急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者行急诊手术后应用连续性肾脏替代治疗的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者行急诊手术后应用连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的危险因素。方法纳入首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2015年11月至2018年2月收治的急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层行急诊手术患者527例。根据术后是否行CRRT分为CRRT组(78例)和非CRRT组(449例)。采用二元logistic回归分析患者术后行CRRT的危险因素。结果所有患者中CRRT的使用率14.8%(78/527), 术后30天病死率8.5%(45/527)。术前血肌酐值(OR=1.012, 95%CI:1.005～1.019, P<0.001)、术中悬浮少白红细胞输注量(OR=1.141, 95%CI:1.071～1.216, P<0.001)、术中血小板输注量(OR=1.307, 95%CI:1.084～1.576, P=0.005)、术后胸腔引流总量(OR=1.000, 95%CI:1.000～1.000, P=0.036)及术后气管插管时间(OR=1.004, 95%CI:1.001～1.008, P=0.013)是Stanford A型急性主动脉夹层...     

前白蛋白与维持性血液透析患者死亡的关系

目的探讨前白蛋白与维持性血液透析(MHD)患者死亡的关系。 方法回顾分析了2012年1月至2018年6月北京民航总医院行维持性血液透析(透析龄≥3月)的患者的一般情况、生化指标以及预后;以死亡患者为研究组,存活患者为对照组;以t检验、非参数检验、χ²检验将两组患者数据进行比较,并使用Logistic回归分析的方法分析与MHD患者全因死亡相关的危险因素。 结果①纳入研究患者325例,平均年龄(63.4±13.4)岁,透析龄64.0(41.5±98.5)月,存活组210例、死亡组115例,死亡原因主要包括感染(24%)、心血管疾病(17%)、脑血管疾病(16%)、恶液质(12%)、肿瘤(10%)等。②死亡组白蛋白、前白蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素均明显低于存活组(P<0.05);CRP(Z＝－5.824)、透析龄(Z＝－2.827)及年龄(t＝7.672)明显高于存活组(P<0.05)。男性与女性的死亡率无明显差别(χ²＝0.274,P>0.05),糖尿病组与非糖尿病组死亡率具有明显差异(χ²＝7.230,P<0.05)。③多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、透析龄、是否合并糖尿病、白蛋白、前白蛋白与MHD患者死亡独立相关;白蛋白(OR＝0.854)及前白蛋白(OR＝0.983)是独立保护因素(P<0.05);增龄(OR＝1.046)、透析龄延长(OR＝1.012)、合并糖尿病(OR＝2.201)是独立危险因素(P<0.05)。④前白蛋白与白蛋白正相关(r＝0.609,P<0.001),前白蛋白与其他营养指标相关性比白蛋白强。 结论前白蛋白与白蛋白对MHD患者的死亡具有独立保护作用,在预测MHD患者死亡时至关重要。     

心脏术后行连续性肾脏替代治疗患者的死亡危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析心脏手术后行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)治疗患者的死亡危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2014年6月在上海市胸科医院行CRRT治疗的心脏术后成年患者66例的临床资料,男38例、女28例,平均年龄(59.11±12.62)岁。根据出院时治疗结果分为存活组和死亡组。采用单因素分析和logistic多因素分析死亡相关的危险因素。结果 66例心脏术后急性肾损伤患者被纳入该研究,其中18例存活,48例死亡。CRRT治疗患者死亡率为72.7%。Logistic回归分析显示,心脏术后行CRRT治疗患者死亡的危险因素有:术后第1 d低血压(B=2.897,OR=18.127,P=0.001),少尿到血滤间隔时间(B=0.168,OR=1.183,P=0.024),术后第1 d血小板值(B=-0.026,OR=0.974,P=0.001)。结论术后第1 d低血压是心脏术后CRRT患者死亡的主要危险因素,需及早防治。尽早行CRRT能改善预后。术后第1 d血小板值是保护因素,血小板值越低,预后越差。     

