastomotic leakage,AL)是严重影响直肠癌患者术后恢复及顸后的重要因素,对直肠癌切除术后吻合口瘘相关因素的探究及其重要性的认识尤为重要.本研究分析直肠癌切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素,为临床预防术后吻合口瘘的发生提供一定的理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2010-01-01-2014-12-31经我院病理确诊为直肠癌的734例患者的临床资料,均行全直肠系膜切除术(Dixon术).分别采用单因素卡方检验、Fisher确切概率法和多因素Logistic回归分析临床病理因素与直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的相关性.结果 直肠癌手术患者术后吻合口瘘发生率为6.53％(48/734).多因素分析显示,性别(OR=7.470,P＜0.001)、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离(OR=1.974,P=0.043)、新辅助放化疗(OR=2.667,P=0.011)、预防性造瘘(OR=0.214,P=0.013)、血管侵犯(OR=2.336,P=0.044)与术后吻合口瘘相关.结论 患者性别、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离、新辅助放化疗、预防性造瘘、血管侵犯为直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的独立影响因素,临床上可以针对相关危险因素,优选治疗方案,可有效降低术后吻合口瘘的发生.     

直肠全系膜切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析和对策

目的探讨直肠全系膜切除(TME)术后吻合口漏的发生率、危险因素和治疗方法.方法607例距肛缘3～12 cm的中下段直肠癌行TME技术的直肠癌前切除术,对术后资料进行回顾性统计分析.结果2%的病例同时行横结肠造瘘术.术后吻合口漏发生率为5.8%,其中68.6%的病例通过单纯经双套管冲洗引流治愈,28.6%需行横结肠造瘘术,两组的治愈时间无差异.年龄、吻合技术和糖尿病与吻合口漏的发生密切相关(P＜0.05或0.01),而性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、预防性造瘘和术前放疗与吻合口漏的发生无关.结论TME手术常规附加近端肠造瘘并无必要,对少数高危病例可能有价值.单纯经引流管冲洗可治愈大部分吻合口漏,少数病例需行剖腹探查肠造瘘术.     

全结直肠切除回肠拖出肛管吻合术14例

家族性结肠息肉病及部分溃疡性结肠炎患者往往需行全结直肠切除回肠造瘘术。1978年Parks首先报道用全结直肠切除，回肠储袋一肛管吻合术（IPAA）治疗家族性结肠息肉和溃疡性结肠炎，八十年代后成为全结直肠切除后的主要消化道重建方式。但该术式操作复杂，吻合口瘘发生率高，需同时行回肠造瘘。我们自1998年2月～2006年12月，采取直肠粘膜剥除、回肠自肛管浆肌套内拖出术，二期回肠肛管粘膜吻合的方法，治疗结肠息肉病11例，重症溃疡性结肠炎3例，效果满意，现报告如下。     

留置肛管与保护性造口预防直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的现状与进展

随着全直肠系膜切除术的概念普及以及手术器械的改进，保肛手术越来越多。目前吻合口瘘依然是直肠癌前切除术后最严重的并发症。吻合口瘘的发生与代谢性疾病、术前新辅助治疗、吻合口距肛缘距离、血供、张力等因素相关。大多数文献认为留置肛管对于预防吻合口瘘有积极作用，但因为纳入标准的不同，导致研究结果存在偏差。目前公认的预防吻合口瘘的方法是留置肛管和保护性造口，但是二者比较研究尚存争议。因此，期待未来开展更多的前瞻性与回顾性实验来比较研究留置肛管与保护性造口对直肠癌特别是低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的预防作用。     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏预测与临床决策分析

