糖尿病患者应用浅表静脉留置针不同封管方法的比较

目的 探讨对糖尿病患者静脉留置导管最有效的封管方法.方法 将210例使用静脉留置针输液的糖尿病患者随机分为三组各70人.三组使用相同材料完成静脉留置针穿刺后均使用可来福接头与静脉留置针连接,当日输液完毕,A组不使用任何液体冲管,B组使用生理盐水冲管,C组使用肝素盐水冲管.结果 C组静脉留置导管的堵管率显著低于A组(P＜0.0125),而留置时间较A组、B组显著延长(P＜0.05).结论 应用可来福正压接头,在液体输完后用肝素盐水封管是糖尿病患者静脉留置导管最为有效的封管方法.     

糖尿病患者应用浅表静脉留置针不同封管方法的比较

目的探讨对糖尿病患者静脉留置导管最有效的封管方法。方法将210例使用静脉留置针输液的糖尿病患者随机分为三组各70人。三组使用相同材料完成静脉留置针穿刺后均使用可来福接头与静脉留置针连接,当日输液完毕,A组不使用任何液体冲管,B组使用生理盐水冲管．C组使用肝素盐水冲管。结果C组静脉留置导管的堵管率显著低于A组（P〈0．0125）,而留置时间较A组、B组显著延长（P〈0．05）。结论应用可来福正压接头。在液体输完后用肝素盐水封管是糖尿病患者静脉留置导管最为有效的封管方法。     

改良冲管法在静脉留置针维护中的应用

目的 探讨改良冲管法在静脉留置针维护中的应用效果。方法 选取691例使用静脉留置针患者为研究对象，2021年4～6月的339例患者作为对照组、2021年7～9月的352例患者作为观察组，对照组采用传统导管A-C-L维护法(评估-冲管-封管维护法)对静脉留置针进行维护，观察组采用改良冲管法对静脉留置针进行维护。结果 观察组留置针回血率、堵管发生率显著低于对照组(均P<0.05);观察组留置时间显著长于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 改良冲管法能降低静脉留置针置管并发症发生率，延长留置针置管时间，提高护理质量。     

负压冲管法在小儿头皮静脉留置针输液中的应用

目的探讨负压冲管法在小儿头皮静脉留置输液中的应用效果。方法将400例患儿随机分为对照组与观察组各200例,留置针静脉留置成功次日输液治疗时,对照组采用常规法连接输液,即取10ml注射器向留置针内推注5～10ml生理盐水,确定留置针通畅后连接输液;观察组采用负压冲管法连接输液,即取5ml注射器抽取3ml生理盐水,连接留置针后轻轻回抽和推注2～3次,确定输液通畅后连接输液。结果观察组留置时间显著长于对照组,而静脉炎发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论采用负压冲管方法可延长小儿静脉留置针的留置时间,降低静脉炎发生率。     

负压冲管法在小儿头皮静脉留置针输液中的应用

目的 探讨负压冲管法在小儿头皮静脉留置输液中的应用效果.方法 将400例患儿随机分为对照组与观察组各200例,留置针静脉留置成功次日输液治疗时,对照组采用常规法连接输液,即取10 ml注射器向留置针内推注5～10 ml生理盐水,确定留置针通畅后连接输液;观察组采用负压冲管法连接输液,即取5 ml注射器抽取3 ml生理盐水,连接留置针后轻轻回抽和推注2～3次,确定输液通畅后连接输液.结果 观察组留置时间显著长于对照组,而静脉炎发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 采用负压冲管方法 可延长小儿静脉留置针的留置时间,降低静脉炎发生率.     

