大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的：报道听神经瘤经枕下－乙状窦后显微手术切除的临床经验。提高大型听神经瘤的全切除率和面、听神经的保留率。方法：回顾性分析临床39 经显微神经外科手术治疗的大型听神经瘤，对影响肿瘤全切除的因素及手术中的关键技术点进行分析。结果：肿瘤全切除34例（占87．2％），次全切5例。术中解剖保留面神经31例（79．5％），听神经解剖保留15例（38．5％），其功能保留率分别为56．4％、17．95％。结论：应用显微外科技术是提高听神经瘤手术切除率和面、听神经解剖和功能保留率的关键。术中诱发电位的应用可提高面、听神经解剖和功能保留率。     

经迷路－小脑幕入路切除大型听神经瘤

作者采用经迷路－内听道－小脑幕联合入路切除３０例大型听神经瘤。肿瘤全切除率达９６．７％，无手术死亡。面神经解剖保留率为５３．３％，功能保留率为３６．７％。该入路的主要优点是：（１）进路直接，显露良好；（２）充分打开内听道；（３）手术后反应轻；（４）入路可灵活变通或改良。对于手术技术、手术后并发症的防治和面神经保留等进行简要讨论。     

大型听神经瘤显微手术全程面神经保护探讨

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤显微手术全程面神经保护.方法 回顾性分析2002年7月至2009年9月采用经枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术切除的65例大型听神经瘤,对手术中的关键技术点、电生理监测及神经导航在全程面神经保护中的应用进行分析.结果 临床治疗65例,其中肿瘤全切60例,全切率为92.3％(60/65);术中解剖保留面神经58例,面神经解剖保留率为89.2％(58/65),肿瘤切除后1年复查,按House-Brackmann面神经功能分级进行面神经功能和功能结果评估.面神经功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级54例(83.10％),Ⅲ～Ⅳ级6例(9.23％),V～Ⅵ级5例(7.69％).结论 掌握显微手术技巧是提高听神经瘤手术切除率和面神经解剖和功能保留率的关键,术中神经导航及面神经的电生理监测是面神经解剖和功能保留率的重要保障.     

经迷路—小脑幕入路切除大型听神经瘤

作者采用经迷路－内听道－小脑幕联合入路切除３０例大型听神经瘤，肿瘤全切除率达９６．７％，无手术死亡。面神经解剖保留率为５３．３％，功能保留率为３６．７％，该入路的主要优点是：（１）进路直接，显露良好；（２）充分打开内听道；（３）手术后反应轻；（４）入路可灵活变通或改良。对于手术技术，手术后并发症的防治和面神经保留等进行简要讨论。     

经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤

目的 探讨手术切除大型听神经瘤（LAN）的最佳入径。方法 对术前经CT或MRI证实,且肿瘤位于桥脑小脑角区,直径≥31mm的216例LAN患者,采用枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术肿瘤切除术;术后评估治疗效果。分析比较术前、后的听神经和面神经功能。结果 肿瘤全切除率79.6%(172例）;次全切除率15.3%(33例）;部分切除率5.1%(11例）;术后病死率1.4%(3例）。听神经解剖保留率为12.5%(27例）。出院时功能保留率为4.2%(A级,9例）;面神经解剖保留率为82.4%（178例）,出院时功能保留率为52.8%(House分级,Ⅰ-Ⅱ级94例）。对187例患者平均随访3.9年,其中128例（68.4%)恢复良好。44例（23.5%)恢复一般,15例（8.0%)恢复较差。在恢复较差患者中有10例（5.4%)肿瘤复发（再次手术治愈）。结论 经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤是一种安全、有效的方法。     

大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗及面神经保护探讨

目的：总结经枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除听神经瘤及面神经保护的经验和技巧,以提高肿瘤的全切率和面神经的保留率。方法31例听神经瘤患者采用经枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术治疗,术中均行面神经电生理监测及面神经保护。结果肿瘤全切29例（93．6％）,大部分切除2例（6．4％）。术中面神经解剖保留28例（90．3％）,面神经功能状态 H-B 分级：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级22例（70．9％）,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级7例（22．6％）,Ⅴ～Ⅵ级2例（6．5％）。无长期昏迷及死亡病例。结论娴熟的显微操作技巧和术中面神经电生理监测有助于提高肿瘤切除率及保护面神经。     