老年脓毒症相关急性肾损伤后肾功能恢复及危险因素分析

目的了解老年脓毒症相关急性肾损伤(sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, SA-AKI)患者的肾功能恢复率、临床特点及危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月就诊于解放军总医院国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心≥75岁的SA-AKI患者的临床资料。根据出院时肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)恢复情况,患者分为恢复组(出院时Scr≤125%基线值)和未恢复组(出院时Scr>125%基线值)。AKI定义和诊断标准采用2012年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)制定的标准。持续型AKI定义为AKI发生48 h时Scr无下降(>基线Scr水平)。 结果192例患者中位年龄为87(84～90)岁,男性183例,占95.3%。患者出院时21.9%(42/192)患者肾功能未恢复,78.1%(150/192)肾功能恢复。肾功能恢复组与未恢复组相比,性别比例(P<0.05)、基线Scr(P<0.001)和基础eGFR(P<0.001)差异有统计学意义。肾功能未恢复组患者AKI确诊时Scr(P<0.05)、Scr峰值(P<0.001)水平较高,肾脏替代治疗(P<0.05)和机械通气(P<0.001)需要率明显增加,持续型AKI所占比例高(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示两组在基础eGFR(70～79: OR＝0.258,95%CI：0.088～0.757,P<0.05;80～89: OR＝0.132,95%CI：0.041～0.421,P＝0.001;≥90：OR＝0.096,95%CI：0.015～0.627,P＝0.014)、机械通气(OR＝6.715;95%CI：2.665～16.918;P<0.001)和持续型AKI(OR＝6.706;95%CI：2.741～16.404;P<0.001)等方面差异显著。 结论高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能大多数可恢复,基础eGFR升高是高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能恢复的保护因素,机械通气和持续型AKI是高龄老年SA-AKI患者肾功能恢复的危险因素。     

单中心腹膜透析患者的转归及其危险因素分析

目的分析山西医科大学第二医院腹膜透析中心腹透患者的临床资料,探讨腹透患者的转归及其危险因素。方法采用回顾性研究的方法,收集选取山西医科大学第二医院腹膜透析中心2009年1月至2019年6月期间维持性腹膜透析患者的临床资料,采用卡方检验和log rank检验进行单因素分析,采用多元逐步COX回归模型进行多因素分析,讨论腹膜透析患者的不良转归及其危险因素。结果 258例维持性腹透患者,原发病中慢性肾小球肾炎占42.2%,糖尿病肾病占32.9%;退出腹膜透析97例,退出率37.60%;退出腹膜透析患者中转血液透析者49例,占19.0%;死亡39例,占15.1%;肾移植4例,占退出的1.6%;失访5例。经单因素及多因素分析,合并心脑血管疾病(HR=2.599,95%CI:1.340～5.043,P=0.005)、24 h尿量小于400 mL(HR=0.207,95%CI:0.085～0.501,P0.001)、肌酐小于707μmol/L(HR=3.259,95%CI:1.682～6.316,P0.001)是腹膜透析患者死亡的独立危险因素。腹膜炎的发生(HR=3.548,95%CI:1.882～6.691,P0.001)、中性粒细胞百分比大于70%(HR=0.543,95%CI:0.302～0.977,P=0.042)、尿酸大于360μmol/L(HR=0.352,95%CI:0.168～0.735,P=0.005)、总胆固醇大于5.7 mmol/L(HR=0.368,95%CI:0.160～0.931,P=0.034)是腹膜透析患者转血液透析的独立危险因素。结论我中心退出腹膜透析患者的转归主要为死亡及转血液透析。合并心脑血管疾病、24 h尿量小于400 mL、肌酐小于707μmol/L是腹透患者死亡的独立危险因素;腹膜炎的发生、中性粒细胞百分比大于70%、尿酸大于360μmol/L、总胆固醇大于5.7 mmol/L是腹透患者转血液透析的独立危险因素。     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗难治性急性左心衰竭患者的预后危险因素分析

