肌少症-骨量减少/骨质疏松与类风湿关节炎患者合并脊柱骨质疏松性骨折发生的相关性研究

目的探讨肌少症、骨量减少/骨质疏松在类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者合并脊柱骨质疏松性骨折发生中的临床意义。方法选择2017年1月至2018年12月我院383例RA患者和158名健康者,记录RA临床、实验室指标。摄脊柱(T5-L5) X线正侧位片并采用半定量法判断有无脊柱骨折发生,以生物电阻抗法测四肢骨骼肌质量,双能X线骨密度吸收仪测定髋部和腰椎骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)。383例RA患者根据其骨骼肌质量指数(skeletal muscle mass index,SMI)和BMD分为4组:无肌少症且无骨量减少/骨质疏松组64例,有肌少症无骨量减少/骨质疏松组44例,无肌少症有骨量减少/骨质疏松组86例,有肌少症且有骨量减少/骨质疏松组189例,分析肌少症、骨量减少/骨质疏松在RA患者合并脊柱骨质疏松性骨折发生的意义。结果 RA组脊柱骨折发生率显著高于对照组(21.1%vs 3.8%,χ~2=24.954,P0.001),RA组较对照组骨量减少/骨质疏松和肌少症发生率均明显增高(71.8%vs 41.8%,χ~2=43.287; 60.8%vs 9.0%,χ~2=120.093,P均0.001),且4组RA间脊柱骨折发生率有明显差别(4.7%、11.4%、17.4%和30.7%,χ~2=23.947,P0.001)。非参数检验显示4组RA间关节压痛、压痛指数、血沉、DAS28、糖皮质激素日剂量和疗程、HAQ及sharp评分均有明显差异(P均0.05)。多元Logistic回归结果显示:年龄(OR=1.073,P0.001,95%CI:1.041～1.107)和糖皮质激素的使用(OR=3.221,P=0.001,95%CI:1.663～6.242)是RA患者发生脊柱骨折的危险因素,而腰椎BMD(OR=0.093,P=0.009,95%CI:0.015～0.555)和SMI (OR=0.716,P=0.032,95%CI:0.527～0.973)是RA患者发生脊柱骨折的保护因素。结论 RA患者肌少症、骨量减少/骨质疏松和脊柱骨质疏松性骨折发生率均明显增高,肌少症、骨量减少/骨质疏松与RA患者的脊柱骨质疏松性骨折的发生密切相关。     

体重及体质量指数与骨质疏松性骨折发生的关系研究

目的探讨骨质疏松性骨折的发生与身高、体重及体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)的关系。方法回顾性分析我院自2012年以来符合骨质疏松诊断的患者1936例,诊断为骨质疏松性骨折患者472例,分析骨质疏松性骨折组与非骨折组之间身高、体重及BMI的差异,并根据不同部位骨折分组以及不同年龄层分析身高、体重、BMI与骨质疏松性骨折发生的关系。结果骨质疏松性骨折组体重、BMI均低于非骨折组(P0.01),而两组间身高比较差异无统计学意义。不同部位骨折分组中脊柱压缩性骨折组的BMI最高,而髋部骨折组的BMI最低(P0.05)。依不同BMI分组发现低体重组中髋部骨折占56.5%,而在超体重组中脊柱压缩性骨折占43.01%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨密度T值随BMI的增加而增加,两者呈显著正相关关系(P0.01)。结论体重、BMI对于骨质疏松性骨折的发生存在相关关系,BMI虽与骨密度T值呈正相关关系,但由于不同部位骨折的受力机制不同,其体重、BMI的增加与减少所造成的影响也不同,如低BMI易造成髋部骨折,高BMI易造成脊柱压缩性骨折。     

早期类风湿关节炎骨质疏松发生情况研究

目的探讨早期类风湿关节炎(RA)患者骨质疏松(OP)发生情况及相关临床危险因素。方法收集94例住院早期RA患者(男29例,女65例)和81例正常对照组(男28例,女53例),采用DEXA法测定股骨颈、Ward区、大转子、总股骨区和腰椎2~4部位骨密度(BMD),采用酶联免疫吸附法检测骨代谢指标(CTX、PINP)和炎症因子(IL-17、IL-6、TNF-α)。采用Logistic回归分析研究相关的风险因素。结果早期RA患者的股骨颈、GT区、L2、L4部位BMD明显低于正常对照组,早期RA的骨质疏松发生率为14.89%(14/94),明显高于对照组6.17%(5/81)。早期RA患者的CTX、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-17水平较正常对照组高。Logistic回归分析显示早期RA患者年龄(OR=1.08,P0.001,95%CI:1.04~1.12)、DAS28评分(OR=1.56,P=0.0102,95%CI:1.11~2.19)是发生骨质疏松的危险因素。结论早期RA患者骨质疏松发生率高,临床应重视。年龄、DAS28评分是早期RA患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素,改善RA病情有助于骨质疏松的预防及治疗。     

