内皮祖细胞源性外泌体对氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖神经元损伤的影响

目的评价内皮祖细胞源性外泌体对氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖神经元损伤的影响。方法培养HT22小鼠海马神经元, 采用随机数字表法分为3组(n=30):对照组(C组)、氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖组(OGD/R组)和氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖+内皮祖细胞源性外泌体组(OGD/R+EXO组)。C组细胞正常培养, OGD/R组采用无糖无血清DMEM培养基在94%N2-1%O2-5%CO2混合气体培养6 h进行氧糖剥夺, 随后更换正常培养基进行复氧复糖24 h。OGD/R+EXO组于氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖造模前24 h在培养基中加入20 μg/ml内皮祖细胞源性外泌体。采用免疫荧光染色法鉴定内皮祖细胞, Western blot法、透射电镜、纳米颗粒追踪分析法鉴定外泌体。采用CCK-8法检测神经元活力, ELISA法测定MDA含量和SOD活性, TUNEL染色法检测神经元凋亡率, Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果培养细胞为内皮祖细胞, 成功提取内皮祖细胞源性外泌体。与C组相比, OGD/R组和OGD/R+EXO组神经元活力降低, MDA含量升高, SOD活性降低, 神经元凋亡率升高, Bax表达上调, B...     

YAP/OPA1信号通路在丙泊酚减轻小鼠海马神经元氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖损伤中的作用

目的评价Yes相关蛋白(YAP)/视神经萎缩蛋白1(OPA1)信号通路在丙泊酚减轻小鼠海马神经元氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖损伤中的作用。方法取正常培养处于对数生长期的HT22小鼠海马神经元, 采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=54):对照组(C组)、氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖组(OGD/R组)、丙泊酚组(P组)和丙泊酚+YAP沉默组(P+ siRNA-YAP组)。采用无糖无氧孵育6 h、复氧复糖培养24 h的方法制备神经元氧糖剥夺-复氧复糖损伤模型。P组于复氧复糖即刻加入丙泊酚终浓度50 μmol/L。P+ siRNA-YAP组于模型制备前48 h转染siRNA-YAP。采用CCK-8法检测神经元活力, 采用流式细胞术检测ROS含量和凋亡率, 采用分光光度法检测MDA含量、SOD活性以及线粒体膜电位(MMP), 采用荧光素荧光酶发光法检测线粒体ATP含量, 采用免疫荧光法观察YAP核转位, Western blot法检测YAP、磷酸化YAP(p-YAP)以及OPA1的表达。结果与C组比较, OGD/R组神经元活力降低, ROS、MDA含量和凋亡率升高, SOD活性、MMP和线粒体ATP含量降低, p-YA...     

吗啡预处理对小鼠海马脑片氧糖缺失/复氧复糖时PKCε膜转位的影响

目的 探讨吗啡预处理对小鼠海马脑片氧糖缺失/复氧复糖(OGD/R)时蛋白激酶Cε(PKCε)膜转位的影响.方法 成年近交系BALB/C小鼠40只,体重18～22 g,雌雄不拘,制备海马脑片,将脑片置入无糖无氧的人工脑脊液中,培养20 min后再置于正常人工脑脊液(nACSF)中培养(复氧复糖)2h,以建立小鼠海马脑片OGD/R模型.脑片随机分为5组(n=40),对照组(C组):在nACSF中培养4 h;吗啡预处理组(M组):在含吗啡3μmol/L的nACSF中孵育30 min后用nACSF洗脱,随后制备OGD/R模型;纳洛酮+吗啡预处理组(N+M组):在含纳洛酮50 μmol/L的nACSF中孵育30 min后,加入吗啡至3 μmol/L,孵育30 min,随后制备OGD/R模型;纳洛酮组(N组):在含纳洛酮50μmol/L的nACSF中孵育1h,随后制备OGD/R模型;OGD/R组:制备OGD/R模型.于脑片OGD/R期间测定PKCε膜转位情况和神经元存活情况.结果 与C组比较,其余各组神经元存活率降低,膜相关蛋白中PKCε表达上调,胞溶蛋白中PKCε表达下调(P＜0.05或0.01);与OGD/R组比较,M组神经元存活率升高,膜相关蛋白中PKCε表达下调,胞溶蛋白中PKCε表达上调(P＜0.05),N+M组和N组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与M组比较,N+M组神经元存活率降低,膜相关蛋白中PKCε表达上调,胞溶蛋白中PKCε表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 吗啡预处理诱导小鼠海马脑片缺血耐受的机制可能与抑制PKCε膜转位有关.     