阿霉素两种静脉给药途径对兔心肌酶含量影响的研究

目的观察中心静脉导管与周围静脉留置针途径输注阿霉素对兔心肌酶含量的影响。方法将18只新西兰兔随机分为对照组、留置针组、PICC组各6只。留置针组和PICC组分别行静脉留置针穿刺及PICC穿刺,于第1、3、5周各连续输注阿霉素3d,初次给药前12h及每次用药后24h抽取血标本,免疫比浊法检测心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)含量。对照组不给药,同期检测cTnI、CK-MB。结果三组不同时间点cTnI、CK-MB检测结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)PICC组与留置针组比较,第3、第5周给药后,cTnI、CK-MB显著升高;PICC组与对照组比较,3次给药后cTnI、CK-MB显著升高(均P0.05)。结论中心静脉及周围静脉途径输注阿霉素均可对兔心肌细胞产生刺激,影响心肌酶表达;随着化疗周期延长,中心静脉途径给药的损伤更为明显。     

儿科手术中巧用头皮针头

手术前,我们通常以静脉留置针代替头皮针头为患者建立静脉通路。废弃的头皮针头不仅造成资源浪费也增加了医疗垃圾。鉴此,我科将头皮针头用于50例手术患儿骶管麻醉术中,取得满意效果,介绍如下。制作方法:将输血(液)器排气后,输液管连接留置针,撤下的留置针接口帽正好拧在撤下的头皮针接口上,使头皮针头保持无菌状态。使用方法:①将头皮针头插入留置针的肝素帽内,用胶布固定,即可进行静脉推注药物。②代替穿刺针进行骶管穿刺,穿刺成功后以胶布固定头皮针翼,然后推注药物。优点:①通过此方法静脉推药,延长了静脉推药的通路,避免患儿身躯小、留…     

PICC无针输液系统在ICU病人中的应用

对100例ICU病人采用经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)无针输液系统进行置管给药。结果置管成功率为99．0％；操作时间平均13．0min；留置导管时间平均95．0d，无并发症发生。提示PICC无针输液系统安全、省时，应用效果肯定。     

预充式导管冲洗器预防PICC堵管的效果观察

目的探讨预充式导管冲洗器应用于经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)冲管和封管的临床效果。方法将109例PICC留置患者按照随机数字表法分为观察组(55例)和对照组(54例)。每次输血、给药后观察组使用预充式导管冲洗器进行冲管和封管,对照组使用普通10 ml注射器抽取生理盐水冲管后再抽取肝素封管液进行封管。观察两组堵管发生率及导管留置时间。结果观察组堵管发生率为5.45%,导管留置时间为(55.49±3.61)d;对照组分别为25.93%、(47.32±2.68)d,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。观察组堵管等级显著轻于对照组(P<0.01)。结论使用预充式导管冲洗器对PICC进行冲管和封管,可有效减少堵管发生率,延长带管时间,且安全可靠。     

肝硬化患者中心静脉置管的临床应用与护理

目的建立良好的静脉通路,保证各种药物及时准确输入,确保急危重症患者的紧急抢救及中心静脉压的准确监测。方法对40例住院期间持续静脉输液的肝硬化患者进行中心静脉置管,并观察置管的临床效果。结果中心静脉导管留置期间导管堵塞率、感染率及其他并发症发生率均明显低于外周静脉留置针。结论中心静脉置管能够更好地保护血管,保证抢救药物及时准确输入,且具有维护简单、留置时间长、并发症少等特点。     

Comparison of Blood Glucose Concentrations After Administration of a Glucose Solution via the Jugular Vein and Portal Vein in Cows

The goals of the present study were to determine whether the infusion of a glucose solution into the portal vein is tolerated in cows and whether the glucose concentration differs after administration of glucose into the jugular vein and portal vein. Fifteen healthy Swiss Braunvieh cows were used. An indwelling catheter was placed in both jugular veins and a balloon‐tipped indwelling catheter with a diameter of 2 mm was placed in the portal vein under the guidance of ultrasonography. Three cows received 500 ml of 20% glucose solution over 60 min via the left jugular vein. Three other cows received the same solution over 60 min via the portal vein. Blood samples were collected from the right jugular vein before and for 24 h after the infusion of glucose for the determination of the concentrations of glucose and bilirubin and the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and γ‐glutamyl transferase. Infusion via the portal vein did not result in abnormalities in the general condition of the cows or increases in the concentration of bilirubin or the activities of liver enzymes. The blood glucose concentration increased to the same extent after both intraportal and intrajugular infusion. Over a 12‐h period, three cows received 10 l of 20% glucose solution via the left jugular vein and three others received the same solution over a 12‐h period via the portal vein. Blood samples were collected from the right jugular vein before and for 30 h after the start of infusion. Infusion via the portal vein did not affect the general condition of the cows or the activities of the liver enzymes. There was no significant difference in the blood glucose concentration between the two groups throughout the study.     

