肺癌患者肺叶切除术术后住院时间延长的危险因素分析

目的分析影响肺癌患者肺叶切除术术后住院时间延长的因素。方法回顾性分析2012年5月至2016年6月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院共771例行肺叶切除术原发性肺癌患者的临床资料。根据术后住院时间是否延长将患者分为正常恢复组(551例,男317例、女234例,中位年龄59岁,术后住院时间8.0 d)和术后住院时间延长组(220例,男148例、女72例,中位年龄60岁,术后住院时间≥8.0 d)。采用多因素logistic回归分析法分析术后住院时间延长的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析显示男性、心律失常和房室传导阻滞、用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC%)偏小、一侧全肺切除术、手术持续时间和麻醉持续时间长、失血量、淋巴结清扫数量为术后住院时间延长的危险因素(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析发现,年龄≥75岁[OR=4.100,95%CI(1.677,10.026)]、一侧全肺切除[OR=2.563,95%CI(1.473,4.460)]、FVC%89.05%[OR=1.500,95%CI(1.020,2.206)]、清扫淋巴结数目≥13.5个[OR=1.826,95%CI(1.262,2.642)],手术持续时间≥126.5 min[OR=1.858,95%CI(1.200,2.876)]以及心律失常[OR=2.944,95%CI(1.380,6.284)]是术后住院时间延长的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论年龄、手术类型、FVC%、清扫淋巴结数目、心律失常、手术持续时间等因素可影响术后住院时间。明确患者术后住院时间延长的危险因素,并细致评估和有效管控相关因素可使患者受益。     

心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨成人心肺转流(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下心脏瓣膜手术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析心脏瓣膜术后AKI的危险因素。结果 1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者AKI发生率为28.4%,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,每增加1岁(OR=1.05,95%CI 1.03~1.06,P0.001)、糖尿病史(OR=2.11,95%CI 1.22~3.68,P=0.008)、贫血(OR=1.50,95%CI1.05~2.21,P=0.026)、术前血清肌酐(Scr)值每增加1mg/dl(OR=1.01,95%CI 1.01~1.02,P=0.001)、手术时间每增加1h(OR=1.28,95%CI 1.15~1.41,P0.001)、术中输注血浆(OR=1.50,95%CI 1.14~1.97,P=0.004)是心脏瓣膜术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的独立危险因素是高龄、糖尿病史、贫血、术前肌酐高、手术时间长以及术中输注血浆。     

非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒的危险因素

目的探讨非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒(苏醒期谵妄和苏醒延迟)的危险因素。方法选择全凭静脉麻醉下择期行非心脏胸科手术患者160例,男119例,女41例,年龄18~80岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,麻醉维持BIS值在30~60。在气管导管拔除后、达PACU后10min和出PACU时采用Riker镇静躁动量表(SAS)评估苏醒程度,SAS评分≥5分为苏醒期谵妄,SAS评分≤2分且持续时间达正常苏醒者清醒时间平均值+3倍标准差者为苏醒延迟。结果 66例(41.3%)患者发生苏醒期谵妄;17例(10.6%)患者发生苏醒延迟。BMI25.0kg/m2(OR=0.825,95%CI 0.747~0.911,P0.001)增加苏醒期谵妄的危险;老年(OR=0.766,95%CI 0.642~0.914,P=0.003)、BMI18.5kg/m2(OR=1.769,95%CI 1.224~2.557,P=0.002)和术中低血压(OR=0.123,95%CI0.018~0.833,P=0.032)增加苏醒延迟的危险。结论高BMI是苏醒期谵妄的危险因素;老年、低BMI和术中低血压是苏醒延迟的危险因素。     