应用活细胞工作站测量大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞氧糖剥夺/复氧后细胞体积的研究

目的:探讨应用活细胞工作站测量大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)后细胞体积的效果。方法:取新生24h内Sprague-Dawley乳鼠,取出乳鼠脊髓采用胰酶消化及差速粘附法分离大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞,并进行体外扩增培养。将第4代成熟的星形胶质细胞进行氧糖剥夺/复氧处理,并分为4组:A组(不做糖氧剥夺及复氧处理),B组(糖氧剥夺6h,复氧12h),C组(糖氧剥夺6h,复氧24h),D组(糖氧剥夺6h,复氧48h)。通过活细胞工作站扫描检测计算各组细胞的体积,利用光镜及透射电镜观察细胞形态和超微结构变化,通过Western blot测定其水通道蛋白4(Aquaporin 4,AQP4)表达变化来进一步验证活细胞工作站测量细胞体积的准确性。结果:利用活细胞工作站检测体积,与A组细胞2810.19±306.11μm~3相比,B组细胞体积4311.53±407.73μm~3明显高于A组(P0.01),C组细胞体积6248.86±702.11μm~3为到最大值,D组细胞体积4541.33±503.17μm~3,细胞体积较C组有所下降,但仍明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。光镜下观察细胞B组出现肿胀、折光性增强,C组细胞水肿达到高峰,D组水肿虽有缓解,但仍很明显;透射电镜下观察B组可见细胞器开始肿胀,C组细胞肿胀更加明显,出现线粒体嵴发生断裂等表现,D组水肿稍有缓解,但仍很明显。Western blot结果显示,A组细胞AQP4蛋白表达为(12.37±0.85)%,B组细胞AQP4蛋白表达为(34.17±2.07)%,C组细胞AQP4蛋白表达(43.57±1.75)%,D组细胞AQP4蛋白表达(32.26±1.37)%,与A组细胞相比,B组、C组、D组明显高于A组(P0.01),与C组细胞相比,B组、D组明显低于C组(P0.01)。结论:活细胞工作站能较为准确地检测大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞氧糖剥夺/复氧后细胞体积,可作为一种常规的检测手段运用于星形胶质细胞体积测量。     

JSK对糖-氧剥夺/复氧后大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞体积及AQP4表达的影响

目的:观察细胞骨架稳定剂(Jasplakinolide,JSK)对糖-氧剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation,OGD/Reox)后大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞体积及水通道蛋白-4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)表达的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:体外培养取自大鼠脊髓的星形胶质细胞,将传代2～3次后的星形胶质细胞行糖-氧剥夺5h后再复氧,复氧同时将不同浓度(20、50、100、200和400nM)的JSK分别加入培养液继续培养12h,对照组用等量DMSO处理。用共聚焦显微镜和Western blot分析观测不同时间点(0.5h～12h)及不同浓度JSK作用下星形胶质细胞体积变化和AQP4表达情况,同时观察肌动蛋白微丝聚合(filament actin,F-actin)变化情况,分析其可能机制。结果:在OGD/Reox后,与对照组比较,0.5h后星形胶质细胞的体积开始增加,1.5h后达峰值(9.44±0.27 vs 5.06±0.26,P0.05);50nM浓度JSK可明显减轻星形胶质细胞肿胀的严重程度(5.72±0.96,P0.05)。OGD/Reox后AQP4蛋白表达明显增加,在复氧1.5h时达到峰值(1.21±0.029 vs 0.20±0.013,P0.01)。JSK处理显著降低了AQP4蛋白水平的升高(1.25±0.19 vs 2.01±0.26,P0.01)。分析表明JSK聚合的F-actin微丝是导致细胞膜AQP4下调的原因。结论:应用JSK可以减轻OGD/Reox引起的大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞肿胀,其保护作用可能与其能重组F-actin微丝和抑制AQP4蛋白表达有关。     