目的通过分析因难治性急性左心衰竭而行连续性肾脏替代疗法(continuous replacement therapy,CRRT)患者的资料,寻找患者预后的影响因素。方法通过佛山市第一人民医院的病历系统及血液透析系统,筛选2012年1月1日至2019年1月1日因难治性急性左心衰竭而行CRRT治疗的所有患者,将所有的患者按照最终治疗结果分为生存组及死亡组。通过分析患者的年龄、性别、心脏原发病、使用血管活性药情况、治疗起始平均动脉压、治疗前尿量、血红蛋白、血清肌酐、血白蛋白、C反应蛋白、脑钠肽、左心室射血分数及CRRT治疗时长等资料,寻找患者预后的影响因素。结果共130例患者被纳入本研究,其中生存组96例,死亡组34例,病死率为26.15%。生存组男性所占比例高于死亡组(71.88%比50.00%,χ2=5.366,P=0.021),起始平均动脉压、治疗前尿量、血清肌酐显著高于死亡组(t=4.677,P<0.001;Z=3.904,P<0.001;Z=2.866,P=0.004),血红蛋白低于死亡组(Z=-2.587,P=0.011),治疗时长短于死亡组(Z=-3.447,P=0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性(OR=2.950,95%CI 1.102~7.898,P=0.031)及较高水平血红蛋白(OR=1.024,95%CI 1.004~1.045,P=0.019)是CRRT治疗难治性急性左心衰竭患者死亡的危险因素,而较高水平治疗前平均动脉压(OR=0.959,95%CI 0.930~0.989,P=0.008)和治疗前尿量(OR=0.998,95%CI 0.997~0.999,P=0.004)是患者预后的保护因素。结论即使采用CRRT治疗难治性急性左心衰竭,其病死率仍较高,女性及血红蛋白水平升高是患者预后的危险因素,而治疗前较高水平尿量和治疗前平均动脉压是患者预后的保护因素。     

血脂与IgA肾病患者肾脏预后的相关性研究

目的了解原发性IgA肾病(IgAN)血脂异常患者的临床、病理特征，探讨血脂对IgAN肾脏预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2000年1月1日至2018年12月31日在我院肾活检确诊的原发性IgAN患者的资料，随访截止2020年1月1日，随访的终点事件是终末期肾病(ESRD)或估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥50%，未达终点事件者随访最少1年。按肾活检时的基线血脂水平并根据血脂异常诊断标准，将IgAN患者分为血脂异常组(450例)及血脂正常组(331例)，血脂异常组包括高胆固醇组(高TC组)、高甘油三酯组(高TG组)、高低密度脂蛋白组(高LDL组)及低高密度脂蛋白组(低HDL组)4个单一指标亚组。参照IgAN牛津分型进行病理评分，Logistic回归和Cox回归模型分析影响IgAN患者预后的风险因素，采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线比较血脂异常组和血脂正常组IgAN患者生存率的差异。 结果血脂异常组年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血肌酐、血尿酸、尿蛋白定量高于血脂正常组，而血白蛋白、eGFR低于血脂正常组(P<0.05)。根据牛津分型评分，与其它组比较，低HDL组IgAN患者的肾小管间质病变程度更重(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示，年龄大(OR 1.044，95%CI：1.023～1.066，P<0.001)、高平均动脉压(OR 1.025，95%CI：1.008～1.043，P＝0.004)、低血红蛋白(OR 0.963，95%CI：0.950～0.976，P<0.001)、高TG(OR 1.008，95%CI：1.005～1.010，P<0.001)、低HDL(OR 0.546，95%CI：0.311～0.959，P＝0.035)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.185，95%CI：1.039～1.352，P＝0.011)和高牛津分型T评分(OR 9.115，95%CI：5.297～15.685，P<0.001)是IgAN基线肾功能下降的风险因素。多因素Cox回归模型分析结果显示，低血红蛋白(OR 0.965，95%CI：0.949～0.980，P<0.001)、低基线eGFR(OR 0.984，95%CI：0.973～0.996，P＝0.008)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.151，95%CI：1.043～1.271，P＝0.005)、高牛津分型T评分(OR 1.680，95%CI：1.033～2.732，P＝0.036)和高TG(OR 1.177，95%CI：1.038～1.334，P＝0.011)是IgAN肾脏不良预后的风险因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示，随访血脂异常组IgAN患者的肾脏中位生存时间显著短于血脂正常组(χ²＝8.316，P＝0.004)。 结论HDL与肾小管间质病变相关，高TG是IgAN肾脏预后不良的风险因素，临床上应加强对IgAN患者的血脂监测。     

