静脉镇静镇痛技术在隆乳术中的临床应用

目的介绍静脉镇静镇痛技术在局部麻醉隆乳术中的应用效果和体会.方法将606例ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级隆乳术患者分为四组,分别采用负荷剂量后持续输注异丙酚-芬太尼(P-F组,n=56)、咪唑安定-芬太尼(M-F组,n=130)、异丙酚-芬太尼-氯胺酮(P-F-K组,n=68)或咪唑安定-芬太尼-氯胺酮(M-F-K组,n=352)复合液的给药方法,调整注速维持镇静深度在改良的警觉/镇静评分2或3分.结果四组患者术中的镇静镇痛效果均满意,呼吸循环功能基本稳定,均在停药3～10!min后清醒,但P-F-K组和M-F-K组患者的术中疼痛发生率及程度显著低于P-F组和M-F组.术后随访所有患者均对麻醉效果满意,仅P-F组和P-F-K组分别有11例和5例患者有模糊术中记忆.结论镇静镇痛技术是适用于隆乳局部麻醉手术简单、安全有效的理想麻醉方法,复合使用小剂量氯胺酮能明显减少术中疼痛的发生率,其中以咪-芬-氯复合镇静镇痛的术中疼痛和记忆发生率最低,程度最轻,是适于该手术的最佳镇静镇痛方法.     

静脉镇静镇痛技术在隆乳术中的临床应用

目的介绍静脉镇静镇痛技术在局部麻醉隆乳术中的应用效果和体会。方法将606例ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级隆乳术患者分为四组,分别采用负荷剂量后持续输注异丙酚-芬太尼(P-F组,n=56)、咪唑安定-芬太尼(M-F组,n=130)、异丙酚-芬太尼-氯胺酮(P-F-K组,n=68)或咪唑安定-芬太尼-氯胺酮(M-F-K组,n=352)复合液的给药方法,调整注速维持镇静深度在改良的警觉/镇静评分2或3分。结果四组患者术中的镇静镇痛效果均满意,呼吸循环功能基本稳定,均在停药3~10min后清醒,但P-F-K组和M-F-K组患者的术中疼痛发生率及程度显著低于P-F组和M-F组。术后随访所有患者均对麻醉效果满意,仅P-F组和P-F-K组分别有11例和5例患者有模糊术中记忆。结论镇静镇痛技术是适用于隆乳局部麻醉手术简单、安全有效的理想麻醉方法,复合使用小剂量氯胺酮能明显减少术中疼痛的发生率,其中以咪-芬-氯复合镇静镇痛的术中疼痛和记忆发生率最低,程度最轻,是适于该手术的最佳镇静镇痛方法。     

瑞芬太尼和咪唑安定联合TCI复合肋间神经阻滞在隆乳术中的应用

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼和咪唑安定联合TCI复合肋间神经阻滞用于隆乳手术的麻醉效果。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级拟行隆乳术的患者60例。在切皮前静脉输注咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,术中同时开始泵入瑞芬太尼和咪唑安定。观察麻醉前、注射局麻药时、切皮前、手术30min、分离胸大肌后间隙时、停药时、停药后10min时的BIS值,MAP,HR,SpO2,ECG及镇静程度。所有患者行双侧胸3～5肋间神经阻滞。结果：与基础值相比,切皮前MAP降低（P〈0.05）,麻醉各时段HR的变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;麻醉中各时段BIS值均降低（P〈0.01）;切皮前,与基础值比较差异有显著意义（P〈0.01）;术中镇静、镇痛充分,镇静评分主要维持在3～5级。术中呼吸循环功能基本稳定。所有患者均对麻醉方法满意,并愿意在以后的类似手术中接受同样的麻醉方法。结论：瑞芬太尼和咪唑安定联合TCI复合肋间神经阻滞具有镇痛良好,胸大肌松弛,患者痛苦小,恢复快,并发症少,无精神创伤等优点,是隆乳手术安全有效的麻醉方法。     

咪唑安定复合雷米芬太尼辅助臂丛神经阻滞的临床观察

臂丛神经阻滞是目前常用的麻醉方法之一,但单纯臂丛神经阻滞存在着不同程度的阻滞不完全,且术中患者意识清楚,存在着不同程度的不安和恐惧~[1,2].咪唑安定具有明显的镇静、抗焦虑和顺行性遗忘作用~[3];雷米芬太尼是纯粹的μ受体激动药,起效快,可迅速达峰效应,持续时间短~[4].本研究拟观察咪唑安定复合雷米芬太尼镇静镇痛下臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果.     

小剂量氯胺酮复合咪唑安定辅助腰硬联合麻醉的临床观察

目的观察小剂量氯胺酮复合咪唑安定辅助腰硬联合麻醉的效果。方法选择40例经腹子宫全切病人,随机分为氯胺酮复合咪唑安定组(A组)和芬太尼复合氟哌啶醇组(B组),在腰硬联合麻醉成功后,A组静脉给氯胺酮0.4mg/kg+咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,B组静脉给芬太尼1.0μg/kg+氟哌啶醇0.05mg/kg,观察并记录术中各时段SBP、DBP、SpO2、HR,记录术中镇静和遗忘情况,及抗牵拉反应效果。结果给药后A组各时段SBP、DBP、HR差异无统计学意义,B组给药后5min、15minSBP、DBP、HR值与术前相比下降明显(P<0.05),A组镇静及遗忘程度比B组好,两组都取得良好的抗牵拉效果,两组都无精神症状。结论小剂量氯胺酮复合咪唑安定辅助腰硬联合麻醉时,有良好的镇静和镇痛及遗忘作用,且无精神症状,应用效果良好。     

