探讨Ⅰ，Ⅱ期非霍奇金淋巴瘤的综合治疗

目的探讨Ⅰ，Ⅱ期非霍奇金淋巴瘤（ｎｏｎ－Ｈｏｄｇｋｉｎ＇ｓｌｙｍｐｈｏｍａ，ＮＨＬ）综合治疗的有效方法。材料与方法１９８７年１月～１９８９年１２月收治ＮＨＬ１５２例，分别采用单纯放疗、放疗＋化疗、化疗＋放疗＋化疗、化疗＋放疗和单纯化疗治疗。结果Ⅰ期ＮＨＬ分别采用单纯放疗和放、化综合治疗者，其３，５，７年生存率与复发率相近。而Ⅰ期仅有结内受累者，其３，５，７年生存率单纯放疗组分别为１００．０％，１００．０％，８８．９％，放、化综合治疗组分别为８８．２％，８２．４％，５２．９％，单放组生存率较高，而复发率两组相近；Ⅱ期ＮＨＬ，放、化综合治疗组３，５，７年生存率较单纯放疗组稍高，复发率两组相近，其中高度恶性病例，化疗＋放疗＋化疗组３，５，７年生存率分别为７３．３％，７３．３％，６０．０％，较放疗＋化疗、化疗＋放疗组均高，而复发率较低。结论（１）Ⅰ期ＮＨＬ仅有结内受累者可考虑用单纯放疗。（２）Ⅱ期高度恶性ＮＨＬ推荐化疗＋放疗＋化疗方法。     

原发性阴道恶性黑色素瘤18例报道

目的探讨原发性阴道恶性黑色素瘤的诊断、治疗特点及影响预后的因素。方法我们对收治的１８例阴道恶性黑色素瘤的临床资料进行了回顾性分析,平均年龄５１岁,主要症状为阴道出血排液和肿物,原发肿瘤多位于阴道前壁的下１／３处;１２例行手术＋放疗／化疗,２例行单纯放疗,１例行单纯化疗,化疗＋放疗３例。结果本组的５年生存率为１１％,３年生存率为３３％,平均生存２６个月,６例存活３年以上者均为Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,其中１例为单纯放疗者肿瘤消退存活４８个月,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者无１例存活超过２年,１２例手术病人中有和无淋巴结转移及脉管瘤栓者,平均生存分别为８和４２、１６和４０个月。结论阴道恶性黑色素瘤治疗以手术为主,大单次量少分割放疗可使肿瘤消退或缩小,其预后与分期、淋巴结转移及脉管瘤栓有关。     

腮腺原发性鳞状细胞癌

报道腮腺原发性鳞癌１４例，男性１１例，女性３例，年龄２０～６６岁（平均，５２岁）。Ⅰ期３例，Ⅱ期４例，Ⅲ期７例，均经病理证实，并排除转移性鳞癌和腮腺粘液表皮样癌可能。单纯手术或放疗各２例，手术＋放疗６例，动脉化疗＋放疗＋手术３例，１例仅行动脉化疗。３年、５年生存率分别为３８．５％，１８．２％。初步探讨其临床病理特点。     

影响牙龈鳞癌疗效因素（附90例临床分析）

１９７０年至１９８８年期间９０例牙龈鳞癌患者，按１９８７年ＵＬＣＣ标准分期，Ⅰ期９例（１０．０％）；Ⅱ期２５例（２７．８％）；Ⅲ期４２例（４６．７％）；Ⅳ期１４例（１５．６％）。采用单纯放疗１０例；单纯手术３７例；放疗＋手术治疗３０例；放疗＋化疗＋手术１３例。随访５年，１、３、５年的生存率分别为９０．０％，６１．１％，４７．８％。３、５年生存率随临床期别（Ⅱ期以上）增高而呈明显下降趋势（Ｐ＜０．０１）。笔者认为，对Ⅱ期以上牙龈鳞癌采用综合治疗较单纯放疗或单纯手术治疗有明显的优越性。     

