髋臼前柱骨折与前壁骨折的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨髋臼前柱骨折与前壁骨折的诊断和治疗方法。方法：自1994年5月-2003年12月共收治髋臼前柱骨折和前壁骨折(A3型)31例，其中A3—1型5例，A3—2型9例，A3—3型17例。其中13例采用非手术治疗，18采用手术治疗。手术入路：髂腹股沟入路13例，髂股入路5例。结果：随访1～4年，平均2年。结果手术治疗组关节功能表现优良者17例，可1例。非手术治疗组关节功能表现优良者10例，可2例，差1例。结论：骨折块较大、移位比较严重且伴有髋关节前脱位的髋臼前壁骨折需要手术治疗。高位型前柱骨折多数需要行手术治疗。低位型前柱骨折多数行非手术治疗，少数移化非常严重的骨折需要行手术治疗。     

6例髋臼前壁骨折的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨髋臼前壁骨折的诊断和治疗方法。方法：自1989年6月～2004年12月共收治髋臼前壁骨折6例，其中1例采用非手术治疗，5例采用手术治疗，手术人路均采用Smith-Petersen人路。结果：随访1～4年，平均2年。结果手术治疗组关节功能表现优良者4例，可1例，优良率为80％。非手术治疗的1例关节功能表现优良。结论：骨折块较大、移位比较严重且伴有髋关节前脱位、关节内有游离骨块的髋臼前壁骨折需要手术治疗，手术人路以Smith—Petersen入路最佳。     

髋臼四方区复杂型骨折手术入路的选择

目的：根据复杂型髋臼四方区骨折的不同类型,探讨不同手术入路,以获得更好的手术暴露和更可靠的复住内固定。方法：自2006年1月至2011年1月共收治58例髋臼四方区骨折,男36例,女22例;年龄23～61岁,平均36．9岁。术前摄骨盆片及双斜位片,辅以CT扫描重建髋臼,按Letournel分型其中前柱15例,横形12例,T形7例,前柱伴后半横形9例,双柱骨折15例。分别采用单纯Kocher—Langenbeck（K—L）入路、髂腹股沟入路、改良的Stoppa入路手术、组合式联合手术入路,或者经改良Stoppa入路结合经皮髋臼前柱拉力螺钉固定。结果：49例患者获随访,时间2～6年,平均32个月,术后其中1例发生深部感染,经创口引流,配合有效抗生素后治愈,2例出现坐骨神经损伤,2例出现股骨头坏死。手术结果复位按Matta标准评定：解剖复位（移位〈1mm）36例,满意复位（移位1～3mm）8例,不满意复位（移位〉3ram）5例。关节功能按Merle d＇Aubigne和Postel标准评定：优32例,良12例,可4例,差1倒,总分（15．3±2．5）。结论：采用单一的手术入路只能解决一部分类型的髋臼复杂型四方区骨折,更多的需要采用联合入路,改良的Stoppa入路结合髂腹股沟前入路或者结合前柱髋臼螺钉通常是解决复杂型四方区骨折移位有效的手术入路,临床疗效满意。     

微创插板内固定治疗髋臼前柱骨折

[目的]探讨采用髂腹股沟入路微创切口插板内固定治疗髋臼前柱骨折的临床疗效及优缺点。[方法]2014年5月~2016年2月,本院收治髋臼前柱骨折患者24例,采取耻骨上支和髂嵴两处小切口,行骨膜下剥离,形成髂骨嵴经髋臼前柱到耻骨支的隧道,根据髋臼前柱正常解剖结构,预折弯重建钢板放入隧道内,在耻骨上支给予2枚螺钉固定,维持髋臼前柱解剖连续性,在髂骨翼处给予3枚左右拉力螺钉,对髋臼前柱骨折端起到加压作用。[结果]随访6~39个月,平均16.9个月,骨折均愈合,术后按照Matta复位标准评定:优19例,良4例,可1例,总优良率95.8%,髋关节功能情况根据改良D,Aubigne-Postel髋关节功能评分标准评定:优18例,良5例,可1例,差1例,优良率为91.7%。[结论]髂腹股沟微创入路插板内固定治疗髋臼前柱骨折是一种可行的方法,具有创伤小、手术时间短、出血少,可显著改善髋关节功能的优点。     

