植入自体雪旺氏细胞的胚胎神经修复上肢神经缺损

目的 研究修复上肢神经缺损新的手术方法。方法 应用植入自体雪旺氏细胞的胚胎神经复合型神经桥接体，修复上肢神经缺损46例（52条），术后1年进行神经功能评定。结果 本组46例随访40例，随访时间12－36个月，接Seddon的周围神经损伤术后恢复评定标准进行评定，优良率为69．57％。植入自体雪旺氏细胞的胚胎神经复合型神经桥接体移植，是一种修复上肢神经缺损的新方法，具有进一步深入研究和临床应用的前景。     

早期康复治疗在Ⅱ～Ⅴ区指屈肌腱损伤术后的临床应用

目的：报道指屈肌腱修复后早期康复介入的疗效。方法对73例Ⅱ～Ⅴ区指深屈肌腱损伤患者,随机分为观察组37例和对照组36例,两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、损伤指别、神经损伤比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,具有可比性。对照组给予临床常规治疗,术后4周再行康复治疗;观察组在急诊修复后第4天即在使用支具情况下开始进行物理治疗及康复训练。两组采用相似康复治疗方法,应用手指总主动活动度（TAM）测定法评定疗效。结果术后3--6个月,按TAM法评定患指功能,观察组优良率明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,活动度及手指感觉、两点辨别觉均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论指屈肌腱修复术后功能锻炼开始的时间愈早,手功能恢复的优良率愈高。     

神经康复支具对桡神经康复的疗效观察

目的评价简易神经康复支具用于桡神经损伤患者术后康复的疗效。方法将25例桡神经损伤的患者随机分为康复支具组（13例）和对照组（12例）,比较两组患者桡神经功能改善情况。结果采用桡神经功能评定试用标准对两组患者桡神经功能进行评估。康复支具组3个月优良率为69．23％,对照组为25％（P〈0．05）。12个月随访时两组优良率分别为84．6％和75％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论采用本康复支具可明显缩短桡神经功能恢复时间,但不影响远期预后。     

上肢神经损伤的急诊显微外科修复

目的：报道１９８１～１９９５年，显微外科急诊择期修复上肢神经损伤１７２例２２２条神经的临床效果。方法：对其中７５例１０４条神经开放性损伤进行急诊清创及显微外科修复。结果：术后有５３例７２条神经得到３个月～８年的随访，按ＢＭＲＣ提出的综合评价肢体神经运动和感觉功能来评定疗效，优良率达８６．１％。结论：应用显微外科技术对上肢神经开放性损伤进行急诊一期修复是提高周围神经损伤修复优良率的有效方法。     

显微外科技术下脱细胞基质周围神经修复膜在上肢周围神经损伤中的应用效果

目的 探讨显微外科技术下脱细胞基质周围神经修复膜在上肢周围神经损伤中的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2020年10月至2022年3月我院收治的23例上肢周围神经损伤病人的临床资料,其中男18例,女5例;年龄为10~60岁,平均41.3岁,指神经损伤9例,腕部及前臂远端的正中神经损伤14例。神经损伤予脱细胞基质周围神经修复膜修复,记录病人两点辨别觉,参考英国医学研究院神经外伤学会（MCRR）的评定标准评估指神经恢复情况,手部功能根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评估。结果 病人术后随访9~14个月,9例指神经损伤病人的两点辨别觉平均为7 mm,S3级6例,S3+级3例,14例腕部及前臂远端的正中神经损伤拇指对掌功能基本恢复到正常,优7例,良3例,可4例,优良率为71.4%。结论 脱细胞基质周围神经修复膜在人体上肢周围神经损伤中运用安全,能较好地改善神经恢复情况,在促进神经恢复方面有一定的作用。     

化学去细胞同种异体神经移植术后病人的护理

[目的]探讨对化学去细胞同种异体神经修复周围神经损伤的护理及康复。[方法]自2003年4月-2006年4月，应用化学去细胞同种异体神经移植治疗完全断裂周围神经损伤患者39例，术后及出院后进行专项护理及康复，术后6个月以上患者随访共21例，对结果进行统计分析。[结果]21例患者中，16例神经损伤恢复效果达到优良，修复优良率达到71．4％。[结论]对化学去细胞同种异体神经移植术后的患者进行康复及护理，可以获得良好的临床效果。     

上肢神经损伤的显微外科修复与康复

目的探讨开放性上肢神经损伤的显微外科修复及康复的疗效。方法上肢神经损伤31例。应用显微外科技术进行外膜缝合、束膜缝合、外膜束膜缝合分别予以修复，并把康复理念贯穿应用于治疗全过程。结果术后全部病例经1年至6年随访，平均优良率为83．3％。结论显微外科技术和康复理念的结合应用，是上肢神经损伤治疗获得满意效果的重要步骤。     

手部肌腱及神经损伤的显微外科修复

目的 探讨手部肌腱、神经损伤的急诊显微外科修复的的临床疗效及其意义。方法 回顾性分析急诊显微外科修复的261例手部肌腱、神经损伤临床资料。其中，肌腱修复225例，神经修复36例。结果 手部的功能良好，肌腱活动正常，感觉良好。功能评定优良率为88．1％。结论 手部肌腱、神经损伤后早期高质量的显微外科修复，术后早期积极的功能康复治疗，是提高临床疗效的重要保证。     

康复护理在上肢周围神经损伤修复术后的应用

目的探讨上肢周围神经损伤修复术后的康复护理方法，教会患者自我保护及恢复代偿能力。方法回顾分析72例患者的临床资料。结果通过对72例上肢周围神经损伤患者实施康复教育。其中疾病知识知晓度掌握64例占89％，基本了解8例占11％，满意度占99％。72例患者未发生并发症，出院后均掌握康复护理知识。结论针对性的康复护理指导是上肢周围神经损伤功能恢复的重要保证。     

关节镜下半月板部分切除术后患者的早期康复护理

目的探讨关节镜下半月板部分切除术后早期康复护理的效果。方法将116例关节镜下半月板部分切除术后患者随机分为对照组和观察组各58例。对照组术后行常规护理，观察组术后早期实施康复训练，术后2周比较两组患肢膝关节恢复效果。结果观察组患肢膝关节恢复效果优者44例（75．9％），良8例（13．8％）；对照组分别为22例（37．9％）和13例（22．4％），两组优良率比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论早期实施康复训练，可促进患者早日康复。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.