目的:探索直肠癌前切除术术后吻合口漏的独立影响因素并建立吻合口漏的风险预测模型，进一步运用决策曲线分析将其与传统经验模型比较，寻找最优模型，指导术中预防性造口的临床决策，减少不必要的预防性造口。方法:回顾性搜集2017年10月至2019年12月我院404例行直肠癌前切除术患者的临床资料，运用χ2检验及Lasso分析筛选变量后，行Logistic回归寻找吻合口漏的独立影响因素，建立预测模型并绘制列线图。再分别依据糖尿病、术前放化疗、血红蛋白、白蛋白、肿瘤距肛缘距离及本研究预测模型建立决策模型，绘制决策曲线，量化比较各决策模型及传统经验性预防造口对应阈值范围内的净获益率，评估临床获益情况。结果:男性（OR=4.490，95%CI:1.491~13.518）、输血（OR=5.822，95%CI:1.939~17.475）及肿瘤距肛缘的距离≤7 cm（OR=2.385，95%CI:1.086~5.237）为吻合口漏的独立危险因素，术前机械性肠道准备为独立保护因素（OR=0.360，95%CI:0.165~0.785）。预测模型一致性指数为0.735。受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.755（95%CI:0.669~0.841）。模型在0.05~1.00阈值范围内最优，净获益率为1%~6%。结论:男性、输血、肿瘤距肛缘的距离≤7 cm、机械性肠道准备为直肠癌前切除术术后吻合口漏的独立影响因素。本文预测模型区分度及准确度较高，在0.1~0.2阈值范围内优于其它决策模型及临床经验性判断，临床获益率最高，可用于指导术中造口决策。     

A case of advanced colon cancer invading the rectum effectively treated with chemoradiation therapy before surgery

A 56-year-old man was hospitalized for anemia with appetite loss and body weight loss. He was diagnosed as advanced sigmoid colon cancer which invaded the rectal colon (Ra) and prostate (SI, N 0, P 0, H 0, M (-), cStage IIIa).We administered neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for fear of non-curative resection of the sigmoid colon and rectum after colostomy was performed. He was given radiation of the whole pelvis at a total dose of 39 .6 Gy (1.8 Gy x 22 times) combined with chemotherapy using continuous intravenous 5-FU (500 mg x 22 times). Two weeks after the chemoradiation, we administered chemotherapy (FOLFOX 4). Resectable resection was confirmed on Computed Tomography. We were able to conduct a low anterior resection of sigmoid colon and rectum. Postoperative histopathological examination of the resected sigmoid colon and rectum revealed no remnant cancer tissue. Neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is considered to be effective for a study of non-curative resection of rectum.     

Anastomotic leakage after low rectal stapler anastomosis: significance of intraoperative anastomotic testing.

AIMS: One of the most significant surgical complications following rectal resection with primary anastomosis is anastomotic leakage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of intraoperative anastomotic testing of stapled anastomoses and the impact on leakage rate. METHODS: Between 1987 and 2000, 1360 consecutive rectal resections for carcinoma were performed. In 933 operations rectal resection was completed with either stapled (n=788), handsewn (n=80) or coloanal (n=65) anastomosis. Since 1995 we introduced intraoperative anastomotic testing, routinely. Between 1995 and 2000, 296 patients were treated with stapled anastomosis following rectal resection. Different variables influencing anastomotic leakage were evaluated. RESULTS: Between 1987 and 2000, 68 of 933 patients treated by resection and anastomosis developed a clinically significant anastomotic leak (7.3%) where as between 1995 and 2000 the leakage rate was 9.8% of all patients with stapled anastomosis. There was an increase in resection rate from 62 to 72%. Since 1995 we demonstrated either intraluminal bleeding or leakage in 18.1% of all stapled anastomoses by intraoperative anastomotic testing. The postoperative anastomotic leakage rate was equal in those patients with normal and abnormal findings of anastomotic testing even though 74% of all patients with irregular findings were treated by performing a protective stoma simultaneously. We found no significant risk factor for the development of anastomotic leakage. CONCLUSION: We recommend a protective stoma with any anastomosis within the lower third of the rectum. Anastomoses within the middle and upper third of the rectum demonstrate a lower risk of anastomotic insufficiency and do not need a protective stoma, routinely.     

