儿童乳腺叶状囊肉瘤1例

患者女，10岁，因左乳房肿块半年余，于1997年5月10日收入院。本体：左乳房有肿物，大小约6cm×6cmXZcm，质硬、活动差，压痛（＋），乳头无分泌物。初步论断：乳房纤维瘤。于1997年5月13日在基础麻醉下行右乳肿物切除术，包膜完整；术后病理诊断：叶状囊肉瘤。叶状囊肉瘤和乳腺纤维腺瘤都属于乳腺纤维上皮型肿瘤，具有良性形态学表现者称巨纤维腺瘤，而叶状囊肉瘤指间质细胞有恶性表现的肿瘤；巨纤维腺瘤和叶状囊肉瘤的主要成份是增性的纤维样间质细胞；巨纤维腺瘤具有良性细胞学特征，核小而规则异形性不显著。叶状囊肉瘤的间质细胞高度…     

乳腺原发平滑肌肉瘤1例

1 临床资料 患者,女,39岁,2010年11月4日因右乳进行性增大包块5年余入院.体检:右乳见一巨大肿块,20cm×20cm×20cm大小,呈分叶状,部分皮肤已溃烂,肿块质硬,无波动感,边界欠清,活动度差,双侧锁骨上、下窝及腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结.临床拟诊乳腺恶性肿瘤,并行右侧乳腺单纯切除术.病理检查:单纯切除乳腺一个,23cm×21cm×20cm大小,切面实性、鱼肉状、质较软,与周围组织界限不清.镜下:肿瘤细胞呈束状、编织状排列;细胞呈梭形,大小不一,胞质红染,有异型性,核分裂像＞5个/10HPF,可见病理核分裂像(图1、2).免疫组化染色:肿瘤细胞质呈SMA(+)(图3),Vim(+)(图4),S-100(-),CD68(-),Myoglobin(-),CK7(-),CK5/6(-),AE1/AE3(-).病理诊断:右乳腺平滑肌肉瘤.     

乳腺非典型类癌一例报告

1病例报告患者女,50岁,3d前无意中发现右乳内下象限有一“枣样”大小肿物,局部无红肿、疼痛及乳头溢液,于2006年12月11日入院。体格检查:双乳外形正常,乳头无内陷,表面皮肤无破溃及桔皮样改变。右乳内下象限扪及2.5cm×2.0cm大小肿物,质地硬,边界不清,活动度差,同侧腋窝可扪及数枚肿大淋巴结,融合成团,约4.0cm×4.0cm大小,质地硬,活动度可。左乳、左侧腋窝及双侧锁骨上未及异常。钼靶摄影检查:右乳内下象限分别示约2.2cm×1.8cm和1.0cm×1.9cm相邻的2个不规则肿物影,密度中等,不均匀,边缘分叶(图1)。右乳及右腋窝肿物经穿刺细胞学涂片检查均…     

胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤合并乳腺叶状肿瘤一例

患者 女,49岁,2010年1月发现右乳无痛性肿块就诊,查体：右乳外上象限10点位距乳头约3 cm,可扪及5 cm×3cm×4cm包块,余无特殊.钼靶检查示：右乳占位性病变.行右乳包块切除术,术后病理示：右乳腺纤维上皮性肿瘤,部分区域细胞生长较活跃伴异型性,倾向于叶状肿瘤（图1a）.诊断：右乳腺分叶状肿瘤.此后定期复查.201 1年3月又发现右乳原发部位肿块,查体：右乳腺10点位距乳头约3 cm处,可扪及约2.5 cm× 3.0 cm肿块,性质同前.再次行右乳包块切除术,术后病理：右乳腺叶状肿瘤复发并恶变（恶性叶状肿瘤）（图1b）.     

