MR引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融术治疗骨盆肿瘤的临床应用

目的探讨MR引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗术治疗骨盆肿瘤的应用价值。方法9例骨盆肿瘤患者于我院接受MR引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融术。经术前定位,按照病灶距离体表最近和安全性原则选择最佳进针层面与路径,将冷冻针穿入病灶内进行冷冻消融。结果操作过程耗时1.5～2.0 h,所有病例术后MR扫描示冰球完全覆盖病灶。术后2例患者出现发热,经对症处理后体温恢复正常。结论MR引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融术对骨盆肿瘤是一种安全、有效的治疗方式,并发症少,值得推广。     

经皮纳米刀消融小型猪肝组织的安全性及有效性

目的从消融机制、影像学及组织学方面评价经皮纳米刀消融小型猪肝组织的安全性及有效性。方法经动物实验伦理委员会批准,对10只巴马小型猪行CT引导下肝脏纳米刀消融术。两个电极探头距离1.5cm,每个消融过程使用90个1500V/cm以上的脉冲,共产生24个消融区。于消融术后即刻、3天、1周、2周及4周对消融区域进行影像学(CT/MRI)及组织学评价。组织学评价包括HE染色、Von Kossa染色、vWF染色和TUNEL测定。结果所有实验动物均存活至指定时间,无严重并发症发生。CT、MRI可很好地显示消融区域;HE染色、Von Kossa染色和vWF染色显示消融区细胞非热效应死亡,与正常肝组织分界明显,胆管与血管形态完整;TUNEL检测消融区内死亡细胞呈阳性反应,即纳米刀消融引发细胞凋亡。结论采用纳米刀消融小型猪肝组织安全、有效,消融区内细胞完全凋亡,血管、胆管等重要结构未见损伤。     

氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗肝癌

目的观察氩氦刀治疗5 cm以内原发肝癌或肝转移瘤的疗效。方法收集5 cm以内原发肝癌或肝转移瘤患者31例,共39个病灶。所有患者均于CT或超声等影像引导下接受氩氦刀治疗。结果肿瘤消融范围为90%100%,完全消融病灶占69.23%（27/39）。1年和2年存活率分别为90.32%（28/31）、61.29%（19/31）。31例患者均无出血等严重并发症,术中寒战4例（12.90%）;肝区疼痛6例（19.36%）,重度疼痛1例,体表皮肤温度触冰感,CT扫描无出血迹象,生命体征稳定,给予强痛定止痛,效果差,术后2 h疼痛缓解,其余疼痛患者均为中、轻度疼痛,未予处置;术后发热7例（22.58%）,体温37.1238.25℃;无血管、胆管损伤病例;冷冻术后患者的精神状态得到改善,腹部疼痛症状减轻,恢复较快。结论对于不能手术切除的小肝癌和肝转移瘤,氩氦刀消融治疗安全性高、疗效可靠。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术治疗颈部淋巴结转移瘤

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术治疗颈部淋巴结转移瘤的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析28例经病理检查证实颈部淋巴结转移瘤且接受CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术的患者资料,观察术后并发症,并评估疗效。结果 4例术后2h出现轻微疼痛,余24例无明显并发症。术后3、6、12个月肿瘤局部控制有效率分别为92.86%(26/28)、85.71%(24/28)、82.14%(23/28)。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术是治疗颈部淋巴结转移瘤的有效手段。     

氩氦刀冷冻消融姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻消融术在姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院收治的5例术后复发的韧带样纤维瘤患者,采用CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术进行治疗。对比术前及术后肿瘤大小、密度、强化方式、临床症状及血液学指标的变化,分析术后并发症的发生情况。结果 5例患者均顺利完成消融治疗。其中2例患者分别行3次及4次消融治疗,术后CT增强扫描示消融区明显液化坏死,边界清晰;残余肿瘤可见不同程度强化,术后12个月复查,5例患者肿瘤缓解率为80%(4/5);临床症状均有不同程度好转;术后并发症主要为疼痛、发热、软组织肿胀、排尿不畅、会阴部麻木等,1例患者出现皮肤冻伤;术后患者血液学指标急性期升高。结论 CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术具有创伤小、能有效降低瘤负荷、缓解临床症状等特点,可作为姑息治疗术后复发韧带样纤维瘤的一种有效方法。     

腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗肝细胞肝癌的疗效探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融术治疗肝癌的临床应用价值。方法:2011年5月至2015年10月为56例肝癌患者行腹腔镜下联合经皮超声射频消融术,记录术后肝功能、甲胎蛋白、生命体征及1个月后影像学检查结果。结果:56例患者、108个病灶均完成射频消融治疗,术后无针道出血、肝功能衰竭及邻近脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,102个病灶消融满意,6个病灶周围有残存,2个病灶在超声造影指引下予以再次消融,4个病灶在CT引导下再次消融,再次消融效果满意。结论:腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗特殊部位的肝癌具有消融完全,避免针道出血、周围脏器损伤等特点,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

射频消融术治疗肝癌的护理

目的:探讨在CT引导下行射频消融术治疗肝癌的护理对策.方法:对41例肝癌患者采用CT引导下进行射频消融术术前、术中及术后的护理.结果:通过及时有效的护理,所有患者均取得了满意的治疗效果,未发生严重并发症.结论:在CT引导下行射频消融术是不能行手术切除患者较为有效的治疗方法,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少、适应广等特点.术中及术后密切观察患者生命体征及临床症状,及时预防和处理术后并发症,减轻患者的痛苦,从而提高护理盾量.     

超声引导下射频消融治疗肝转移瘤的疗效观察

目的评价超声引导下射频消融（RFA）治疗结直肠癌肝转移瘤（MLC）的疗效。方法采用超声引导下RFA治疗结直肠癌MLC患者60例134个病灶,其中91个病灶≤3.0 cm,43个〉3.0 cm。术前39例血清癌胚抗原（CEA）增高,21例正常。采用CEUS检查结合增强CT、穿刺活检及CEA值的动态变化综合评价肿瘤治疗效果。结果术后3个月复查CEA,37例增高,23例正常。术后30 min CEUS检查显示127个射频消融病灶呈无灌注区,近期有效率达94.78%（127/134）。术后1个月CEUS检查显示8个病灶局部增强,考虑复发,经超声引导下穿刺活检及细胞学检查证实而行第2次治疗。术后1个月增强CT复查显示126个（126/134,94.03%）射频消融病灶呈无灌注区,为完全坏死的转移病灶;部分坏死病灶为8个,与CEUS结果一致。结论超声引导下RFA是治疗MLC的一种安全有效的局部微创治疗方法。     

超声造影监测原发性肝癌射频消融术的疗效

目的 观察对比剂超声造影（contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS）成像技术对原发性肝癌的诊断价值,以及对肝癌射频消融术治疗效果的评价.方法 适合行射频消融治疗的46例原发性肝癌患者,观察射频消融术前普通超声、CT与CEUS的差别;同时以CT作为标准,对比射频消融术后行CEUS的价值.结果 CEUS与CT检查对原发性肝癌术前诊断价值基本相同,两者的阳性似然比分别为1.26和1.31,敏感度、特异度分别为97%、91%和23%、31%,而灰阶超声检查诊断原发性肝癌的阳性似然比为0.99,敏感度、特异度分别为76%和23%与前两者相比较稍差.射频消融术后CEUS对残存病灶诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为60%和90%,阳性似然比6.18,阴性似然比为0.44,与CT相比差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）.所有患者随访1～9个月,平均5个月,目前均存活;术后1个月射频消融灶周围肿瘤残留3例（6.5%）;术后3、6、9个月复发率分别为8.7%（4/46）、11%（5/46）、11%（5/46）.结论 CEUS与CT结合对诊断原发性肝癌和射频消融术后的复查具有实际应用价值.     

病灶面积最大投影法用于CT引导下经皮肝肿瘤微波消融术

目的探讨病灶面积最大投影法在CT引导下经皮肝肿瘤微波消融术中的应用价值。方法对23例肝肿瘤患者行CT引导下经皮肝肿瘤微波消融治疗,其中15例(研究组)在术中采用病灶面积最大投影法指导消融针穿刺并预测消融范围,8例(对照组)行常规CT引导下经皮微波消融。比较2组术中穿刺次数、术后并发症情况及近期疗效。结果研究组术中穿刺次数少于对照组[(1.27±0.46)次vs (3.62±0.74)次;t=-9.461,P0.001]。2组患者术后并发症仅为肝包膜下出血,且研究组发生率低于对照组[6.67%(1/15) vs 37.50%(3/8);χ~2=3.976,P=0.041]。研究组术后6个月内肝肿瘤完全消融率明显高于对照组[93.33%(14/15) vs 50.00%(4/8);χ~2=5.647,P=0.017]。结论 CT引导下经皮肝肿瘤微波消融术中采用病灶面积最大投影法指导消融针穿刺并预测消融范围,有利于提高肿瘤完全消融率,同时减少并发症。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.