听神经瘤显微手术面神经损伤的预防

目的总结与分析听神经瘤显微手术中预防面神经损伤的方法。方法经MRI和（或）CT检查确诊的大型听神经瘤（≥4．0cm）180例（72％）及中型听神经瘤（2．4～4．0cm）70例（28％）。均采用经患侧枕下乙状窦后入路保留面神经的显微手术。注意三大解剖关系：骨性解剖、蛛网膜解剖、神经与血管的解剖。肿瘤囊内减压后,确认面神经的起始位置、面神经与肿瘤的关系、面神经变形与扭曲、面神经分离的方法、面神经的断裂端-端吻合。随访6个月～1年。结果肿瘤全切除240例（96．0％）;次全切除10例（4．0％）,其中死亡1例（0．4％）。面神经功能评定：Ⅰ级214例（85．6％）;Ⅱ级25例（10．0％）;Ⅲ级5例（2．1％）;Ⅳ级5例（2．1％）。结论术中注意典型的解剖位置,正确的手术入路和显微手术技术可达到较高的肿瘤全切除率,提高面神经的功能保全率。     

桥小脑角大型脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨桥小脑角大型及巨大型脑膜瘤手术入路及显微手术切除方法方法回顾分析经显微手术治疗的28例桥小脑角大型及巨大型脑膜瘤：其中19例采用枕下乙状窦后入路，3例采用颞枕开颅乙状窦前入路，4例采用颞枕开颅颞下小脑幕入路，2例采用颞枕开颅与幕上、下联合入路：结果肿瘤全切除(SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级)22例，全切除率为78．6％。全组无手术死亡。术后症状改善者20例，症状基本同术前5例。26例随访6个月至4年，生活自理者23例(88．5%)，复发2例(7．7％)。结论合理选择手术入路，术中应用显微技术妥善处理和保护血管、神经、脑干等，能较理想地切除肿瘤和提高患者生存质量。     

大型听神经瘤的手术治疗和显微手术技巧

目的探讨大型听神经瘤与毗邻神经、血管的关系，并对全切肿瘤的显微外科技巧进行讨论。方法回顾性分析经显微外科手术治疗的大型听神经瘤63例，对听神经瘤的供血来源、与颅神经及重要血管结构的解剖关系、肿瘤全切除的手术技巧进行分析。结果63例听神经瘤均有小脑前下动脉分支参与供血；术中发现面神经绝大多数位于肿瘤的前方（占84．1％），其中面神经位于听神经瘤前上方13例，正前方31例，前下方9例。术中面神经解剖保留51例（81％），肿瘤全切53例（84．1％）。结论掌握听神经的显微解剖特征和手术技巧对全切除听神经瘤和颅神经功能保护具有重要的意义。     

三维个体化数字解剖技术在脑桥小脑角肿瘤显微手术中的应用

目的 总结桥小脑角肿瘤21例患者,借助三维个体化数字解剖技术行乙状窦后入路显微手术的临床经验,评价该技术在处理桥小脑角肿瘤的应用价值. 方法 2011年1月至2011年11月共收治桥小脑角肿瘤21例,术前行薄层CTA扫描,数据经3Dview软件重建局部结构,根据解剖标志物设计个体化骨窗范围,术中根据三维个体化解剖模型制作骨瓣及制定显微手术方案行乙状窦后入路显微手术. 结果 所有病例骨瓣均一次成型并复位,无入路相关并发症,术野暴露良好,复位的骨瓣在随访中愈合良好.术后随访3～12个月,均行CT及MRI检查,无1例出现脑脊液漏或皮下积液,无1例出现手术入路相关并发症.术后CT检查均显示骨瓣无移位,并且骨瓣生长良好,三维重建更直观显示颅骨固定及愈合情况. 结论 根据三维个体化解剖技术施行桥小脑角肿瘤的显微手术,能减少术后相关并发症发生.     