小鼠神经细胞氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧时miR-93-5p与线粒体融合蛋白2的关系

目的评价小鼠神经细胞氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧时微小RNA-93-5p(miR-93-5p)与线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2)的关系。方法体外培养小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞至对数生长期。实验Ⅰ采用随机数字表法将细胞分为5组(n=20):对照组(C组)、氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧组(OGD/R组)、miR-93-5p抑制剂组(I组)、siRNA-Mfn2+miR-93-5p抑制剂组(siMfn2+I组)和miR-93-5p阴性对照组(NC组)。氧糖剥夺:在低糖平衡盐溶液、37 ℃ 5%CO2-95%N2的环境中培养3 h, 复糖复氧:在正常培养基、37 ℃ 5%CO2-95%空气中复氧24 h。I组、siMfn2+I组与NC组在模型制备前48 h分别转染miR-93-5p抑制剂、miR-93-5p抑制剂+siRNA-Mfn2及阴性对照miRNA。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力, 流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率, qRT-PCR法检测miR-93-5p、Mfn2 mRNA表达水平, Western blot法检测Mfn2表达水平。实验Ⅱ构建野生型(WT)-Mfn2和突变型(MUT)-Mfn2质粒, 并分别与miR-93-5...     

Nrf2/NLRP3信号通路在丙泊酚后处理减轻氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧大鼠海马神经元损伤中的作用

目的评价核因子E2相关因子2/核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(Nrf2/NLRP3)信号通路在丙泊酚后处理减轻氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧大鼠海马神经元损伤中的作用。方法原代培养孕16～18 d Wistar大鼠胎鼠海马神经元7 d, 采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=42):对照组(C组)正常培养;氧糖剥夺-复糖复氧组(O组)氧糖剥夺1 h后复糖复氧;丙泊酚后处理组(P组)复糖复氧即刻加入丙泊酚(终浓度1.2 μg/ml)孵育2 h, 更换为正常培养液;Nrf2 siRNA(-)转染组(N组)原代神经元培养第3天行携带Nrf2基因敲除的慢病毒转染, 24 h后更换为正常培养液, 第7天进行模型制备及丙泊酚后处理。于继续培养24 h时收集细胞, 采用流式细胞术检测神经元凋亡率, RT-PCR法检测Nrf2和NLRP3 mRNA表达, Western blot法检测Nrf2和NLRP3表达, ELISA法测定TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β浓度;试剂盒法检测还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果与C组比较, O组和P组神经元凋亡率升高, TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β浓...     

丙泊酚后处理对小鼠N2a细胞氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧模型内质网IRE1-XBP1信号通路的影响