住院老年人短暂性与持续性急性肾损伤发生情况及临床特点分析

目的对老年急性肾损伤(AKI)患者进行随访观察,分析短暂性AKI与持续性AKI的发生率、临床特点及相关危险因素。 方法选择2007年1月至2015年12月就诊于解放军总医院老年病房≥75岁的住院患者为研究对象。根据发生AKI后3 d时肾功能恢复情况将患者病历资料分为短暂性AKI与持续性AKI进行分析。多因素Logistic回归分析老年人发生持续性AKI的相关危险因素。 结果研究期间,共有652例住院患者发生AKI,其中男性623例,占95.6%,中位年龄87(84～91)岁。652例AKI患者,短暂性AKI 270 (41.4%)例,持续性AKI 382(58.6%)例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示Scr峰值(OR＝1.020; 95%CI: 1.015～1.026; P<0.001)、血尿素氮(BUN)增高(OR＝1.028; 95%CI: 1.000～1.056; P＝0.047)、高尿酸(OR ＝1.002; 95%CI: 1.000～1.003; P＝0.040)、伴有机械通气(OR＝1.610; 95%CI: 1.012～2.562; P＝0.044)是影响高龄老年患者发生持续性AKI的独立危险因素;平均动脉压(OR＝0.985; 95%CI: 0.971～1.000; P＝0.043)升高和血红蛋白升高(OR＝0.989; 95% CI: 0.980～0.999; P＝0.025)是影响高龄老年患者发生持续性AKI的独立保护因素。 结论住院高龄老年患者短暂性AKI的发生率高达近42%。提高临床医师的重视程度,增加对Scr的监测频率,是降低AKI漏诊率的有效手段。早期识别危险因素,可改善AKI患者的短期预后。     

高龄老年人发生持续急性肾损伤危险因素及临床特点分析

目的了解短暂急性肾损伤(AKI)与持续AKI发生率;比较两组AKI患者的临床特征,分析老年人发生持续AKI相关危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2018年12月就诊于解放军总医院国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心≥75岁住院患者的病例资料744例。根据发生AKI后48 h时血肌酐(Scr)恢复情况将患者分为短暂AKI与持续AKI进行分析。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。多因素Logistic回归分析老年人发生持续AKI的相关危险因素。 结果744例老年AKI患者中,男性701例,占94.2%,中位年龄88 (84～91)岁。8.3%的患者为短暂AKI (62/744),91.7%的患者为持续AKI (682/744)。两组患者比较,持续AKI患者较短暂AKI患者的高血压病史比例高(72.4%与83.9%, P＝0.041) ,90 d病死率高(37.4%与8.1%, P<0.001)、AKI 3期所占比例高(33.1%与8.1%, P<0.001),确诊时Scr (130.0与116.1 μmol/L, P<0.001)、Scr峰值(147.6与117.9 μmol/L, P<0.001)、血尿素氮(13.1与9.3 mmol/L, P<0.001)、尿酸(368.1与338.3 μmol/L, P＝0.006)、血钠(141与138 mmol/L, P<0.001)水平高。持续AKI患者伴有机械通气(42.5%与12.9%, P<0.001)、低蛋白血症(34.1±5.6与36.1±5.3 g/L, P＝0.006)、贫血(111±22与119±20 g/L, P＝0.009)等情况明显增多。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：Scr峰值(OR＝1.011; 95%CI: 1.004～1.019; P＝0.002)、血钠高(OR＝1.055; 95% CI: 1.015～1.097; P＝0.007)、机械通气(OR＝2.912; 95%CI: 1.334～6.357; P＝0.007)是高龄老年患者发生持续AKI的独立危险因素。 结论高龄老年患者持续AKI的发生率高达92%,早期诊断和治疗危险因素可减少肾脏的持续损伤。     