咪唑安定复合芬太尼用于腰—硬联合麻醉镇静的临床观察

腰-硬联合麻醉是我国目前较适合于妇科手术的麻醉方法之一[1],但术中病人常处于清醒状态,要达到满意的麻醉效果常需辅助其他药物。咪唑安定的镇静、遗忘作用强,与芬太尼合用,心血管系统稳定。我们对不同剂量的咪唑安定复合芬太尼用于腰-硬联合麻醉的镇静效果进行临床观察,并与传统的氟哌合剂相比较,现报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:随机选择120例妇科择期手术病人,年龄20～65岁,体重48～75kg,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,无长期服用镇静镇痛药,无呼吸循环及精神系统病史。全组病人不用术前药,随机分为三组,每组40例。Ⅰ组,咪唑安定0.03mg/kg 芬太尼1.…     

异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉全麻在隆乳术中的应用

目的:观察异丙酚、芬太尼复合静脉全麻应用于门诊隆乳手术的麻醉效果。方法:ASAI～II级门诊行隆乳手术的患者60例,麻醉前30min给予阿托品0.5mg,诱导用芬太尼0.1mg,咪唑安定2mg,然后接微量注射泵按3～8mg/kg/h的速度泵注异丙酚达所需麻醉深度并维持,分离胸大肌时加芬太尼0.05mg,手术缝合时停止泵注异丙酚。记录麻醉前、麻醉后、手术开始时、分离胸大肌时、术毕时的SBP、DBP、SPO2、HR及术毕清醒时间,术中记忆、术后头晕、恶心、呕吐的发生例数。结果:组内各时点SBP、DBP、SPO2、HR比较无显著差异(P>0.05),24例苏醒期间有轻微头晕,8例有轻恶心,但无呕吐。结论:异丙酚复合芬太尼用于隆乳手术的麻醉镇静、镇痛效果好,过程平稳,对呼吸、循环功能干扰小,不良反应少,是一种较理想的麻醉方法。     

咪唑安定复合芬太尼用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床研究

目的探讨咪唑安定复合芬太尼镇静镇痛下进行臂丛神经阻滞的可行性。方法将100例行单侧上肢手术的患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。在神经刺激器引导下进行臂丛神经阻滞,观察组静脉注射芬太尼(1μg/kg)后间断给予咪唑安定(1 mg/3 min)至患者达到Ramsay 3级镇静,对照组穿刺前不接受任何药物。比较两组患者穿刺前后血压(BP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)的变化、镇静程度、麻醉效果以及患者的满意度。结果对照组患者对臂丛神经穿刺的VAS显著高于观察组(3.6±0.5 vs.0.4±0.2,P<0.05),穿刺时、穿刺后5 min时HR较穿刺前显著增快(P<0.05),SBP也有明显上升趋势。观察组可使患者维持Ramsay 3~5级的镇静(58.2±8.6)min,穿刺前后的BP、HR平稳,术中加用其他镇静镇痛药物少,术后随访患者对穿刺和手术不良刺激的遗忘率高,满意度明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论咪唑安定复合芬太尼用于外周神经阻滞可产生有效的镇静镇痛作用,提高外周神经阻滞的麻醉质量。     

咪唑安定舒芬太尼复合颈丛阻滞应用于超声刀下甲状腺手术的临床观察

目的观察咪唑安定舒芬太尼复合颈丛阻滞应用于超声刀下甲状腺手术的麻醉效果及安全可行性。方法60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行甲状腺手术切除患者,随机双盲分成两组（每组30例）：A组咪唑安定复合舒芬太尼;B组氟哌啶复合芬太尼组。所有病人先行双侧颈丛阻滞,记录两组患者6个时点的MAP、HR、SpO2、R,记录两组患者的Ramsay镇静评分、VAS镇痛评分,观察两组患者的不良反应。结果全部患者麻醉成功,除阻滞10分钟后时点MAP、HR比术前均有所升高,比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,余各时点MAP、HR、SpO2、R相对平稳波动,A组切除腺体时镇静评分高于B组,镇痛效果优于B组（P〈0．05）,两组患者均无明显的不良反应。结论咪唑安定加舒芬太尼复合颈丛阻滞用于超声刀下甲状腺手术,操作简单,麻醉效果好,损伤小,町以安全满意地用于临床手术。     

罗哌卡因复合芬太尼肋间神经阻滞麻醉效果及对术后镇痛的影响

目的观察罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于乳腺区段切除手术中肋间神经阻滞效果及术后镇痛作用。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行乳腺肿块区段切除术的患者60例,随机分为两组,每组30例。肋间神经使用0.375%罗哌卡因(Ⅰ组)或0.375%罗哌卡因+芬太尼2μg/ml(Ⅱ组)。观察两组麻醉起效时间、阻滞完善时间、麻醉维持时间、术后24 h镇痛效果及不良反应,记录麻醉期间RR、MAP、HR及SpO2的变化。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组麻醉起效时间和麻醉阻滞完善时间缩短(P<0.05)、维持时间延长(P<0.01);术后4、8、12 h VAS评分Ⅱ组降低(P<0.01)。两组患者生命体征、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论芬太尼可增强罗哌卡因肋间神经阻滞麻醉的效果,延长术后镇痛时效。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.