1例乳腺化生性癌诊治过程及文献回顾

1 病历资料 患者女,39岁,于2020年10月扪及右乳外上肿块,约"核桃"大小,于山东中医药大学附属医院门诊行右乳肿块穿刺后,考虑为"(右)肉芽肿性乳腺炎",经保守治疗未见明显好转.2020年12月1日因"发现右乳肿块1月余"收入山东中医药大学附属医院.既往史:急性早幼粒细胞白血病、梅毒病史(已治愈十余年).入院查体:右乳皮色红,皮温略高,右乳外上象限扪及一肿块,大小约10 cm× 8 cm,质硬,界尚清,活动度差,伴压痛;双乳头无凹陷、溢液,双腋下及锁骨上未扪及明显肿大淋巴结.影像学检查:入院后复查乳腺彩超显示,右乳外上探及4.67 cm × 3.16 cm囊实性结节,内可见小片状无回声区及强回声光斑(图1),乳腺影像报告与数据系统(breast imaging-reporting and data sys-tem,BI-RADS)分级为4a级;乳腺增强MRI检查显示,右乳外上象限及中部不规则结节影,多发异常信号,大小约4.2 cm×3.9 cm(图2),BI-RADS-MRI分级为4c级,考虑炎性病变.因患者前期对症治疗无效,结合影像学检查,考虑右乳肿瘤,故行胸部+上腹部增强CT、颅脑MRI、骨扫描检查,均未见明显异常.     

乳腺横纹肌肉瘤1例

患者,女,33岁。主因右乳房肿物逐渐增大2个月,以“乳腺增生”行肿物局部切除术。切除的肿物大小为7×7×6cm,质韧。切面灰白与浅黄相间,边界清楚,中心呈囊性。肿物有灶性钙化区。病理诊断为乳腺纤维腺瘤伴囊肿钙化。术后半个月,切口区又出现肿块,并迅速增大,伴有持续性钝痛,夜间加重,曾按“感染”治疗,不见好转。体检,一般情况尚好。于右乳区可见一个5cm长的切口疤痕,乳头稍内陷;疤痕深面可触及7×4×3cm的肿物,质硬,边界清楚,表面不光滑,与皮肤及胸壁粘连,活动度小,触痛明显。右腋下     

转移性乳腺叶状囊肉瘤1例

1病案摘要患者女,31岁,因“左乳腺叶状囊肉瘤4次术后,胸闷气促1月”于2005年8月入院。患者6年前无意中发现左乳一核桃大小肿块,无痛,未予重视。至2003年12月肿块增至5cm×5cm大小,于2003年12月24日在当地医院行左乳肿块切除术。术后病理:左乳腺纤维瘤。术后10月左乳内侧又出现肿块,即行左乳腺切除术,术后病理:左乳腺叶状囊肉瘤。术后未行放、化疗。术后3月左内侧胸壁出现直径约3.5cm肿块,质硬,固定。再次行手术切除。术后病理:左乳腺叶状囊肉瘤。术后3月左胸壁再次出现4个肿块,左腋下出现1个肿块,直径1～6cm不等,质硬,并出现胸闷气促。CT检…     

乳腺淋巴肉瘤(附2例报告)

乳腺淋巴肉瘤极少见,临床表现缺乏特异性。本文报告2例。例1 汪某,女,45岁,右乳肿物于15月前切除。病理诊断为乳腺网织细胞肉瘤。8月后同侧腋窝出现肿物,逐渐增大,1980年5月入院。既往健康。消瘦。心、肺、腹未见异常。右乳上区有5era纵行瘢痕。同侧腋窝9×8cm圆形肿物,硬,活动。1980年6月行右乳房根治术。病理检查,肿瘤9×7×5cm,切面灰红及灰白色,分叶状,质似鱼肉,部分区域有出血,包膜不清。镜下,瘤细     

乳腺叶状囊肉瘤1例

患者女性,58岁。自扪及乳房肿块1周入院。局部无肿痛、无乳头溢液。体检 右乳头外上方稍有隆起,乳头无内陷,皮肤无湿疹及桔皮样变。无溢液。右乳外上方有肿块约7×5cm~2,质硬,表面高低不平,似有结节感。肿块与皮肤无粘连,与胸部深筋膜稍有粘连。右腋下淋巴结(-)。拟诊:右侧乳房肿块,恶性肿瘤可能大。入院后一周行右乳肿块摘除。肉眼所见:肿块约6×3×3cm~3与乳腺组织少许粘连,结节状似有囊性感。冰冻切片:叶状囊肉瘤。     

乳腺原发平滑肌肉瘤1例

1临床资料患者,女,39岁,2010年11月4日因右乳进行性增大包块5年余入院。体检：右乳见一巨大肿块,20cm×20cm×20cm大小,呈分叶状,部分皮肤已溃烂,肿块质硬,无波动感,边界欠清,活动度差,双侧锁骨上、下窝及腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.