内侧髌股韧带重建研究进展

内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)起于股骨内上髁与内收肌结节之间的骨面,止于髌骨内缘上段,限制髌骨外移,是髌骨的主要静力稳定结构.髌骨脱位造成此韧带损伤,导致髌骨内侧限制结构失效,常遗留髌骨不稳或复发脱位.MPFL重建能够恢复髌骨内侧的静力稳定结构,提供髌骨的稳定性及正常轨迹,但是不能纠正骨性异常.在充分评估导致髌骨脱位的所有病理因素的前提下,对具有明确指征的病例可行MPFL重建.MPFL重建技术分为非解剖重建和解剖重建,近来以解剖重建更为流行.解剖重建的关键技术在于确定MPFL的原始解剖起止点.重建时可采用不同的移植物和不同的固定方法.不论采用何种方式重建,关键是要恢复正常MPFL解剖结构和保持其等长性.     

内侧髌股韧带重建的生物力学评估

内侧髌股韧带（medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL）主要起到限制髌骨外脱位的功能,当发生急性髌骨外脱位时,MPFL是最常受到损伤的软组织结构。保守治疗髋骨不稳复发率高,近年来MPFL重建逐渐成为急性髌骨外脱位的常见治疗选择,其解剖位重建能最大限度地减少全膝活动范围内重建韧带的长度变化,并能很好地恢复髋骨稳定性。本研究旨在描述我们采用的MPFL解剖重建技术,并在尸体标本上比较MPFL解剖重建与正常膝关节髌骨稳定性的差异。     

复发性髌骨脱位的治疗进展

复发性髌骨脱位主要表现为髌骨反复性脱位、"打软腿"等,大多有外伤史或膝关节发育不良的基础。传统治疗方法包括内侧支持带紧缩、外侧支持带松解、胫骨结节移位、股骨滑车成型术等。近年来随着对内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)解剖结构及生物力学的研究逐渐深入,MPFL防止髌骨脱位的作用越来越被重视,通过重建MPFL来恢复髌骨正常轨迹日益增多。目前尚无一种术式能够完全治疗复发性髌骨脱位,具体治疗根据患者的解剖及生物力学情况,选择合适的术式联合治疗,恢复患者的髌骨稳定性、下肢力线及尽可能恢复膝关节功能。     

内侧髌股韧带重建的研究进展

髌骨脱位常见于髌股关节排列紊乱的患者[1,2],青年女性多见[3-6].尽管有多个因素影响髌骨的稳定性,但对于髌骨及股骨滑车发育正常、下肢力线正常的患者来说,髌骨不稳主要是由髌骨周围软组织稳定性作用不足所致.内侧髌股韧带(meclial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)是维持髌股关节稳定,保持髌骨位置,防止外侧脱位的重要结构,对髌骨内侧的稳定性起首要作覽7-10].已有研究表明,在对抗髌骨外倾的内侧组织里,MPFL约占50%～60%的作覽2-4].由于MPFL具有稳定髌骨,防止其外侧脱位的作用,所以重建MPFL对于重建髌骨内侧稳定结构,恢复髌股关节稳定性意义重大.本文对MPFL的解剖学、生物力学研究及重建MPFL的手术方法、术后疗效进行综述.     

重建内侧髌股韧带的并发症研究进展

髌骨不稳定是由于骨的解剖结构异常和软组织限制力不足引起的,尽管有多种治疗髌骨不稳定的术式,但术后疗效评价不一.在屈膝过程中,髌股关节运动的主导骨性结构是髌骨,限制髌骨向外半脱位的主要软组织是内侧髌股韧带(MPFL).髌骨不稳定的患者由于外伤等原因发生脱位后,MPFL近100％受损伤,如果不能有效治疗,往往愈合不佳,不能完全恢复功能.近几年随着对MPFL解剖及其功能的研究深入,学者们认为对髌骨不稳的患者重建MPFL是有价值的,术后疗效评价优良,现在MPFL重建术已逐渐普及.MPFL重建术并发症的文献报告也越来越多.本文回顾了MPFL相关的解剖学、生物力学及MPFL重建手术并发症的相关文献,对其进行综述.     