绝经后女性类风湿关节炎患者脊柱骨质疏松性骨折的骨密度阈值探讨

目的探讨绝经女性中类风湿关节炎(RA)患者发生脊柱骨质疏松性骨折(OPF)的骨密度(BMD)阈值。方法选择334例RA患者及性别、年龄相匹配的健康对照组50例,采用双能X线骨密度吸收仪测定研究对象腰椎2~4(L2、L3、L4、L2-4)的BMD,以X线摄片(脊柱正侧位片)作为确定研究对象骨质疏松性骨折(OPF)的诊断方法。结果 RA腰椎2~4的BMD均明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);RA患者腰椎2~4总的骨质疏松(OP)发生率为27.2%(91/334),明显高于正常对照组OP发生率14.0%(7/50)(!2=4.905,P0.05)。RA患者的腰椎OPF发生率为16.8%(56/334),明显高于对照组6.0%(3/50)(!2=3.877,P0.05)。RA患者OP组中脊柱OPF发生率为39.2%,骨量减少RA患者中脊柱OPF的发生率为15.7%,骨量正常组RA患者中为13.9%,3组间脊柱OPF发生率有明显差别(!2=23.821,P0.001)。RA患者L2-4部位BMD及其对应的T值与发生OPF的ROC曲线分析显示:L2-4BMD-OPF的AUC为0.646,BMD截点值为0.847g/cm2(P0.0001);L2-4T值-OPF的AUC为0.665,T值截点值为-2.25(P0.0001)。RA患者中采用多元Logistic回归分析显示:年龄(OR=1.058,P0.001,95%CI:1.027~1.089)和使用糖皮质激素(OR=2.021,P0.05,95%CI:1.125~3.633)为RA患者发生脊柱OPF的危险因素,腰椎L2-4部位BMD(OR=0.205,P0.05,95%CI:0.048~0.876)为RA患者发生脊柱OPF的保护因素。结论 RA患者发生脊柱OPF的风险明显高于正常人,且在非OP状态下就可以发生,其发生脊柱OPF的腰椎BMD阈值是降低的。     

老年类风湿关节炎合并肌少症患者骨密度及骨代谢指标改变的临床研究

目的 探讨老年类风湿关节炎(RA)合并肌少症患者骨密度及骨代谢指标改变的状况。方法 纳入2017 年1月至 2020 年1月我院治疗年龄均大于等于60岁的165例RA患者以及100例正常体检人员,分别设为研究组与对照组。采用双能X线骨密度仪测定骨密度（BMD）及骨骼肌肉量,计算骨骼肌质量指数( SMI),比较两组BMD及SMI差异;根据SMI水平将RA患者分为有、无肌少症组,比较两间组骨密度、骨代谢指标及临床资料差异,分析可能影响骨密度的因素。结果 ①RA研究组各部位BMD和SMI水平均低于对照组（P <0.001）,RA组发生骨质疏松97例,发生率为58.8 %,是对照组32.0 %的1.83倍（χ2 =17.885,P <0.001）。RA组发生肌少症78例,发生率为47.3 %,是对照组12.0 %的3.94倍（χ2 =34.580,P <0.001）。②RA合并肌少症患者BMI,各部位的BMD和25-(OH)D水平均低于无肌少症组,年龄、病程、血沉,DAS28评分则较高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。③RA患者肌少症组骨质疏松发生率为75.6 %,明显高于无肌少症组的43.7 %,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。④多因素 Logistic 回归分析发现,年龄、病程、DAS28评分是引起RA 伴肌少症患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素(P<0.05), BMI、25-(OH)D为保护性因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年RA合并肌少症患者骨质疏松的风险明显升高,受年龄、病程、疾病活动度、BMI、25-(OH)D水平影响。     