过量的内脏脂肪是直肠癌术后吻合口漏形成的危险因素:一项配对病例对照研究

目的:探讨内脏脂肪水平与直肠癌术后吻合口漏形成的关联。方法:回顾性分析2014年09月至2021年05月期间在我院行直肠前切除术并发生术后吻合口漏的51例直肠癌患者的临床资料,采用配对病例对照设计,以患者的年龄、肿瘤TNM分期、ASA分级、直肠癌家族史、糖尿病史为筛选因素选取在同期开展、同组医生实施直肠前切除术的102例患者,以样本量1∶2的方式进行配对。比较两组在性别、内脏脂肪面积（visceral fat area,VFA）、内脏脂肪面积/皮下脂肪面积（visceral fat area/subcutaneous fat area,V/S）、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、术前有无新辅助放化疗、手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤直径、肿瘤距肛缘距离等方面的差别。结果:共纳入样本153个,其中吻合口漏组样本51个,对照组样本102个。单因素分析显示直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生与性别、VFA、V/S、术前新辅助放疗史、术中出血量、肿瘤距肛缘距离及肿瘤直径有关（P＜0.05）。对这些因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析发现VFA、V/S、术前新辅助放疗史、肿瘤距肛缘距离、肿瘤直径及术中出血量是直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论:VFA可作为直肠癌术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素。针对内脏型肥胖的患者,围手术期应积极干预,合理调控基础疾病及营养状况,加强围手术期管理,减少术后吻合口漏的发生。     

Complications of stapled anastomoses in anterior resection for rectal carcinoma: colorectal anastomosis versus coloanal anastomosis

Postoperative results of 48 patients who underwent anterior resection using the EEA-stapler were evaluated. In all but 2 cases the indication for surgery was colorectal carcinoma. In 24 patients an anastomosis was created above the 5 cm level (above the anal verge: colorectal anastomosis) and in 24 at the 0-5 cm level (coloanal anastomosis). There was no perioperative mortality. The only complication observed in the colorectal anastomosis group was one case of late anastomotic stenosis. In the coloanal anastomosis group there were 4 cases with early anastomosis leaks, 3 cases with late stenosis and 5 cases with various degrees of late fecal incontinence, ultimately resulting in a permanent diverting stoma in 5 (10.4%) patients. We conclude that for rectal tumors the EEA-stapled anterior resection provides excellent functional results in most cases. Stapled coloanal anastomoses more often demonstrate various (early and late) complications. Nevertheless in spite of chronic discomfort, many patients still prefer their complaints to a permanent stoma.     

Machine learning-based random forest predicts anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer

BackgroundAnastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the commonest and most serious complications after rectal cancer surgery. The previous analyses on predictors for AL included small-scale patients, and their prediction models performed unsatisfactorily.MethodsClinical data of 5,220 patients who underwent anterior resection for rectal cancer were scrutinized to create a prediction model via random forest classifier. Additionally, data of 836 patients served as the test dataset. Patients diagnosed with AL within 6 months’ follow-up were recorded. A total of 20 candidate factors were included. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to determine the clinical efficacy of our model, and compare the predictive performance of different models.ResultsThe incidence of AL was 6.2% (326/5,220). A multivariate logistic regression analysis and the random forest classifier indicated that sex, distance of tumor from the anal verge, bowel stenosis or obstruction, preoperative hemoglobin, surgeon volume, diabetes, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and surgical approach were significantly associated with AL. After propensity score matching, the temporary stoma was not identified as a protective factor for AL (P=0.58). Contrastingly, the first year of performing laparoscopic surgery was a predictor (P=0.009). We created a predictive random forest classifier based on the above predictors that demonstrated satisfactory prediction efficacy. The area under the curve (AUC) showed that the random forest had higher efficiency (AUC =0.87) than the nomogram (AUC =0.724).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that eight factors may affect the incidence of AL. Our random forest classifier is an innovative and practical model to effectively predict AL, and could provide rational advice on whether to perform a temporary stoma, which might reduce the rate of stoma and avoid the ensuing complications.