浅静脉穿刺留置套管针在FOLFOX4方案化疗中的应用和护理

为观察浅静脉穿刺留置套管针在FOLFOX4方案化疗中的应用效果,回顾分析于我科接受FOLFOX4方案化疗的180例结直肠癌患者病例资料,根据持续静脉滴注的方式,分为浅静脉留置针组（试验组,128例）、颈内静脉置管组（对照I组,32例）和经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（PICC）组（对照Ⅱ组,20例）。对各组穿刺时间、一次穿刺成功率及不良反应发生率进行统计比较。结果显示,180例患者中,试验组穿刺明显快于对照组,且一次穿刺成功率明显高于对照组,各组间不良反应发生率无明显差异。结果表明,浅静脉穿刺留置套管针安全、有效,操作简单、快捷,穿刺点选取方便,对静脉损伤小,避免了颈内静脉置管和PICC的不足,降低了静脉感染的发生率,是一种经济、简单易行的方法。     

Where antecubital catheters go: a study under fluoroscopic control

Fifty attempted central venous cannulations via the antecubital route were studied with fluoroscopy to determine catheter tip location. Only "catheter through needle" devices were employed. Successful central placement occurred on the first attempt in 27 cases. The major impediment to central location of the catheter tip (ten cases) was the tendency of the catheter tip to lodge at the subclavian-internal jugular vein junction. The second most common cause of noncentral location was migration of the catheter tip into the internal jugular vein (nine cases). One catheter tip was located in the contralateral subclavian vein and one ended in the external jugular vein. All of these problems were avoided by two maneuvers: 1) turning the patient's head toward the side of cannulation and applying digital pressure to the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa, and 2) withdrawing the catheter stylet and injecting 5-10 ml of physiologic saline solution while the catheter was advanced. The only cause of unsuccessful central placement in this study was inability to pass the catheter tip past the axillary venous plexus (two patients). It is concluded that the head-turn-supraclavicular fossa pressure maneuver in combination with the stylet withdrawal-saline injection maneuver can result in greater than a 90% rate of successful central venous catheter placement.     

380例次长期深静脉留置导管临床应用的生存分析

目的提高对长期静脉留职导管的置管、使用、护理的认识，延长其使用寿命。方法随访本院血液净化中心患者380例次深静脉置管并长期留置的情况和并发症，记录导管使用终点。应用Kaplan-Meier法绘制导管使用寿命的生存曲线，计算中位生存时间。log-rank检验比较导管使用寿命的差异。分析评价置管方法、感染发生率、导管退出原因及透析充分性。结果导管静脉入路途径包括颈内、颈外、锁骨下及股静脉。3种静脉入路中位生存时间分别为颈内（31．0±2．8）月，颈外（30．0±4．0）月，锁骨下（19．0±2．9）月。log-rank生存曲线检验结果显示，颈内与锁骨下进路比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。导管使用终点113例次，其中患者死亡60例（53．1％），感染14例（12．4％），导管功能不良13例（11．5％），肾移植13例（11．5％），内瘘2例（1．8％），导管意外拉脱7例（6．2％），导管破损4例（3．5％）。导管内感染61例次，隧道感染2例次。结论长期留置导管首选颈内静脉入路，其次为颈外静脉入路。导管终点以患者死亡、感染及导管功能不良占绝大多数。     