目的 探讨丙泊酚后处理对小鼠神经母细胞瘤（N2a）细胞氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧（OGD/R）模型内质网肌醇酶1（IRE1）-X盒连接蛋白1（XBP1）信号通路的影响。
方法 培养小鼠N2a细胞至对数生长期,采用随机数字表法将细胞平均分为三组：对照组（C组）、OGD/R组（O组）和OGD/R＋丙泊酚后处理组（P组）。C组在正常条件下培养,O组氧糖剥夺3 h后在正常条件下培养进行复糖复氧24 h,P组氧糖剥夺3 h后于复糖复氧即刻加入丙泊酚50 μmol/L孵育2 h,随后在正常条件下培养22 h。三组均采用流式细胞学技术检测细胞凋亡率,CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,Western blot法检测IRE1、XBP1蛋白含量,qRT-PCR法检测IRE1、XBP1 mRNA表达量,透射电镜法观察细胞内质网形态。
结果 与C组比较,O组和P组细胞凋亡率明显升高（P<0.05）,细胞存活率明显降低（P<0.05）,IRE1、XBP1蛋白含量和mRNA表达量明显升高（P<0.05）。与O组比较,P组细胞凋亡率明显降低（P<0.05）,细胞存活率明显升高（P<0.05）,IRE1、XBP1蛋白含量和mRNA表达量明显降低（P<0.05）。透射电镜结果显示,C组细胞内质网形态正常、排列规则、粗面内质网清晰可见;O组细胞内质网排列不规则、水肿、扩张、断裂、呈囊池状,粗面内质网严重脱颗粒,部分与细胞膜融合;P组细胞内质网排列轻度不规则,部分内质网出现轻度水肿、扩张,粗面内质网脱颗粒现象较O组减轻。
结论 丙泊酚后处理可以减少小鼠N2a细胞OGD/R后细胞凋亡,提高细胞存活率,其机制可能与抑制内质网IRE1-XBP1信号通路,减轻内质网应激反应有关。     

亚低温对神经母细胞瘤细胞氧糖剥夺/复氧时小泛素类修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶3表达的影响

目的研究亚低温对小鼠神经母细胞瘤(mouse neuro-blastoma N2a,N2a)细胞氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)损伤时小泛素类修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶3(small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins specific protease 3,SENP3)表达的影响。方法体外培养小鼠N2a细胞并予以OGD/R处理,建立模拟大脑缺血/再灌注的OGD/R模型以及亚低温模型;将N2a细胞按照随机数字表法分为3组(每组5孔):假手术组(S组)、OGD/R组和氧糖剥夺/复氧+亚低温组(OGD/R+HT组)。细胞计数试剂盒(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)法检测OGD/R后N2a细胞活性,乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放率检测OGD/R后N2a细胞毒性,Hoechst33258染色观察N2a细胞凋亡,实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)分析SENP3 mRNA的相对表达量,Western blot法测定SENP3的蛋白水平。结果与S组比较,OGD/R组和OGD/R+HT组细胞存活率下降、LDH释放率升高、凋亡细胞数量增多、SENP3 mRNA的相对表达量和蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);与ODG/R组比较,OGD/R+HT组细胞存活率升高、LDH释放率降低、凋亡细胞数量减少、SENP3 mRNA的相对表达量和蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。结论亚低温减轻N2a细胞OGD/R损伤机制与抑制SENP3的表达有关。     