胸外科手术患者PACU滞留时间延长的多因素分析

目的分析胸外科手术后患者麻醉后监护室(PACU)滞留时间延长(120min)的影响因素。方法回顾性分析495例胸外科手术患者的麻醉复苏记录单,按Logistic回归分析的要求进行量化或赋值,先行单因素回归,筛选有显著差异的各个因素再做多因素非条件回归分析。结果单因素回归分析:年龄60岁(OR=2.411,95%CI 1.592~3.742),ASA分级每增加1级(OR=1.833,95%CI 1.209~2.780),尿量20ml/h(OR=0.173,95%CI 0.065~0.458),术中心血管活性药物使用(OR=1.613,95%CI 1.198~2.173)对患者PACU滞留时间有明显影响。多因素回归分析:年龄60岁(OR=2.322,95%CI 1.448~3.722),术中心血管活性药物使用(OR=1.441,95%CI 1.050~1.976),尿量≤20ml/h(OR=0.139,95%CI 0.049~0.396)为PACU滞留时间延长的独立危险因素。结论胸外科手术患者PACU滞留时间延长的相关因素有年龄60岁、尿量≤20ml/h、术中使用血管活性药物、ASA分级增加。     

后腹腔镜手术并发高乳酸血症的危险因素分析

目的分析后腹腔镜术中患者血乳酸浓度升高的危险因素。方法收集2018年1月1日至2019年6月30日在山西医科大学第一医院行后腹腔镜手术患者的临床资料,按术中乳酸增高与否分为乳酸增高组和乳酸正常组。对患者相关资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果726例患者中乳酸增高76例(10.5%)。单因素分析显示,乳酸增高组肝功能Child-Pugh评分、血肌酐浓度、体质量指数、手术时间、气腹时间、气腹期间膀胱压、术中持续性低血压、嗜铬细胞瘤切除术例数大于乳酸正常组,尿量少于乳酸正常组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示肝功能Child-Pugh评分(OR=1.134,95%CI 1.083~1.189,P<0.001),血肌酐浓度(OR=1.134,95%CI 1.083~1.189,P<0.001),气腹时长(OR=1.021,95%CI 1.001~1.042,P=0.043),嗜铬细胞瘤切除术(OR=5.146,95%CI 1.229~21.543,P=0.025),术中持续性低血压(OR=12.956,95%CI 2.028~82.753,P=0.007)是患者乳酸升高的危险因素。结论肝功能Child-Pugh评分高、血肌酐浓度高、气腹时间长、嗜铬细胞瘤切除术、术中持续性低血压是后腹腔镜术中患者乳酸升高的独立危险因素。     

心脏瓣膜置换术后心律失常的危险因素分析

目的探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后发生心律失常的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2017年8月于我院至2019年8月于我院择期在体外循环下行心脏瓣膜置换手术213例患者的临床资料,其中男97例、女116例,平均年龄(53.4±10.5)岁,心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ~Ⅳ级。根据术后有无发生心律失常将患者分为术后非心律失常组和术后心律失常组。比较两组临床资料,采用logistic回归模型分析术后发生心律失常的相关危险因素。结果心脏瓣膜置换术后新发心律失常96例(45%),其中术后发生心律失常种类以心房纤颤最为常见(45例,18.44%)。术后心律失常组患者术前心律失常率、心房颤动手术率、术后最低血钾值、血镁值均显著低于术后非心律失常组(P<0.05);低氧血症发生率、高血糖发生率、酸中毒发生率、发热发生率均显著高于术后非心律失常组(P<0.05)。术后发生心律失常的独立危险因素有术后最低血钾值(OR=0.305,95%CI 0.114~0.817)、血镁值(OR=0.021,95%CI 0.002~0.218)、低氧血症(OR=2.490,95%CI 1.045~5.930)。结论术前采取预防措施,术后改善低氧血症,维持电解质平衡和酸碱平衡,监控血糖,尽早发现心律失常并及时处理,可缩短患者ICU停留时间、减少并发症、改善患者预后。     

老年髋部骨折患者术后心血管并发症的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析本院骨科2005年1月至2015年12月收治的髋部骨折患者693例,男257例,女436例,年龄65~103岁,BMI 16.5~33.1 kg/m2,ASAⅡ~Ⅳ级,分别收集患者的人口学资料、术前合并症、卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方法、手术时间和出血量,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。结果 46例患者(6.64%)在住院期间发生术后心血管并发症,包括心绞痛25例(3.61%)、心律失常19例(2.74%)、心力衰竭5例(0.72%)、心肌梗死4例(0.58%)和心源性猝死2例(0.29%)。单因素分析显示,年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肾功能不全和全麻方式是老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发术后心血管并发症的相关危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.11,95%CI 1.06~1.17,P0.001)、心脏疾病(OR=1.98,95%CI 1.02~3.85,P=0.045)、脑血管疾病(OR=2.14,95%CI 1.06~4.32,P=0.033)、高血压(OR=2.61,95%CI 1.23~5.51,P=0.012)、糖尿病(OR=2.06,95%CI 1.04~4.09,P=0.039)和肾功能不全(OR=17.42,95%CI 3.69~82.80,P0.001)是髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的独立危险因素。结论年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病和肾功能不全可作为老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发心血管并发症的预警因素。     