肺尖癌26例分析

本文报道医学科学院附属肿瘤医院１９６１年３月－１９７４年７月收治的２６６例肺尖癌，其中５例未予特殊治疗，３例单纯化疗，９例单纯放疗，２例放疗加手术后化疗。各疗法的平均活期各为０．５３个月，１．６８个月、５．２４个月、２１．０４个月及２２．５０个月。治疗效果以综合放疗、手术及化疗为优，术前应对原发灶、邻近纵隔及锁骨上区照射４０００Ｇｙ／４ｗ，休息２－４周手术，术后按病情补充放疗或化疗，单纯放疗者先用     

探讨I,Ⅱ期非霍奇金淋巴瘤的综合治疗

目的 探讨Ｉ，Ⅱ期非霍奇金淋巴瘤（ｎｏｎ－Ｈｏｄｇｋｉｎ‘ｓｌｙｍｐｈｏｍａ，ＮＨＬ）综合治疗的有效方法，材料与方法 １９８７年１月～１９８９年１２月收治的１５２例，分别采用单纯放疗，放疗＋化疗，化疗＋放疗＋化疗，化疗＋放疗和单纯化疗治疗。结果 Ｉ期ＮＨＬ分别采用单纯放疗和放，化综合治疗者，其３，５，７年生存率与复发率相近，而Ｉ期仅有结构受累者，其３，５，７年生存率单纯放疗组分别为１００．０％，１     

Ⅰ,Ⅱ期咽淋巴环非何杰金淋巴瘤139例临床治疗分析

探讨提高Ⅰ，Ⅱ期咽淋巴环非何杰金淋巴瘤疗铲的治疗方式。方法：回顾性分析了Ⅰ，Ⅱ期咽淋巴环非何杰金淋巴瘤１３９例，分为单纯放疗，放疗加化疗，放疗加化疗三组，比较治疗结果。结果：－Ⅰ期三种治疗方式的５年生存率分别为７２．２％，４３．７％和６６．７％。统计学处理无差异。Ⅱ期放疗加化疗４－６周期优于放疗加化疗１－３周期，优于单纯放疗，５年生存率分别为６４．０％，３５．６％和２６．９％。结论：Ⅰ期以放疗为主     

男性乳腺癌18例治疗分析

目的：探讨男性乳腺癌的治疗方法。方法：对１９８０年１０月～１９９３年１０月收治的１８例男性乳腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：３例扩大根治术，１１例根治术，３例简化根治术，１例单纯肿块切除，腑窝淋巴结转移阳性者１１例，占６１．１％，术后放疗者１４例，放疗＋化疗者１１例，化疗＋内分泌治疗者９例，单纯内分泌治疗者２例。Ｉ期病例５年内无死亡，总５年生存率为６６．７％。结论：以根治术为主，辅以放疗、化疗     

12例子宫颈残端癌治疗分析

探讨子宫颈残端癌的预防和治疗。方法：１９８６年５月至１９９２年７月，我院共收治经病理证实的子宫颈残端癌１２例。所有病人均在外院接受过子宫次全切除术。Ⅰ期２例，Ⅱ期４例，Ⅲ期６例。根据期别，组织学类型，解剖特点，治疗采用单纯手术，手术加放疗；单纯放疗，体外加后装腔内放疗；放疗加化疗。结果：全组７例存活，存活率５８．３％，５死亡中４例死于肿瘤，１例第８年死于其它疾病。     

影响牙鳞癌疗效因素（附90例临床分析）

１９７０年１９８８年期间９０例牙龈鳞癌患，按１９８７年ＵＩＣＣ标准分期，Ｉ期９例（１０．０％），Ⅱ期２５例（２７．８％），Ⅲ期４２例（４６．７％），Ⅳ期１４例（１５．６％），采用单纯放疗１０例，单纯手术３７例，放疗＋手术治疗３０例，放疗＋化疗＋手术１３例，随访５年，１，３，５年的生存率分别为９０．０％，６１．１％，４７．８％，３、５年生存率随临床期别（Ⅱ期以上）增高而呈明显下降趋势（Ｐ〈０．０１     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.