少肌症、维生素D缺乏在类风湿性关节炎合并脊柱骨质疏松性骨折中的临床研究

目的探讨少肌症和维生素D缺乏在RA患者脊柱骨质疏松性骨折(OPF)中的临床意义。方法入选936例RA患者和158例年龄、性别相匹配的正常健康者,所有入选对象均摄脊柱正侧位X线片(T5-L5),并以半定量(SQ)法作为判断脊柱OPF的标准,其中648例RA患者和对照组采用DXA法测定了腰椎和髋部骨密度(BMD),267例RA患者和156例对照组以生物电阻抗法测定了四肢骨骼肌质量,化学发光法测定了234例RA患者和68例对照组血清25(OH)D水平,同时详细记录RA患者各临床及实验室指标等情况。结果 1RA患者中(141/936,15.1%)OPF的发生率明显高于对照组(6/158,3.8%)(χ2=18.658,P0.0001);少肌症的发生率明显高于对照组(55.8%,149/267 vs 9.0%,14/156,χ2=91.176,P0.0001);RA组血清25(OH)D水平明显低于对照组[(13.41±9.71)ng/m L,(22.40±6.26)ng/m L,t=9.063,P0.0001],维生素D缺乏发生率明显高于对照组[80.8%(189/234)vs 36.8%(25/68),χ2=49.412,P0.0001]。2RA患者OPF组25(OH)D水平明显低于无OPF组[(12.28±5.67)ng/m L vs(17.16±10.90)ng/m L,t=2.600,P=0.01];各部位肌肉量均明显低于无OPF组(P0.01~0.05)。3线性相关分析发现:RA患者的25(OH)D与骨骼肌、右上肢、左上肢和躯干肌肉量呈正直线相关关系(P0.05);RA患者的骨骼肌质量与髋部、腰椎各部位BMD呈正直线相关关系(P0.05)。4多元回归分析显示:女性、HAQ积分和总髖部OP的发生为RA患者发生少肌症的危险因素;年龄为RA患者发生脊柱OPF的危险因素,骨骼肌质量指数(SMI)为RA患者发生脊柱OPF的保护因素。结论 RA患者具有高于正常健康者脊柱OPF的发生率,其25(OH)D水平缺乏普遍存在,少肌症发生率增高;RA患者维生素D缺乏、少肌症与RA患者脊柱OPF的发生密切相关。     

BMI和SMI在类风湿关节炎继发骨质疏松中的临床研究

目的探讨类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者的体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、脂肪质量指数(fat mass index,FMI)和骨骼肌质量指数(skeletal muscle mass index,SMI)与RA患者继发骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)的相关性。方法选择RA患者418例,同时选择同期健康体检的158名正常人作为对照组。采用双能X线骨密度仪测量研究对象股骨颈(Neck)、大转子(G.T)、总髋部(Hip)、腰椎1～4(L1、L2、L3、L4)部位的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)并参照OP诊断标准进行分级,采用直接节段多频率生物电阻抗测试法测定研究对象的骨骼肌含量、体脂肪、矿物质含量,并计算BMI、FMI和SMI。结果①RA患者各测定部位的BMD均明显低于正常对照组(P0.0001),其OP发生率(42.6%)明显高于对照组(13.9%)(χ~2=41.551,P0.0001)。②RA患者肌少症发生率(54.5%)明显高于对照组(9.0%)(χ~2=96.747,P0.0001)。③不同BMI组RA患者间各部位的BMD、SMI、FMI、矿物质含量、体脂百分比和骨骼肌含量是明显不同的(P0.0001),且随着BMI的增高,上述各指标均呈线性增高趋势(P0.0001)。④在BMI为消瘦的RA患者中,肌少症组中OP发生率与无肌少症组中相近(48.1%vs 45.5%,χ~2=0.027,P=0.870),在BMI为正常、超重或肥胖组中,肌少症组中OP发生率均明显高于无肌少症组(56.6%vs 33.0%,χ~2=12.238,P0.0001;52.6%vs 22.7%,χ~2=10.953,P=0.001)。在有或无肌少症的RA患者中,不同BMI组间RA患者OP发生率无明显差别(P=0.563、0.148)。⑤线性相关分析显示,SMI与各部位的BMD和BMI均呈正直线相关(P0.0001),而与体脂百分比呈负直线相关(P0.0001)。⑥多元Logistic回归分析显示,SMI(OR=0.696,P=0.001,95%CI:0.565～0.857)为RA患者发生OP的保护因素,年龄(OR=1.091,P0.0001,95%CI:1.065～1.117)和性别(OR=5.259,P0.0001,95%CI:2.543～10.876)均为RA患者发生OP的危险因素。结论 BMI、SMI和FMI均与RA患者OP的发生有关,但SMI是RA患者发生OP最重要的保护因素。     

