切开复位斜T形桡骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗移位的锁骨外侧端骨折

目的探讨切开复位斜T形桡骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗移位的锁骨外侧端骨折的临床疗效。方法对29例移位的锁骨外侧端骨折采用切开复位斜T形桡骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗。结果29例获得随访6～18个月,骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间10—24周。疗效评定根据Hardegger等肩关节功能评定标准：优25例,良4例。结论移位的锁骨外侧端骨折采用切开复位斜T形桡骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗可获得良好的l临床疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端C型骨折

目的 探讨锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 对27例桡骨远端C型骨折患者采用切开复位锁定加压钢板内固定治疗,必要时植骨.结果 27例均获得随访,时间5～17个月.骨折均骨性愈合.按照改良McBride腕关节功能评价标准评定疗效:优19例,良6例,可2例.结论 锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端C型骨折具有比普通钢板更好的力学稳定性,尤其对不稳定及骨质疏松患者,允许术后早期功能锻炼,临床疗效满意.     

手法复位石膏固定与切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年不稳定桡骨远端骨折的疗效比较

目的比较分析手法复位石膏固定与切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年不稳定桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-11—2015-11诊治的青壮年桡骨远端骨折94例,手法牵引复位石膏固定58例(石膏组),切开复位锁定钢板内固定36例(手术组)。结果 94例均获得随访3~12个月,平均8.6个月。治疗后1 d及1个月时,手术组桡骨高度、掌倾角、尺偏角均明显优于石膏组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时,手术组改良Green-O’Brien腕关节评分平均84.9(55~95)分,石膏组平均68.3(50~90)分;手术组改良Green-O’Brien腕关节评分明显优于石膏组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青壮年不稳定桡骨远端骨折采用切开复位解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗可以有效维持桡骨高度、掌倾角、尺偏角和下尺桡关节的对合关系,为骨折愈合和关节功能的恢复提供良好的内环境。     

切开复位加压锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效观察

目的观察应用切开复位加压锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对40例桡骨远端粉碎性骨折患者采用切开复位加压锁定钢板内固定治疗。结果术后平均随访8.2个月,经X线或CT等影像学复查,除1例延迟愈合外,其余均骨折复位良好,内固定稳定。依据Colles骨折复位后功能评价:优16例,良19例,可3例,差2例。优良率87.50%。全组无切口感染、骨髓炎、骨折不愈合,内固定松动、腕关节僵硬等并发症发生。结论微采用切开复位加压锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折骨折,复位良好,内固定稳定,并发症少,疗效满意。     

掌侧入路锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折32例临床分析

目的总结经掌侧入路切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的体会,并观察疗效。方法对32例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折患者实施掌侧入路切开复位锁定钢板内固定手术,术后行早期功能锻炼。随访6~12个月,观察手术效果。结果本组患者骨折愈合时间(8.3±2.3)个月。依据Fernandez标准评价腕关节功能:优23例,良6例,可3例,优良率93.75%。X线片复查结果显示掌倾角、尺偏角及桡骨长度恢复良好。均未发生钢板断裂、松动及骨不连等并发症。结论对桡骨远端不稳定性骨折患者实施掌侧入路切开复位锁定钢板内固定手术,复位良好、固定牢固、并发症低,有利于关节功能的恢复,并可有效保持掌倾角、尺偏角及桡骨长度处于合理范围。     

锁定钢板在老年桡骨远端C2、C3型骨折中的应用

目的探讨锁定钢板在老年桡骨远端C2、C3型骨折治疗中的临床疗效。方法 46例C2、C3型老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折中29例行切开复位锁定钢板内固定(内固定组)治疗,17例行手法复位石膏外固定(石膏组)治疗。结果 43例获3~26个月随访。术后2~3个月X线检查显示骨折愈合,按Gartland-Werley功能评分标准:石膏组的优良率为80.0%,内固定组为92.9%。结论锁定钢板在老年桡骨远端C2、C3型骨折治疗中具有固定牢靠、能早期功能锻炼等优势。     

切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折效果观察

目的观察切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的效果。方法对32例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折患者采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组均顺利完成手术,与术前相比较,术后患者的掌倾角和尺偏角显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。腕关节功能优良率92.75%。术后均获得随访6~12个月,无1例发生切口感染、钢板断裂、骨不连等并发症。结论采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折,固定牢固、并发症低,术后功能恢复理想。     

切开复位锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的体会

目的总结切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的体会,并观察其临床效果。方法对48例桡骨远端不稳性骨折患者采用切开复位加压锁定钢板内固定治疗,并进行早期功能锻炼。术后随访6~12个月,评价手术效果。结果本组患者手术均获成功,术后未发生切口感染,均康复出院。术后4~8周复查X线片,结果显示骨折全部愈合,复位良好,内固定稳定。对全部或者进行6~12个月随访,腕关节功能恢复:优24例,良17例,可5例,差2例,总优良率为96.25%。未发生钢板断裂、内固定松动、骨不连等并发症。结论锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折,复位良好、内固定稳定牢固、并发症少,有利于患者早期进行功能锻炼,腕关节功能恢复理想。     

桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2014-01采用切开复位桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折32例,观察骨折愈合情况及术后关节功能。结果 32例均获得平均12(10~14)个月随访。骨折愈合时间2~3个月,平均2.6个月。患肢功能恢复良好,按Neer骨折关节功能评定标准:优18例,良8例,可6例,优良率81.3%。结论对儿童肱骨近端骨折行桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗,钢板塑形后可在同一平面多方向置入螺钉,骨折端固定牢固,术后患肢功能恢复良好。     

锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端复杂骨折疗效观察

目的观察锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端复杂骨折的疗效及并发症。方法采用切开复位掌侧锁定钢板内固定术治疗53例桡骨远端复杂骨折患者。结果根据X线片测量指标综合评定,51例患者（53例患者51例获得1年以上随访）骨折愈合优良率为92．2％;腕关节功能根据Gartland与Werley评分标准,优良率88．2％;并发症6例,发生率11．8％。结论锁定钢板内固定是治疗桡骨远端复杂骨折的理想选择。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.