复发性髌骨脱位治疗中内侧髌股韧带重建术的研究进展

复发性髌骨脱位是引起青少年膝关节功能障碍的常见疾病,其定义为髌骨脱位发生两次及两次以上,是一种骨科及运动医学临床常见的疾病。复发性髌骨脱位的病因有很多,但归根结底,髌骨在活动中所处的异常力学环境是引起不稳的根本原因。研究发现内侧髌股韧带被认为是限制髌骨向外脱位最重要的软组织结构,因而重建内侧髌股韧带对成功治疗复发性髌骨脱位起着重要的作用。但复发性髌骨脱位往往是一个多因素引起的临床问题,除了纠正软组织的异常外,骨性结构的异常也是一个不容忽视的问题。本文对近年来对内侧髌股韧带的解剖、生物力学、手术技巧、治疗结果及术后并发症的研究情况进行了综述。     

髌骨脱位的治疗方案

<正>髌骨脱位是青少年常见的运动损伤,患者表现为反复的髌骨向外侧脱位,严重影响患者的日常生活和体育活动。虽然手术治疗是髌骨脱位的主要治疗方案,但是,由于髌骨脱位的致病原因很多,临床类型复杂,目前有近百种不同的手术技术用于治疗髌骨脱位。本期3篇论文围绕着髌骨脱位的临床治疗进行了深入的研究~([1-3])。其中1篇是使用内侧髌骨股骨韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建治疗复发性或初次创伤性髌骨脱位~([1]),作者改良了MPFL的技术,使用1枚TightR ope作为内固定,完成MPFL重建。另1篇是使用三联技术治     

髌内缘骨筋膜隧道固定技术重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨不稳

髌骨不稳由骨性解剖异常以及软组织限制性不足引起,目前多数学者主张应积极手术治疗.内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)是髌骨静力性稳定机制中最重要的结构,在治疗髌骨不稳的术式中,MPFL重建术是有效的手术方法之一.在MPFL重建技术中,髌骨侧的固定多数采用制作隧道或锚钉固定,但存在易发生髌骨骨折和费用昂贵的缺点.2007年1月至2008年12月,我院采用髌骨内缘制作骨筋膜隧道技术重建MPFL治疗髌骨不稳患者20例,取得良好效果,现报告如下.     

儿童髌骨不稳手术治疗的回顾性分析

目的回顾分析应用半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）联合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨不稳临床疗效。方法本组患者11例13膝应用半腱肌进行MPFL重建及股内侧肌成形及选择性的膝关节外侧软组织松解治疗髌骨不稳,平均随访32个月。结果Kujala评分…由术前的（46．35±17．12）分增加到随访时的（91．77±9．31）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应用半腱肌重建MPFL同时联合股内侧肌成形能有效治疗髌骨不稳,改善膝关节功能。且不损伤骨骺,是治疗儿童髌骨不稳定的一种有效的治疗方法。     

单束等长重建和双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的短期疗效比较

目的比较并评价关节镜辅助下单束等长重建和双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨脱位的短期临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2010-02—2012-08诊治的复发性髌骨脱位29例,关节镜辅助下单束等长重建MPFL 12例(单束组),双束解剖重建MPFL 17例(双束组)。记录并发症的发生情况,检查髌骨恐惧实验阳性率,测量髌骨Congruence角和Sulcus角,进行膝关节功能Lysholm评分。结果 29例均获得14个月以上随访,无切口感染、下肢静脉血栓形成、再脱位和严重关节屈曲受限。2组术后髌骨恐惧试验均阴性,无髌骨不稳。末次随访时2组间Congruence角、Sulcus角及膝关节功能Lysholm评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于复发性髌骨脱位,单、双束重建MPFL均可明显恢复髌骨稳定性,提高膝关节功能,短期疗效满意。     

Surgical technique and rationale for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation

This article describes a medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction procedure using an artificial ligament for recurrent patellar dislocation. The MPFL has been shown biomechanically to be the primary restraint among the medial patellar stabilizers. Although various predisposing factors are involved in lateral patellar dislocation, we believe that the MPFL, as a primary restraint, should undergo primary reconstruction for patellar dislocation. The results of MPFL reconstruction using a mesh-type artificial ligament and medial retinaculum slip coverage for recurrent patellar dislocation were as good as we had expected. In this article, we describe the detailed surgical technique and its rationale. We believe technique has also wide applications in MPFL reconstruction using autogenous tendons.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 5 (May-June), 2003: pp E47     

A simple technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a quadriceps tendon graft

Numerous surgical procedures have been described for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation. Studies have shown that the primary pathoanatomy associated with lateral patellar dislocation is injury to the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), which is the major soft-tissue restraint to lateral patellar translation. Recently, various procedures have been described that address the medial ligamentous injury inherent to lateral patellar dislocation. We present a simple technique for MPFL reconstruction using a quadriceps tendon graft.     

内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的介绍采用内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的手术技术和效果。方法 2005年6月-2007年9月,采用MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位29例。男6例,女23例;年龄13～45岁,平均20.3岁。髌骨脱位2～10次。末次髌骨脱位至手术时间为1～144个月,平均43.9个月。术前CT检查测量胫骨结节-股骨滑车间距(tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance,TT-TG);并行Kujala、Lysholm和Tegner评分,分别为(72.03±17.38)、(72.65±14.70)、(5.25±1.83)分。手术采用同种异体肌腱作为移植物,在股骨侧使用骨隧道技术,可吸收挤压螺钉固定;在髌骨内侧缘制作双L形隧道,调节移植物张力后,缝合固定移植物的游离端。同时行关节镜检查、游离体取出和髌外侧支持带松解。对于TT-TG>20 mm的16例患者,同时行胫骨结节内移截骨。结果 27例获随访,随访时间40～67个月,平均45.5个月。患者术后均无髌骨再脱位,也无髌骨错动或半脱位。0°位和屈膝30°位髌骨外推试验和外推恐惧试验均为阴性。术后1年患者膝关节屈伸活动度均恢复正常,能够完全下蹲。末次随访时Kujala评分、Lysholm评分分别为(94.10±7.59)、(95.44±6.25)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Tegner评分为(4.33±1.00)分,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.302,P=0.213)。术前TT-TG>20 mm的患者末次随访时TT-TG为(16.88±5.92)mm,与术前(23.38±3.70)mm比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.822,P=0.026)。结论 MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位能够明显改善髌骨稳定性,且术后膝关节功能评分和运动等级评分均较术前明显改善。     

Classification of lesions of the medial patello-femoral ligament in patellar dislocation

The remnants of the medial patello-femoral ligament (MPFL) of 67 knees, 18 with acute patellar dislocation and 49 with chronic patellar dislocation, were studied. The MPFL injuries of the acute cases were categorised into 2 groups: an avulsion tear type and a substantial tear type. The chronic cases were put into 3 groups: those with loose femoral attachment (9 knees), those with scar tissue formation or abnormal scar branch formation (29 knees), and those with no evidence or continuity of the ligament (absent type) (11 knees). It is concluded that incompetence of the medial patello-femoral ligament is a major factor in the occurrence of recurrent patellar dislocation and/or an unstable patella following an acute patellar dislocation.     

Total Knee Arthroplasty Combined With Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Osteoarthritic Knee With Preoperative Valgus Deformity and Chronic Patellar Dislocation

We report a challenging case of a 44-year-old woman who had osteoarthritis in the lateral compartment of her right knee with severe valgus deformity and chronic lateral patellar dislocation. Total knee arthroplasty was performed for the knee. However, persistent patellar dislocation remained during the surgery; and therefore, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction was additionally performed at the time of the surgery. Stable patellar tracking was obtained after the MFPL reconstruction; and during the 2-year follow-up, her knee functioned well, and no recurrent patellar dislocation was observed. This clinical case indicates the usefulness of MPFL reconstruction for obtaining stable patellar tracking during total knee arthroplasty when a tendency for lateral patellar dislocation remains.     