血清钠水平与骨质疏松严重程度相关性分析

目的探讨血清钠水平与骨质疏松性骨折患者骨质疏松严重程度的相关性。方法选取2013年1月至2015年1月期间我院收治的150例骨质疏松性骨折患者,根据其骨质疏松程度分为重度骨质疏松组和轻度骨质疏松组,选取同期在我院体检的150例健康人群作为对照组,比较对照组及骨质疏松组患者的临床资料、骨质疏松组和对照组患者以及重度骨质疏松组和轻度骨质疏松组血钠水平。采用Logistic回归分析骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素。结果骨质疏松组和对照组患者体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清白蛋白、空腹血糖以及骨密度T值数据比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);骨质疏松组患者血清钠浓度(139.3±1.3)mmo L/L显著低于对照组患者(142.8±1.5)mmo L/L(P0.05);重度骨质疏松组患者血清钠浓度(138.6±1.7)mmo L/L显著低于轻度骨质疏松组患者(140.4±1.3)mmo L/L(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示年龄以及血清钠水平是骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素(OR=1.088,P=0.008,95%CI=1.022~1.157;OR=0.869,P=0.036,95%CI=0.713~0.989)(P0.05)。结论血清钠水平降低可能加重骨质疏松性骨折患者骨质疏松严重程度,是骨质疏松性骨折的独立危险因素,值得临床诊断过程中加以关注。     

老年女性2型糖尿病患者骨密度与握力的相关性研究

目的探索老年女性2型糖尿病患者骨密度与握力的相关性。方法选取首都医科大学宣武医院内分泌科住院的≥60岁的女性2型糖尿病患者共112名,计算体重指数(BMI),测定糖化血红蛋白(HBA1c),C反应蛋白(CRP),白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平及握力;采用双能X线吸收仪测定四肢骨骼肌肌肉含量(ASM)及骨密度(BMD)。分析骨密度与握力,四肢骨骼肌肌肉含量及炎症因子的相关性。结果老年女性糖尿病患者骨质疏松组BMI、四肢骨骼肌肌肉含量,握力显著低于非骨质疏松组(P0.001)。两组CRP,IL-6无显著差异。相关分析显示年龄与左、右股骨颈的骨密度显著负相关(分别为r=-0.248,P=0.008;r=-0.232,P=0.014)。四肢骨骼肌含量与腰椎的骨密度显著正相关(r=0.280,P=0.003)。BMI、握力与双侧股骨颈骨密度及腰椎骨密度均显著正相关(r=0.207~0.372,P0.05~P0.001)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,BMI、握力是影响骨质疏松的独立危险因素(分别为OR=1.24,P=0.002;OR=1.14,P=0.005)。结论握力而不是肌肉含量是影响老年女性2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松的独立危险因素。     

经皮椎体成形术后椎体压缩性骨折患者再骨折的危险因素分析

[目的]探讨经皮椎体成形术后椎体压缩性骨折患者再骨折的危险因素。[方法]回顾性分析2009年1月~2014年12月间在本院行经皮椎体成形术治疗的226例椎体压缩性骨折患者病例。依据是否发生再骨折,将患者分为骨折组(35例)和对照组(191例)。对两组患者相关因素进行单因素和Logistic回归分析。[结果]226例患者均顺利完成手术,术后1周VAS评分降低(P0.05),随访6~36个月,35例(15.5%)患者发生新发骨折。单因素和Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、伤椎数、骨折病史、BMI、BMD、手术椎体数是患者出现再骨折的危险因素。[结论]椎体压缩性骨折患者行经皮椎体成形术后易发生再骨折,年龄、伤椎数、骨折病史、BMI、BMD、手术椎体数是出现再骨折的危险因素。     

Osteoporotic Fractures in the Brazilian Community-Dwelling Elderly: Prevalence and Risk Factors