经枕下乙状窦后入路切除桥小脑角脑膜瘤

目的探讨桥小脑角脑膜瘤的临床特点、手术入路及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月~2013年11月间收治的49例桥小脑角脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。所有患者均经枕下乙状窦后入路运用显微技术切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤达SimpsonⅠ级全切除25例(51.0%),Ⅱ级切除17例(34.7%),次全切除7例(14.3%),无手术死亡。随访47例,随访时间平均2.4年(6个月~4年)。37(78.7%)例正常工作,7(14.9%)例能生活自理,3例(6.4%)生活需他人照顾。随访6个月时面听神经功能保留分别为42例(89.4%)与24例(51.1%)。结论枕下乙状窦后入路是切除桥小脑角脑膜瘤非常适宜的入路,术中结合神经电生理监测并合理运用显微技术,能够理想地切除肿瘤和提高患者生存质量。     

Posterior petrous meningiomas: 82 cases

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to discuss posterior petrous meningiomas--their classification, clinical manifestations, surgical treatments, and patient outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 82 patients with posterior petrous meningiomas for microsurgery. According to the anatomical relationship with the posterior surface of the petrous bone and with special reference to the internal auditory canal (IAC), posterior petrous meningiomas were classified into three types: Type I, located laterally to the IAC (28 cases); Type II, located medially to the IAC, which might extend to the cavernous sinus and clivus (32 cases); and Type III, extensively attached to the posterior surface of the petrous bone, which might envelop the seventh and eighth cranial nerves (22 cases). Sixty-eight (83%) of 82 cases involved total resection. The rate of anatomical preservation of facial nerve was 97.5%, whereas the functional preservation rate was 81%. The rate of hearing preservation was 67%. All Type I tumors were completely resected, and the rate of anatomical preservation of facial nerve was 100% and functional preservation was 93%. Regarding Type II lesions, 75% of 32 cases involved total resection; the rate of anatomical preservation of facial nerve was 97% and functional preservation was 75%. For Type III lesions, 73% of 22 cases were totally resected. The rate of anatomical preservation of facial nerve in patients with this tumor type was 95%, whereas functional preservation was 73%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical manifestations and surgical prognoses are different among the various types of posterior petrous meningiomas. It is more difficult for Types II and III tumors to be resected radically than Type I lesions, and postoperative functional outcomes are significantly worse accordingly. The primary principles in dealing with this disease entity include preservation of vital vascular and central nervous system structures and total resection of the tumor as much as possible.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术保留盆腔植物神经效果分析

目的：探讨在腹腔镜直肠癌根治手术中保留盆腔植物神经（PANP）对男性局部复发率、生存率和术后生活质量的影响。方法：不同时期的2组腹腔镜直肠癌根治手术病人,其中非保留盆腔植物神经组34例,保留组88例,回顾性分析比较2组患者的局部复发率、5年存活率及术后排尿功能和性功能。结果：两组均顺利完成手术。其中保留植物神经组82例获得随访,未保留组28例获得随访。局部复发率保留植物神经组为73％（6／82）,未保留组为7．1％（18／28）;5年存活率保留植物神经组为8412％（69／82）,未保留组为82．1％（23／28）,2组差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。排尿功能障碍保留植物神经组为28．1％（23／82）,未保留组为60．7％（17,28）;勃起功能障碍保留植物神经组为24．4％（20,82）,未保留组为67．9％（19／28）;射精功能障碍保留植物神经组24．4％（20／82）,未保留组71,4％,（20／28）,两组比差异均有统计学意义（PcO．05）。结论：腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中保留植物神经功能,对局部复发率和5年存活率无明显影响,但可明显提高患者的生存质量。     

桥小脑角区肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗及预后分析

目的 探讨桥小脑角区肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗方式、方法及预后分析.方法 回顾性分析65例桥小脑角区肿瘤显微外科手术方式、方法及预后.结果 本组肿瘤全切除58例,面神经解剖保留51例,随访1～3 a,面瘫恢复30例,部分恢复8例,无肿瘤复发.结论 娴熟的显微镜下手术技巧及熟熟练掌握相关解剖知识,在切除肿瘤的同时,能最大限度...     