P物质对高糖孵育心肌细胞缺氧／复氧损伤的影响

目的：探讨P物质预处理对高糖孵育大鼠心肌细胞缺氧／复氧损伤的影响。方法：分离新生SD大乳鼠心脏为细胞悬液接种于细胞培养板,分别用正常糖和高糖培养基进行孵育,72h后将细胞随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组,高糖对照组,另外三组进行缺氧／复氧（A／R）处理：高糖A／R组,高糖SP＋A／R组和高糖SP＋D—SP＋A／R组。复氧后分别测定细胞凋亡率、缺氧液和复氧液中caspase-3活性以及LDH释放量。结果：高糖和缺氧／复氧均可引起细胞凋亡率增高,缺氧液和复氧液中CasPase-3活性以及LDH释放量均显著升高：SP可降低上述各项指标,且该作用可被NK-1受体拮抗剂（D-SP）逆转。结论：高糖孵育可造成心肌细胞损伤,缺氧／复氧可加剧高糖孵育的大鼠心肌细胞损伤．SP预处理可显著减轻该损伤,且该作用可能由NK-1受体介导。     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament protein in medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is the most common primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with the potential to differentiate along glial or neuronal lines. Thirty cases of medulloblastoma were tested by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method with anti-GFAP serum (DAKO) and by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method with 68kd subunit of anti-NF antibody. All the cases were classified into three subtypes based on these immunohistochemical findings and were analyzed in relation to clinico-pathological features. Fifteen of thirty medulloblastomas contained GFAP positive cells, seventeen showed cells reacting to NF. The reactions for both proteins were present in eight medulloblastomas (PNET-BD, bipotential differentiation). Seventeen medulloblastomas reacted to only one protein (PNET-MD, monopotential differentiation). No reaction for either was found in five cases (PNET-NOS, not otherwise specified). The two year survival rate was 12.5% for PNET-BD compared to 49.2% for PNET-MD and 53.3% for PNET-NOS. Nine variables, i.e. age, tumor stage, metastatic stage, operation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, histology, GFAP and NF, were analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard model. This revealed that the significant factors were tumor stage (p = 0.0002), GFAP (p = 0.0008) and operation (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, GFAP is the most important histological factor for prognosis and medulloblastoma without glial differentiation has a much better prognosis than one with glial differentiation.     

Measuring protein excretion in pregnancy

SUMMARY:   The recognition and detection of proteinuria has been acknowledged as an important clinical marker of renal disease since 1827 when Richard Bright published his landmark medical case reports. In more recent times, the broader community of clinicians has come to share the enthusiasm of nephrologists in recognizing the importance of protein excretion, not only as a marker of current renal disease but also as a predictor of long-term renal and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is important that methods for detecting and measuring proteinuria are accurate, and this is particularly relevant to diseases that are defined by the detection of proteinuria, such as pre-eclampsia. This review will first discuss current knowledge of protein handling by the normal kidney, then the changes in normal and hypertensive pregnancy, and finally, how recent advances in our understanding of proteinuria may affect our future management of hypertensive pregnancies.     

脑胶质瘤中p16蛋白、nm23蛋白及c-erbB-2蛋白的表达及其意义

目的 探讨p16蛋白、nm23蛋白及c-erbB-2蛋白在脑胶质瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法 应用免疫组织化学技术检测60例脑胶质瘤中p16蛋白、nm23蛋白及c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。结果 p16蛋白、nm23蛋白及c-erbB-2蛋白在脑胶质瘤和正常脑组织中的阳性表达率分别为43.3％和90％（P＜0.05）；36.7%和80％（P＜0.05）；41.7%和0（P＜0.05）。脑胶质瘤中p16蛋白及nm23蛋白缺失率在死亡组和生存组分别为73.7%和31.8%（P＜0.05）；84.2%和36.3%（P＜0.05）；c-erbB－2蛋白过度表达率在死亡组和生存组为68.4%和27.2%（P＜0.05）。结论 p16蛋白、nm23蛋白及c-erbB-2蛋白过度表达与脑胶质瘤发生、发展密切相关。     

Tissue transglutaminase interacts with protein kinase A anchor protein 13 in prostate cancer

We have previously described that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a high level phenotypic biomarker in prostate cancer, which is down regulated in prostate cancer and surrounding premalignant field compared to benign prostate glands. To understand the function of tTG in prostate cancer, we sought to identify proteins that interact with the transglutaminase moiety of tTG using a human prostate cancer complementary deoxyribonucleic acid library in a Yeast 2-Hybrid system. The Yeast 2-Hybrid experiments identified a strong and novel interaction between the transglutaminase moiety and protein kinase A anchor protein 13 (AKAP13), which was quantified by β-galactosidase assay, confirmed in vitro by immunoprecipitation experiments using PC3 prostate cancer cell lysates, and in vivo colocalization was confirmed by immunofluorescence studies in PC3 cells. Because AKAP plays a major role in protein kinase A and Rho protein mediated signaling, functional studies are underway to elucidate the significance of tTG-AKAP13 interaction in prostate cancer.