The risk of osteoporotic fractures is known to vary among populations. There are no studies analyzing concomitantly clinical, densitometric, and lab risk factors in miscigenated community-dwelling population of Brazil. A total of 1007 elderly subjects (600 women and 407 men) from São Paulo, were evaluated using a questionnaire that included risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip and lumbar spine. Laboratory blood tests were also obtained. The prevalence of osteoporotic fractures was 13.2% (133 subjects), and the main fracture sites were distal forearm (6.0%), humerus (2.3%), femur (1.3%), and ribs (1.1%). Women had a higher prevalence (17.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.6–20.6) than men (6.9%; 95% CI: 4.4–9.3) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for significant variables, logistic regression revealed that female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7; 95% CI; 1.6–4.5; p < 0.001), current smoking (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–3.3; p = 0.013), and the femoral neck T-score (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–0.9; p = 0.001) remain significant risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in the community-dwelling elderly. Our findings identified that female gender, current smoking, and low hip BMD are independent risk factors for osteoporotic fractures.     

Determinants of incidence of osteoporotic fractures in the female Spanish population older than 50

It is well known that the adoption of preventive measures for osteoporosis may contribute to minimizing its impact as a result of bone fractures. However, there are well-recognized risk factors involved in the onset of osteoporosis that are not possible to modify. Better knowledge of these non-modifiable factors could aid prevention in subjects at high risk of fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the likely association between gynecological, reproductive and family history of hip fracture with the incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures in women older than 50. We studied 255 women aged 50 and over, randomly selected from a Spanish population that had participated in a study of prevalence of vertebral fractures (EVOS study). This cohort was prospectively followed for 8 years by means of four postal questionnaires, in order to find out the incidence of nonvertebral fractures. Concerning the incidence of vertebral fractures, participants were invited to repeat the lumbar spine X-rays 4 years after the initial study. A total of 31 women had incident osteoporotic fractures. The analysis of gynecological variables showed that an increase in the age at menarche was a risk factor for all incident osteoporotic fractures [OR=1.57 (1.04–2.37)]. The presence of amenorrhea at any age during the fertile period was associated with higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures [OR=6.30 (1.61–24.70]. Among all the reproductive variables analyzed (pregnancy, number of live births and breast-feeding) only pregnancy was an important protective factor in preventing incident Colles fracture [OR=0.15 (0.03–0.62)]. A family history of hip fracture was associated with a higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures [OR=3.59 (1.01–12.79)]. In summary, a late age at menarche, the presence of amenorrhea and having close relatives with hip fracture were all risk factors which, independently of bone mineral density (BMD) and age, were associated with higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures. Pregnancy was an important protective factor for the incidence of Colles fractures.     

Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women > or = 65 years of age: the study of osteoporotic fractures.

Vertebral fractures in older women signal an increased risk of additional osteoporotic fractures. To identify risk factors for first vertebral fractures, we studied 5822 women > or =65 years of age who had no fracture on baseline radiographs of the spine. Several modifiable risk factors increased an older woman's risk of developing a first vertebral fracture, and women with multiple risk factors and low BMD had the highest risk. Risk factors and low BMD should be useful to help focus efforts to prevent these fractures. INTRODUCTION: Vertebral fractures are a common cause of back pain and disability and signal an increased risk of additional osteoporotic fractures in older women. Little is known about the risk factors for the first occurrence of a vertebral fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To identify risk factors for a first vertebral fracture, we studied 5822 women > or =65 years of age from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures who had no fracture on baseline radiographs of the spine. We measured potential risk factors and BMD of the wrist and calcaneus at baseline and BMD of the spine and hip halfway through follow-up. Fractures were assessed by standard methods from spine radiographs obtained at baseline and follow-up an average of 3.7 years later. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In multivariable analyses, older age, previous nonspine fracture, low BMD at all sites, a low body mass index (BMI), current smoking, low milk consumption during pregnancy, low levels of daily physical activity, having a fall, and regular use of aluminum-containing antacids independently increased the risk of a first vertebral fracture. Women using estrogen and those who engaged in recreational physical activity had a decreased risk. The effects of low BMI, smoking, use of estrogen and antacids, and previous fracture were partially mediated by BMD. Women in the lower third of wrist BMD with five or more risk factors had a 12-fold greater risk than women in the highest third of BMD who had zero to three risk factors. The 27% of women at highest risk suffered 60% of the incident fractures. In conclusion, several modifiable risk factors and BMD independently increase an older woman's risk of developing a first vertebral fracture. The combination of risk factors and BMD should be useful for focusing efforts to prevent vertebral fractures.     