血液透析患者颈内静脉导管所在血管内的血栓形成分析

目的 探讨临时颈内静脉留置导管的血液透析（HD）患者上腔静脉及其属支血栓形成的发病情况、病变特点和危险因素。 方法 以我院2007年6月至2007年12月新留置临时颈内静脉双腔透析导管的43例患者为研究对象,收集其临床资料和生化指标,分析颈内静脉导管所在的上腔静脉及其属支血栓形成的发生情况、病变特点和危险因素。 结果 (1)43例患者中21例的上腔静脉及其属支静脉内有血栓形成（100％）,患病率为48.8％。(2)在有血栓形成的21例患者中,颈内静脉内均有血栓形成（100％）,6例（28.6％）为无名静脉,5例（23.8％）为锁骨下静脉,4例（19.0％）为上腔静脉。⑶在有血栓形成的21例患者中,10例出现临床症状,其中同侧上肢水肿者5例,发生憋气、胸闷,确诊肺栓塞者2例,透析时血液从导管皮肤入口处溢出者3例。⑷ 与无血栓形成的患者比较,有血栓形成者并发糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、血清脂蛋白a增高和高同型半胱氨酸血症的比例较高,差异均有统计学意义（均P ＜ 0.05）,其优势比（OR）值分别为5.758、4.750、6.967和8.533。 结论 颈内静脉留置临时透析导管后,上腔静脉及其属支静脉内血栓形成的患病率较高,症状隐匿且严重。糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、血清脂蛋白a增高和高同型半胱氨酸血症患者血栓形成更易发生。     

1500例临时静脉留置导管透析的临床分析

目的探讨临时静脉内留置导管透析的血管选择、透析效果、并发症、影响因素及处理。方法静脉置管后观察导管血流量、留置时间、尿素清除指数（Kt／V）、再循环、血液流变学指标、并发症及其影响因素。结果颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉是留置导管静脉常选静脉。1500例静脉留置导管总体使用良好，透析充分，Kt／V平均1．20±0．35；导管再循环率低为（10．5±2．5）％；留置导管常见的并发症依次为血流量不足、栓塞、感染、导管脱落等。大多数能通过调整导管位置、导管内溶栓及抗感染等处理改善；5例反复发生栓塞者血纤维蛋白原显著升高；导管尖端位于右心房者与上腔静脉者比较，前者具有更好的血流量、再循环率低[（285±50．5）ml／minVS（205±45．5）ml／mim（8±3．5）％VS（12±4．5）％，（P〈0．05）]；导管腔内高浓度肝素与低浓度肝素比较，前者导管留置时间明显延长（P〈0．05），检塞发生率减少（P〈0．05）。结论临时静脉内留置导管透析血流量充分，透析疗效确切。留置导管常见的并发症有血流量不足、栓塞、感染等，绝大多数能通过处理矫正。导管尖端位置、导管腔肝素浓度、血液粘度等对导管成活、血流量不足、栓塞有重要影响。     

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??Normal saline flush procedure for bedside detection of misplaced subclavian vein catheter into the internal jugular vein MA Jin-ping, WU Kai-ming, CAI Shi-rong,et al. Department of Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital??SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Corresponding author: ZHAN Wen-hua, E-mail:wenhuazhan@medmail.com.cn
Abstract Objective To study the incidence of subclavian vein (SCV) catheter misplacement into the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (IJV) and evaluated feasibility of saline flush bedside procedure. Methods 179 gastrointestinal cancer patients underwent subclavian vein cannulation on the right side by an infraclavicular approach at First Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2008 to March 2010. After placement of subclavian vein catheter, 10 ml of normal saline was injected in the distal port of catheter, while anterior angle of ipsilateral neck was palpated by the operator or an independent observer. A thrill of fluid elicited on the palm of hand ( positive) was suggestive of misplaced catheter into ipsilateral IJV. All patients were confirmed with chest computed radiography(CR) . Results 7 patients were excluded from the study because of the unsuccessful cannulation. In nine patients??5.23%??, the catheter tip was located in the ipsilateral IJV. There were no false-positive or false-negative test results. There were 12 (6.98%) misplacements as detected by chest CR; 9 entered the IJV (5.23%) and 3 into the right atrium. (1.74%). Conclusion Normal saline flush procedure is a simple and sensitive bedside test that successfully detects misplaced SCV catheters into ipsilateral IJV.     