老年患者术后肠道功能恢复的影响因素

目的探讨老年患者术后肠道功能恢复的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1—12月择期手术患者3359例,男1538例,女1821例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅳ级,根据术后24 h是否排气分为两组:已排气组(n=1463)和未排气组(n=1896)。比较两组性别、年龄、BMI、ASA分级、是否合并高血压、麻醉方式、手术时间、手术科室、术毕去向、术后是否采用镇痛泵等。对两组有统计学差异的指标及临床可能相关影响因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响术后肠道功能恢复的危险因素。结果与已排气组比较,未排气组男性、ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级、全身麻醉、普外科手术、术后未使用镇痛泵比例更高。Logistic回归分析显示,全身麻醉(OR=1.30,95%CI 1.02~1.67)、普外科手术(OR=2.05,95%CI 1.61~2.61)、术毕回ICU(OR=2.08,95%CI 1.74~2.48)以及术后未使用静脉镇痛泵(OR=9.50,95%CI 7.45~12.11)是影响老年患者术后肠道功能恢复的独立危险因素。结论慎重选择全身麻醉,加强关注普外科以及术毕需回ICU患者的术后肠道功能情况,术后使用镇痛泵并采用多模式镇痛有助于老年患者术后肠道功能恢复。     

心包积液患儿围术期不良事件的危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析心包积液患儿围术期不良事件的影响因素。方法我院2009年1月至2014年7月手术治疗的心包积液患儿157例,麻醉期间不良事件定义为诱导后出现低氧、低血压或心律失常。应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析不良事件的危险因素。结果有38例(24.2%)患儿发生不良事件(A组),其中一般不良事件31例(81.6%),严重不良事件7例(18.4%)。A组术前合并胸腔积液、呼吸困难、奇脉、心房/心室压迫、较高ASA分级及入手术室时呼吸急促、心动过速、低氧、低血压明显多于无不良事件组(N组)(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前呼吸困难(OR=6.8,95%CI 1.4~12.4)、入手术室时低氧(OR=5.5,95%CI 1.1~15.9)、入手术室时低血压(OR=3.4,95%CI 1.2~9.1)及心房/心室压迫(OR=6.3,95%CI 1.8~22.1)是不良事件的独立危险因素。结论对存在危险因素的心包积液患儿应警惕其麻醉期间发生不良事件。     

心脏瓣膜手术术后心律失常的危险因素与短期预后分析

目的了解心脏瓣膜手术术后心律失常的发生情况,探讨其发生的危险因素及短期预后。方法回顾2015年7月至2016年11月在本院择期行心脏瓣膜手术的患者206例,男100例,女106例,年龄18～70岁,BMI 15～32 kg/m~2,NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ—Ⅳ级,ASAⅡ—Ⅳ级。根据患者手术后是否发生心律失常分为两组:心律失常组和非心律失常组。分析比较两组患者术前、术中及术后的临床资料,评估术后心律失常的发生情况及预后情况,采用多元Logistic回归分析术后发生心律失常的相关危险因素。结果心脏瓣膜手术术后共有124例(60.2%)患者发生心律失常,其中房颤发生率(48.5%)最高。与非心律失常组比较,心律失常组术后血管活性药物使用时间、ICU停留时间及住院时间明显延长,术后心衰发生率明显增高(P0.05)。术后发生心律失常的独立危险因素有术前心律失常(OR=9.62,95%CI 4.79～19.30)、术后疼痛(OR=3.90,95%CI 1.85～8.22)及术后低氧血症(OR=2.55,95%CI 1.04～6.22)。结论术前重视心律失常的控制,术后予以足够的镇痛,及时纠正低氧血症,可以减少术后心律失常的发生,缩短患者ICU停留时间及住院时间,减少其他并发症,从而改善患者预后。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.