Differences in Site-Specific Fracture Risk Among Older Women with Discordant Results for Osteoporosis at Hip and Spine: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

To examine the fracture pattern in older women whose bone mineral density (BMD) T-score criteria for osteoporosis at hip and spine disagree, hip and spine BMD were measured in Study of Osteoporotic Fractures participants using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Hip osteoporosis was defined as T-score ≤−2.5 at femoral neck or total hip, and spine osteoporosis as T-score ≤−2.5 at lumbar spine. Incident clinical fractures were self-reported and centrally adjudicated. Incident radiographic spine fractures were defined morphometrically. Compared to women with osteoporosis at neither hip nor spine, those osteoporotic only at hip had a 3.0-fold age- and weight-adjusted increased risk for hip fracture (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4–3.6), and smaller increases in risk of nonhip nonspine (hazard ratios [HR] = 1.6), clinical spine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2), and radiographic spine fractures (OR = 1.5). Women osteoporotic only at spine had a 2.8-fold increased odds of radiographic spine fracture (95% CI: 2.1–3.8), and smaller increases in risk of clinical spine (OR = 1.4), nonhip nonspine (HR = 1.6), and hip fractures (HR = 1.2). Discordant BMD results predict different fracture patterns. DXA fracture risk estimation in these patients should be site specific. Women osteoporotic only at spine would not have been identified from hip BMD measurement alone, and may have a sufficiently high fracture risk to warrant preventive treatment.     

Hip and other osteoporotic fractures increase the risk of subsequent fractures in nursing home residents

SUMMARY: Nursing home residents with a history of hip fractures or prior osteoporotic fractures were found to have an increased risk of another osteoporotic fracture over the ensuing two years when compared to nursing home residents with no fracture history. INTRODUCTION: Because of the high prevalence of osteoporosis and fall risk factors in nursing home residents, it is possible that the importance of previous fracture as a marker for subsequent fracture risk may be diminished. We tested whether a history of prior osteoporotic fractures would identify residents at increased risk of additional fractures after nursing home admission. METHODS: We identified all Medicare enrollees aged 50 and older who were in a nursing home in North Carolina in 2000 (n=30,655). We examined Medicare hospitalization claims to determine which enrollees had been hospitalized in the preceding 4 years for a hip fracture (n=7,257) or other fracture (n=663). We followed participants from nursing home entry until the end of 2002 using Medicare hospital claims to determine which participants were hospitalized with a subsequent fracture (n=3,381). RESULTS: Among residents with no recent fracture history, 6.8% had a hospital claim for a subsequent fracture, while 15.1% of those with a prior non-hip fracture and 23.9% of participants with a prior hip fracture sustained subsequent fractures. Multivariate proportional hazards models of time to fracture indicated that persons with prior hip fractures are at three times higher risk (HR=2.99, 95% CI: 2.78, 3.21) and those hospitalized with other non-hip fractures are at 1.8 times higher risk of subsequent fractures (HR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.25). CONCLUSION: Nursing home residents hospitalized with a prior osteoporotic fracture are at increased risk of a fracture.     

应用FRAX工具评估类风湿关节炎患者骨折风险及其风险因素的相关性研究

目的探讨骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)预测类风湿关节炎(RA)患者骨质疏松性骨折的临床应用价值并对其骨折风险因素进行相关性分析。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年2月期间经确诊的74例类风湿关节炎患者以及正常对照组76例的相关临床指标以及骨密度值;评估FRAX对类风湿关节炎患者的骨折风险预测值以及FRAX与类风湿临床风险因素之间的关系。结果类风湿组股骨颈、腰椎的骨密度值均低于对照组,而类风湿组中10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率和10年髋部骨折发生概率均高于对照组。多重线性回归分析提示FRAX评分与易激动、口味偏淡、体重指数、S-CTX具有一定的相关性。结论 FRAX工具对临床评估RA患者骨质疏松性骨折风险、预后评价等方面具有良好的应用价值。     

Polymorphism in the type I collagen (COLIA1) gene and risk of fractures in postmenopausal women.