Extradural vein puncture—an avoidable complication

Accidental cannulation of an extradural vein is a troublesome and potentially serious complication of extradural catheter insertion. This study was conducted to assess the influence of posture, catheter size and the injection of saline before catheter insertion, on its occurrence. Eight different techniques were studied based on combinations of these three factors. There was no difference in incidence with respect to posture. The use of 18-gauge catheters, after injection of 10 ml of 0.9% saline, resulted in a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the incidence of extradural vein cannulation. This technique is recommended in obstetric patients as a means of avoiding accidental intravenous injection of local analgesic.     

Analysis of potential predictors of internal jugular vein stenosis and the anatomic position in hemodialysis patients

Objective To identify the anatomical positional relation of the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery, and investigate the predictive factors associated with the stenosis rate of the internal jugular vein after catheterization in hemodialysis patients. Methods A single-center cross-sectional survey study of 235 patients from the Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital between August 2017 and June 2018 was performed. According to whether received hemodialysis treatment, The patients were divided into dialysis group (n=187) and control group (chronic kidney disease non-dialysis patients, n=48). Clinical data such as age, primary disease, history of deep vein catheterization, catheter indwelling time and dialysis age were collected. The positional relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery was examined by Doppler ultrasound. Measure the cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein in different neck anatomical planes and analyse of the incidence of internal jugular vein stenosis in the dialysis group. Chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the incidence of internal jugular vein stenosis between subgroups of different ages, with or without catheter retention, catheter indwelling time, dialysis age and presence or absence of diabetic nephropathy. Results Doppler ultrasonography showed that in the 235 patients, there were four types of anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery in the plane of the flat thyroid cartilage and the apex plane of the upper clavicle. The internal jugular vein was located on the lateral, anterolateral, anterior and medial sides of the common carotid artery, accounting for 16.23%, 36.52%, 41.11% and 3.14% respectively. There were significant differences in the anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery between the left and right sides, different anatomical planes and patients of different ages (P﹤0.05). The rate of internal jugular vein stenosis in 187 hemodialysis patients was 47.1%. The right internal jugular vein stenosis rate was 66.4% and 44.1% in the age﹤65 years old group (n=128) and age≥65 years old group (n=59), respectively (P=0.004). The rate of internal jugular vein stenosis was 49.0% and 32.8% (P=0.018) in the catheter placement group (n=151) and the catheterless retention group (n=36), respectively. Two variables including age and history of catheterization were included in the logistic regression equation. The results showed that the history of catheterization was a risk factor for internal jugular vein stenosis (OR=1.668, 95% CI 1.083-2.568, P=0.020). Conclusions There is variability in the anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery. Internal jugular vein stenosis is a common complication after indwelling catheters in hemodialysis patients. The history of internal jugular vein catheterization is a risk factor affecting internal jugular vein stenosis.     

经脾静脉置管预防脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓

目的 评价经脾静脉置管抗凝治疗对脾切除断流术后门静脉血栓形成的预防效果及安全性.方法 60例择期行脾切除断流术的门脉高压上消化道出血患者随机分为置管组和对照组,采用超声多普勒和（或）强化螺旋CT 扫描监测术后门静脉血栓形成情况.结果 60例患者全部随访3个月,对照组累计门静脉血栓发生率为56.7%,置管组为16.7%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）.经脾静脉置管以200U/h的剂量输入肝素溶液对体循环静脉血凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间无影响.结论 断流术后经脾静脉置管抗凝治疗能有效降低门脉高压脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓形成,是安全可行的.