慢性肾脏病并发肺动脉高压的影响因素及预后价值

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)3～5期非透析患者并发肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)的影响因素,观察PAH对CKD非透析患者预后的影响。方法选择2014年1月1日到2017年1月1日在临沂市人民医院肾内科住院且随访资料完整的CKD3～5期患者。按照是否患有PAH分为PAH组和无PAH组。随访终点:(1)全因死亡;(2)进展到肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy, RRT)。使用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线比较两组患者总生存率和肾脏存活率的差异。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析预后的影响因素。结果共纳入283例患者,年龄(46.06±14.18)岁,其中男166例(58.66%),女117例(41.34%)。与无PAH组比较,PAH组患者的年龄、血压、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)水平均高于无PAH组(均P0.05);血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)、红细胞比容(red blood cell specific volume, HCT)、估算肾小球滤过率(estimate glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)、碳酸氢盐、胆固醇水平均低于无PAH组(均P0.05)。多因素二元Logistic回归分析显示收缩压(systolic blood pressure, SBP)(OR=1.032,95%CI 1.007～1.056,P=0.007)、HCT(OR=0.812,95%CI 0.739～0.892,P0.001)、碳酸氢盐(OR=0.856,95%CI 0.781～0.938,P0.001)是CKD非透析患者PAH发生的影响因素。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示PAH组的生存率比无PAH组显著降低(χ~2=13.184,P0.001),肾脏存活率显著低于无PAH组(χ~2=21.948,P0.001)。多因素Cox回归模型分析显示PAH组的全因死亡风险是无PAH组患者的2.228倍(HR=2.228,95%CI 1.088～4.564,P=0.029),进展至RRT的风险是无PAH组患者的1.692倍(HR=1.692,95%CI 1.064～2.728,P=0.031)。结论高血压、低HCT、低碳酸氢盐水平是CKD3～5期并发PAH的危险因素;PAH是CKD3～5期非透析患者的全因死亡及进展至RRT的危险因素。     

Assessment of fluid and nutritional status using bioelectrical impedance methods in acute kidney injury patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy

Objective To investigate the predictive value of nutritional and fluid status measured by bioelectrical impedance methods for the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods Patients with severe AKI received CRRT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2016 to September 2018 were enrolled, and divided into death group and survival group according to 28-day survival. Cox regression was used to analyze the association between 28-day survival and lean tissue index (LTI), fat tissue index (FTI), the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) and body cell mass (BCM) (ECW/BCM), and overhydration (OH), respectively. Results A total of 156 patients were included, including 101 males and 55 females. The age was (62.7±15.4) years, with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of 9.9±3.9. The 28-day mortality rate was 46.2%. The pre-CRRT OH values in the 28-day survival group and death group were 2.95(1.80, 5.50) L and 4.20(2.95, 5.70) L(P=0.016), and ECW/BCM values were 1.00(0.76, 1.18) and 1.07(0.88, 1.25) (P=0.033), respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that pre-CRRT high OH values (HR=1.08, 95%CI 1.00-1.17, P=0.040) and high ECW/BCM values (HR=3.02, 95%CI 1.46-6.22, P=0.003) were associated with 28-day death. The changes of OH values (HR=0.83, 95%CI 0.72-0.95, P=0.008) and ECW/BCM values (HR=6.79, 95%CI 1.72-26.82, P=0.006) between pre-CRRT and the 7th day after CRRT initiation were significantly associated with 28-day mortality in patients who survived 7 days after CRRT initiation. After adjusting for age, gender, and SOFA scores, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the high OH value (HR=1.16, 95%CI 1.06-1.27, P=0.002) and the high ECW/BCM value (HR=2.80, 95%CI 1.30-6.06, P=0.003) before CRRT, the change of OH value (HR=0.82, 95%CI 0.72-0.95, P=0.008) and ECW/BCM value (HR=2.79, 95%CI 1.30-5.98, P=0.009) between the 7th day after CRRT initiation and pre-CRRT, were independently associated with 28-day death, while LTI (HR=0.93, 95%CI 0.86-1.02, P=0.113) and FTI (HR=0.98, 95%CI 0.92-1.04, P=0.475) before CRRT were uncorrelated with 28-day death. Conclusions In bioelectrical impedance analysis, the high OH value and high ECW/BCM value before CRRT are associated with 28-day mortality in patients with AKI, while the nutritional indicators LTI and FTI before CRRT are not significantly related. The correction of fluid overload by CRRT within 7 days may reduce the risk of 28-day mortality.     