Twin and family studies have demonstrated that a large part of a population's variance in bone mineral density (BMD) is attributable to genetic factors. A polymorphism in the collagen type I alpha1 (COLIA1) gene has recently been associated with low bone mass and fracture incidence. We analyzed the relationship between COLIA1 gene polymorphism, lumbar spine and hip BMD, and fracture prevalence in a population of 319 postmenopausal women classified by WHO standards, including 98 nonosteoporotic women (NOPW) and 221 osteoporotic postmenopausal women (OPW), divided into 139 osteoporotic women without fracture (OPWnF) and 82 osteoporotic women with fracture (OPWwF). The COLIA1 genotype was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and BalI endonuclease digestion. Genotype frequencies for the total group were 49.2% GG homozygotes, 39.5% GT heterozygotes, and 11.3% TT homozygotes. We found significant differences in the percentage of homozygous TT between NOPW and OPW (6.1% and 13.6%, respectively). Significantly, the occurrence of genotype TT in OPWnF was 6.2%, and 28% in OPWwF. We observed no associations between the COLIA1 genotype and lumbar spine and hip BMD. The prevalence of fractures varied significantly by genotype: GG, 26.1%; GT, 15.9%; and TT, 58.3%. Logistic regression analysis of fracture prevalence showed that, for prevalent fractures, the women with the TT genotype had a 5.9-fold increased risk when compared with the other genotypes (GG + GT). When prevalence was adjusted for age, body mass index, and BMD, the fracture risk was 4.8 for the TT group vs. the genotype GG, whereas it was 0.6 for the GT genotype. In conclusion, we found the COLIA1 Sp1 TT genotype to be associated with an increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Interestingly, this genotype-dependent risk could not be explained completely by BMD differences.     

Prevalent Vertebral Fractures in Black Women and White Women

Vertebral fractures are the most common osteoporotic fracture. Hip and clinical fractures are less common in black women, but there is little information on vertebral fractures. We studied 7860 white and 472 black women ≥65 yr of age enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Prevalent vertebral fractures were identified from lateral spine radiographs using vertebral morphometry and defined if any vertebral height ratio was >3 SD below race‐specific means for each vertebral level. Information on risk factors was obtained by questionnaire or examination. Lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD and BMC were measured by DXA. The prevalence of vertebral fractures was 10.6% in black and 19.1% in white women. In age‐adjusted logistic regression models, a 1 SD decrease in femoral neck BMD was associated with 47% increased odds of fracture in black women (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.12–1.94) and 80% increased odds in white women (OR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.68–1.94; interaction p = 0.14). The overall lower odds of fracture among black women compared with white women was independent of femoral neck BMD and other risk factors (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37–0.72). However, the prevalence of vertebral fractures increased with increasing number of risk factors in both groups. The prevalence of vertebral fractures is lower in black compared with white women but increases with age, low BMD, and number of risk factors.     

WHO absolute fracture risk models (FRAX): Do clinical risk factors improve fracture prediction in older women without osteoporosis?

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a strong predictor of fracture, yet most fractures occur in women without osteoporosis by BMD criteria. To improve fracture risk prediction, the World Health Organization recently developed a country‐specific fracture risk index of clinical risk factors (FRAX) that estimates 10‐year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture. Within differing baseline BMD categories, we evaluated 6252 women aged 65 or older in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures using FRAX 10‐year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture (ie, hip, clinical spine, wrist, and humerus) compared with incidence of fractures over 10 years of follow‐up. Overall ability of FRAX to predict fracture risk based on initial BMD T‐score categories (normal, low bone mass, and osteoporosis) was evaluated with receiver‐operating‐characteristic (ROC) analyses using area under the curve (AUC). Over 10 years of follow‐up, 368 women incurred a hip fracture, and 1011 a major osteoporotic fracture. Women with low bone mass represented the majority (n = 3791, 61%); they developed many hip (n = 176, 48%) and major osteoporotic fractures (n = 569, 56%). Among women with normal and low bone mass, FRAX (including BMD) was an overall better predictor of hip fracture risk (AUC = 0.78 and 0.70, respectively) than major osteoporotic fractures (AUC = 0.64 and 0.62). Simpler models (eg, age + prior fracture) had similar AUCs to FRAX, including among women for whom primary prevention is sought (no prior fracture or osteoporosis by BMD). The FRAX and simpler models predict 10‐year risk of incident hip and major osteoporotic fractures in older US women with normal or low bone mass. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research