Microsurgical excision of the large or giant cerebellopontine angle meningioma.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to analyze the therapeutic effects of microsurgical excision in cases with the large or giant cerebellopontine angle meningioma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the 56 patients who suffered from the large or giant cerebellopontine angle meningioma and underwent the microsurgical therapy, for which the suboccipital-retrosigmoidal approach was adopted in 38 cases, the temporal-occipital craniotomy, presigmoidal approach in 6 cases, the temporal-occipital craniotomy, inferotemporal tentorium cerebelli approach in 8 cases, and the temporal-occipital craniotomy, supratentorial or infratentorial allied approach in 4 cases. RESULTS: The tumors of 44 cases were all resected (Simpson I, II), with a total resection rate of 78.6%, and there was no operative mortality. After surgery, symptoms improved in 40 cases and remained unchanged in 10 cases. Among 54 cases, recrudescence was seen in 2 cases (3.7%) and being able to take care of themselves in 50 cases (92.6%) at 6 months through 6 years follow-up after surgery. CONCLUSION: A rationally selected surgical approach, a microscopic technology applied in the operation to appropriately treat and protect vein, nerve and brain stem, which can ideally excise the tumors, together can increase the survival ability of patients.     

Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningioma: role of selective extradural anterior clinoidectomy

A retrospective analysis of 32 patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas who underwent surgery via a unilateral pterional approach was performed. A selective extradural anterior clinoidectomy (SEAC) technique was added in 20 patients. All patients had visual dysfunction preoperatively. Macroscopically complete removal with Simpson grade II was performed in 28 patients (87.5%). The postoperative visual function improved in 25 (78.1%), did not change in 3 (9.4%), and worsened in 4 patients (12.5%). The SEAC technique was effective, especially for removal of the tumour extending into the sellae/pituitary stalk (9 patients), the optic canal (4 patients) and hypothalamus (4 patients) with preservation of the visual and endocrinological function. These results were superior to those of surgery without SEAC technique. This technique is therefore recommended for complete resection of the tuberculum sellae meningiomas extending to the surrounding anatomical structures as the SEAC procedure reduces the risk of intraoperative optic nerve injury considerably.     

Endoscope-controlled removal of intrameatal vestibular schwannomas.

The use of endoscopes for surgery of the cerebellopontine angle tumors is steadily obtaining widespread acceptance. The objective of the present study was a laboratory and clinical evaluation of the safety of the endoscope-controlled microneurosurgical removal of the intrameatal vestibular schwannomas through a retrosigmoid approach. The anatomical investigation was done on formalin-fixed cadaver heads and dry temporal bones. Clinical series included 33 consecutive patients (23 women and 10 men; mean age 50 +/- 15 years). A bayonet-style rigid endoscope with 70 degrees angle of view and 4 mm outer diameter was found to be optimal for observation of the internal auditory canal. Its insertion in the cerebellopontine cistern should be preferably done under control through an operating microscope. Endoscope-controlled manipulations necessitate the use of a special holder system, which provides a stable position of the device and allows bimanual manipulations by the surgeon. A thermographic evaluation did not reveal a significant increase of the local temperature due to use of the endoscope. Use of the endoscope permitted removal of the neoplasm from the most lateral part of the internal auditory canal and identification of the nerve of tumor origin. In total, 28 tumors underwent total removal, and anatomical preservation of the facial nerve was attained in 31 cases. Damage of the facial nerve by the endoscope was met once. In 8 out of 16 patients, who showed serviceable hearing before surgery, this was preserved after tumor removal. In conclusion, endoscope-controlled removal of the intrameatal vestibular schwannomas seems to be a technically feasible, effective and safe procedure. Nevertheless, good equipment and special training are absolutely necessary for attainment of optimal results.     

Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis for facial nerve palsy following surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors.

Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis is one of the procedures frequently performed to restore function after facial palsy secondary to surgery for removal of cerebellopontine angle tumors. The published results of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis have been variable, and there are still questions about the indications, timing, and surgical techniques for this procedure. The goals of the present retrospective analysis of 22 cases of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis were to assess the extent of the functional recovery and to analyze the factors affecting this recovery. The 22 cases of complete facial palsy were gleaned from a series of 245 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors treated surgically by one of the authors. Twenty patients had an acoustic neuroma (average size 3.5 cm), one patient had a petrous meningioma, and one patient had a facial neuroma. The average age of the patients was 47.3 years (range 19 to 69 years). The average interval from tumor surgery to hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis was 6.4 months (range 12 days to 17 months), and the average follow-up period after the procedure was 65 months. The results were graded as good, fair, poor, or failure according to a new method of classifying facial nerve function after hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. The results were good in 14 cases (63.6%), fair in three (13.6%), and poor in four (18.2%); one (4.5%) was a failure. Good and fair results occurred with higher frequency in younger patients who were operated on within shorter intervals, although these relationships were not statistically significant. There were no surgical complications. Good or fair results were achieved in 17 (77.3%) of the 22 cases, and thus hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis is considered an effective procedure for most patients with facial palsy after surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors.     

岩静脉的显微解剖研究及术中处理

目的进行岩静脉的显微解剖研究,并对相应的术中处理方法进行讨论。方法取15例（30侧）成人尸头标本,经静脉乳胶灌注处理后,在手术显微镜下观察和测量岩静脉的位置、形态、分支及变异等情况,以及与三叉神经、面神经、位听神经等的毗邻关系。对60例三叉神经痛或面肌痉挛施行显微血管减压术,术中观察岩静脉及其属支的各项情况。结果解剖所见：①岩静脉位于蛛网膜下腔间隙内,呈游离悬空状,多由2～3支属支静脉汇成,最终注入岩上窦的内、中2/3段。②根据尸头单侧岩静脉的数量,可以将其分为单干型（9侧,30.0%）、双干型（17侧,56.7%）和三干型（4侧,13.3%）;根据55支岩静脉注入岩上窦的位置与内听道的关系,可将其分为内侧组（17支,30.9%）、中间组（24支,43.6%）和外侧组（14支,25.5%）。③8支岩静脉的主干或属支与三叉神经直接接触,19支岩静脉与三叉神经的距离不超过1mm。没见到岩静脉或其属支与面神经、位听神经相接触的情况。60例临床病例所见：岩静脉107支,其中内侧组33支,中间组46支,外侧组28支;岩静脉单干型19例,双干型35例,三干型6例。结论认识和处理好岩静脉是桥脑小脑角手术的关键点之一。在显微血管减压术中,对作为责任血管和阻挡手术入路的岩静脉或其属支静脉可以切断。     

Predictive Value of Postoperative Electrophysiologic Testing of the Facial Nerve After Cerebellopontine Angle Surgery

Our objective was to assess the ability of postoperative electroneuronography (ENoG) and electromyography (EMG) to predict clinical facial function 1 year postoperatively in patients with facial paralysis and an intact facial nerve after cerebellopontine angle surgery. The study was a prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled clinical trial on an outpatient basis, at a tertiary care hospital. Primary eligibility criteria include: (1) cerebellopontine angle (CPA) surgery with anatomical preservation of facial nerve, (2) complete facial nerve paralysis; and (3) 1 year follow-up. ENoG and EMG were measured at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, House-Brackmann facial nerve grade at 1 year postoperatively. The Kendall coefficient of rank correlation demonstrated that the 1 and 3 month postoperative ENoG data were significant predictors of ultimate facial nerve outcome. Tracking multiple ENoG examinations in a single patient, over time was of little predictive value. EMG was a poor predictor of facial nerve outcome. In general, patients with delayed facial nerve paralysis had better ultimate facial function than patients with immediate paralysis. Postoperative ENoG, but not EMG was a statistically significant predictor of ultimate facial nerve outcome after CPA surgery. Patients with delayed facial paralysis had better outcomes than those with immediate facial paralysis.