关节镜下双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-07—2018-09诊治的20例骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位,在关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱经大收肌肌腱止点悬吊双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗。结果 20例均获得随访,随访时间平均21.2(12~36)个月。所有患者术后复查均未再发生髌骨脱位或半脱位,膝关节功能恢复满意。末次随访时髌股适合角为(-1.79±3.26)°,髌骨倾斜角为(11.11±1.08)°,较术前明显减小;末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分为(94.60±2.58)分,髌股关节功能Kujala评分为(91.05±2.33)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位患者,关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗可获得稳定的髌骨滑动轨迹,髌骨脱位矫正良好。     

Medial patellofemoral ligament anatomy: is it a predisposing factor for lateral patellar dislocation?

Purpose

Because the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary restraint to lateral dislocation of the patella, we aimed, in this controlled study, to verify whether the MPFL with different measurements could be considered another predisposing factor for patellar dislocation.

Methods

A group of 100 consecutive individuals without the criteria for patellar dislocation (trochlear dysplasia, patella alta and lateral patellar tilt) was recruited as a control group and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and another group of 50 patients with patellar instability. Femoral condyles, interepicondylar distance, length and thickness of the MPFL were measured.

Results

In the control group, the MPFL was 38–60 mm long. Individuals with patellar instability who had no episode of patellar dislocation had a 4.11-mm longer ligament than controls (p = 0.032), while patients with instability with a previous history of dislocation had a 13.54-mm longer MPFL than controls (p < 0.001). Thickness of the MPFL at the patellar insertion was lower in individuals with patellar instability with a history of dislocation (p < 0.001). An instability coefficient (IC) less than 1.3 indicates that the MPFL is insufficient.

Conclusions

Individuals with patellar instability and previous patellar dislocation present with longer MPFL when compared to controls, and an associated IC less than 1.3 can be considered a predisposing factor for patellar dislocation. Treatment of patellar instability is a challenge, and it is difficult to identify what is the predisposing factor. This study has verified the measurements of the MPFL for the first time and presents values of thickness and length that can be considered as indications for surgical reconstruction.Level of evidence: III.     

Why do orthopaedic surgeons ignore the medial patellofemoral ligament?

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is a condensation of the medial capsule of the knee joint. In the past two decades dissection studies have shown that it extends from the superomedial border of the patella to the femoral epicondyle, at or immediately above the adductor tubercle. MRI and operative studies have revealed that it is almost invariably damaged by lateral patellofemoral dislocation. Current surgical management of such dislocations may involve imbricating the torn medial capsule and parapatellar retinaculum back onto the medial border of the patella. If the medial patellofemoral ligament is torn at or near the femoral attachment, as the latest MRI and operative studies demonstrate it frequently is, then this medial reefing procedure will not be successful in restoring normal anatomy and function. Here we review the anatomy and function of the MPFL, its role in patellar dislocation and as well as surgical treatment for patellar dislocation.     

Dynamic medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in recurrent patellar instability: A surgical technique

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary stabilizer of the patellofemoral joint; its reconstruction has been recommended in adults over the past decade after recurrent patellar instability. However, there has been no standardized technique for reconstruction, therefore, ideal graft and technique for reconstruction are yet undetermined. However, dynamic MPFL reconstruction studies claim to be superior to other procedures as it is more anatomical. This preliminary study aims at assessing the outcomes of MPFL reconstruction in a dynamic pattern using hamstring graft. We performed this procedure in four consecutive patients with chronic patellar instability following trauma. MPFL reconstruction was done with hamstring tendons detached distally and secured to patellar periosteum after being passed through a bony tunnel in the patella without an implant and using the medial collateral ligament as a pulley. In all 4 knees, the MPFL reconstruction was isolated and was not associated with any other realignment procedures. No recurrent episodes of dislocation or subluxation were reported at 24 months followup.