手术治疗髋臼横形骨折伴后壁骨折

目的 介绍应用前后入路治疗髋臼横行骨折伴后壁骨折的手术经验。方法 回顾分析1999-2006年收治的资料完整的手术治疗髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折或股骨头脱位患者11例，按照Letournel-Judet骨折分型为复杂骨折中髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折，按AO分型为B1-2型。骨折采用重建钢板及螺钉固定。结果 全部患者均得以随访，平均随访3年。复位情况按Judet等方法进行评估，解剖复位6例，满意复位4例，不满意1例。髋关节功能按美国矫形外科研究院髋关节功能的方法进行评估，优6例，良可4例，差1例。结论 手术是髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折治疗的有效方法，前后入路、复位质鼍、牢固固定是治疗关键。     

带血管蒂髂骨移植修复髋臼陈旧性骨折和缺损

目的 探讨带血管蒂髂骨移植复髋臼陈旧性骨折和缺损的治疗方法。方法 将骨折的髋臼复位，保留较大的臼顶缘骨块，去除其他游离骨碎片，切取带旋股外侧动静脉升支为血管蒂的骼骨块固定骨折并修复臼顶和后壁的缺损。术后下肢骨牵引3周，关节和肌肉训练3周，而后扶拐行走锻炼。结果 本组9例，随访2－4年，优4例，良5例，3个月后均弃拐行走，髋臼愈合良好，无股骨头再脱位发生。1例轻度跛行，2例长距离行走时髋关节轻度疼痛。结论 以珲旋股外侧动静脉为血管蒂的髂骨块修复髋臼陈旧性骨折和缺损的方法容易操作、效果良好。     

经髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折18例初步体会

[目的]探讨经髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折的临床效果。[方法]自1998~2005年,切开复位内固定治疗有移位的髋臼骨折50例,其中18例经髂腹股沟入路。术后早期行CPM训练。[结果]本组2例伤口有渗出、换药2周后愈合;2例复位不满意,1年后出现骨性关节炎的X线表现,目前对日常生活无大影响,未做处理;1例螺钉误入髋臼;术中未发生血管神经损伤;骨折复位的效果采用Matta影像学评估标准,优15例,良2例,一般1例。[结论]髂腹股沟入路适合于髋臼前壁、前柱骨折及部分双柱、T形和横行骨折的切开复位。只要仔细操作,可以避免可能发生的并发症。     

骨盆前方有限切开通用重建带内固定治疗髋臼前壁骨折

目的探讨骨盆前方有限切开通用重建带内固定治疗简单髋臼前壁骨折的疗效。方法自2009年2月～2011年4月共收治髋臼前壁骨折15例,均采用骨盆前方有限切开重建带内固定治疗。结果所有患者进行1～2年随访,骨折均获骨性愈合,无髋关节创伤性关节炎、股骨头坏死发生。结论对于简单的髋臼前壁骨折,骨折移位超过3 mm即需行内固定,骨盆前方有限切开,重建带内固定,手术简单,创伤小,实用性强,术后疗效满意。     

单用螺钉固定髋臼后壁骨折的体会

目的:探讨单纯髋臼后壁骨折合并或不合并髋关节后脱位治疗方法的疗效观察。方法:单用自攻螺钉固定骨折块治疗患者14例,Kocher-Langcnbeck入路,复位骨折块,2～3枚自攻螺钉固定。结果:骨折均获良好愈合,髋关节功能恢复良好,恢复行走功能。结论:单用螺钉固定髋臼后壁骨折,手术损伤小,无需取出内固定,经济简便,术后功能恢复好。     

33例髋关节后脱位并髋臼后柱(壁)骨折手术治疗体会

髋关节后脱位合并髋臼后柱（壁）骨折是一种严重的骨关节损伤。近年来随着交通事业的发展，髋关节后脱位合并髋臼后柱（壁）骨折的发生率日渐增多。髋关节后脱位合并髋臼后柱（壁）骨折属下肢负重关节的关节内损伤，为恢复患者的肢体功能，减少创伤性关节炎的发生，脱位关节如何重建头臼对应的解剖形态与有效的固定，则是髋关节功能康复的关键要素，否则面临的是不同程度肢体残疾，关节置换及返修问题。自1998年1月～2006年1月，笔者收治髋关节后脱位合并髋臼后柱（壁）骨折手术治疗33例，疗效满意。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.