The risk factors of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients in different periods

Objective To explore the risk factors and characteristics in patients with peritoneal dialysis who died in different periods. Methods The clinical data of new peritoneal dialysis patients in the Department of Nephrology and Peritoneal Dialysis Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from November 1, 2005 to February 28, 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time of death: those who died within one year and died after one year. The risk factors of mortality between the two groups were analyzed by Cox regression model. Results A total of 997 patients were enrolled and 244 patients died. There were 69 patients (28.3%) died within one year and 175 patients (71.7%) died after one year. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease was the dominating reason of death in both groups, accounting for 59.4% (died within one year group) and 51.4% (died after one year group) respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that for died within one year group, old age (HR=1.035, 95%CI: 1.016-1.055, P＜0.001), low blood total calcium (HR=0.167, 95%CI: 0.053-0.529, P=0.002), low albumin (HR=0.899, 95%CI: 0.856-0.943, P＜0.001) and low apolipoprotein A1 (HR=0.274, 95%CI: 0.095-0.789, P=0.016) were risk factors associated with mortality. However, for died after one year group, old age (HR=1.053, 95%CI: 1.038-1.069, P＜0.001), combined with diabetes (HR=2.181, 95%CI: 1.445-3.291, P＜0.001) and hypertriglyceride (HR=1.204, 95%CI: 1.065-1.362, P=0.003) were risk factors associated with mortality. Conclusions The risk factors of mortality for peritoneal dialysis patients of different periods were not exactly the same. For died within one year patients, old age, low blood total calcium, low albumin and low apolipoprotein A1 were independent risk factors for mortality.However, for died after one year patients, old age, combined with diabetes, and high triglycerides were independent risk factors for mortality.     

Analysis of early mortality and related risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To analyze the early mortality and related risk factors of new hemodialysis patients in Zhejiang province, and provide basis for reducing the death risk of hemodialysis patients. Methods The early mortality and related factors of new hemodialysis patients from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed using the database of Zhejiang province hemodialysis registration. The early mortality was defined as death within 90 days of dialysis. Cox regression model was used to analyze the related risk factors of the early mortality in hemodialysis patients. Results The mortality was the highest in the first month after dialysis (46.40/100 person year), and gradually stabilized after three months. The early mortality was 25.33/100 person year. The mortality within 120 days and 360 days were 21.40/100 person year and 11.37/100 person year, respectively. The elderly (≥65 years old, HR=1.981, 95%CI 1.319-2.977, P＜0.001), primary tumor (HR=3.308, 95%CI 1.137-5.624, P=0.028), combined with tumors (not including the primary tumor, HR=2.327, 95%CI 1.200-4.513, P=0.012), temporary catheter (the initial dialysis pathway, HR=3.632, 95%CI 1.806-7.307, P＜0.001), lower albumin (＜30 g/L, HR=2.181, 95%CI 1.459-3.260, P＜0.001), lower hemoglobin (every 0.01 g/L increase, HR=0.861, 95%CI 0.793-0.935, P=0.001), lower high density lipoprotein (＜0.7 mmol/L, HR=1.796, 95%CI 1.068-3.019, P=0.027) and higher C reactive protein (≥40 mg/L, HR=1.889, 95%CI 1.185-3.012, P=0.008) were the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients. Conclusions The early mortality of hemodialysis patients is high after dialysis, and gradually stable after 3 months. The elderly, primary tumor, combined with tumors, the initial dialysis pathway, lower albumin, lower hemoglobin, lower high density lipoprotein and higher C reactive protein are the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗剂量对急性肾衰竭患者预后影响的荟萃分析

目的 通过荟萃分析评价连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）剂量对急性肾衰竭（ARF）患者预后的影响。 方法 制定原始文献的纳入标准和检索策略,在Medline、EMBASE及Cochrane 图书馆内进行相关的检索。比较标准剂量和低剂量CRRT对ARF患者预后影响的随机对照试验（RCT）纳入分析。应用随机或固定效应模型处理预后指标的相对危险度（RR）。 结果 6项研究符合纳入标准。与低剂量比较,标准剂量CRRT未能降低病死率（RR 0.87,95%CI 0.70~1.07,P = 0.19）和联合终点事件（死亡和依赖透析）的发生率（RR 0.87,95%CI 0.69~1.09,P = 0.21）,但有增加依赖透析率的趋势（RR 1.43,95%CI 0.94~2.18,P = 0.09）。由于研究间存在异质性,亚组分析显示,实际治疗剂量达标（标准剂量>35 ml&#8226;kg-1&#8226;min-1）、治疗模式以连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）为主（置换液量大于透析液量）、非脓毒症为ARF主要原因（脓毒血症发病率<50%）的研究中,经标准剂量CRRT后病死率显著下降（P < 0.01）。 结论 尽管标准剂量CRRT未能降低ARF患者的病死率、依赖透析率和联合终点事件的发生率,但可改善实际治疗剂量达标、治疗模式以CVVH为主及非脓毒症ARF患者的存活率。     

Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To develop and validate a nomogram for predicting the 1-and 3-year survival rates of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Methods Patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis for the first time in Zhujiang hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017 were enrolled. The patients from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 were enrolled in a training dataset. Baseline clinical data were collected and the primary endpoint was all-cause death. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze risk factors affecting the survival rates. Nomograms were generated using the R rms package. The Harrell' concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve and calibration curve were used to verify the performance of the model. Patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013 were then selected to validate the external predictive accuracy of the prediction models. Results The prediction cohort enrolled 457 patients, with a median follow-up time of 27.67(18.37, 39.22) months, and 64 patients (14.00%) died during follow-up. The 1-and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 96.4% and 83.0%. Multivariate analysis showed that aging (every 1 year old increase, HR=1.07, 95%CI 1.04-1.09, P﹤0.001), stroke (HR=3.63, 95%CI 1.93-6.85, P﹤0.001), higher cholesterol (every 1 mmol/L increase, HR=1.51, 95%CI 1.20-1.89, P﹤0.001), higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (every 1 increase, HR=1.12, 95%CI 1.05-1.20, P=0.001), and lower albumin (HR=0.89, 95%CI 0.82-0.95, P=0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the survival rates of PD patients. The C-index of the prediction cohort and the validation cohort were 0.815(95%CI 0.765-0.865) and 0.804(95%CI 0.744-0.864, respectively). Both internally and externally verified calibration curves showed that the predicted results were close to the actual survival rates. Conclusion Based on age, blood total cholesterol level, stroke history, and NLR, the prognosis prediction model of peritoneal dialysis patients established with nomogram can help predict the 1-year and 3-year survival rates of peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Prognostic analysis of aged end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Objective To compare the survival rates of elderly hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and identify their independent prognostic predictors. Methods Patients aging ＞60 years old who initiated dialysis between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2014 were included. Propensity score method (PSM) was applied to adjust for selection bias. Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain survival curves and a Cox regression model was used to evaluate risk factors for mortality. Results 447 eligible patients with maintenance dialysis were identified, 236 with hemodialysis and 211 with peritoneal dialysis. 174 pairs of patients were matched, with the baseline data [age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and the primary disease] between two groups showing no significant difference (P＞0.05). Cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events and infection were major causes of death in both groups and there was no significant difference in the causes of death between two groups (P＞0.05). The overall survival rates at 1 and 5 year were 93.6% and 63.4% respectively in HD group, 91.9% and 61.5% in PD group. The differences of total survival rates between HD and PD patients were not significant (P＞0.05). Cox regression analysis showed age(≥80 year) (P＜0.001, HR=1.058, 95%CI 1.028-1.088), diabetic nephropathy (P=0.001, HR=2.161, 95%CI 1.384-3.373), CCI≥5 (P=0.007, HR=1.935, 95%CI 1.201-3.117) were independent prognostic risk predictors in HD patients; age(≥80 year) (P=0.022, HR=1.043, 95%CI 1.006-1.081), serum albumin level ＜ 35 g/L (P=0.025, HR=1.776, 95%CI 1.075-2.934), and prealbumin (P=0.012, HR=0.968, 95%CI 0.944-0.993) were independent prognostic predictors in PD patients. Conclusions The differences of total survival rates between aged HD and PD patients are not significant. Age, diabetic nephropathy, CCI≥5 and age, serum albumin＜35 g/L, prealbumin＞30 g/L respectively influence the survival of elderly HD and PD patients.     

Relationship between coronary artery calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Eighty-six patients who were on MHD between October 2014 and May 2015 in the blood purification center of our hospital were enrolled prospectively. CAC was measured and scored by multiple slice computed tomography (MSCT). According to the CAC score (CACs), the patients were divided into mild CAC (CACs＜100) group and severe CAC (CACs≥100) group. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the survival rates of the two groups, and a COX proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the risk factors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe CAC (CACs≥100) was present in 62.8% (54/86) patients. The median of follow-up duration was 28.9(23.8, 29.4) months. During the follow up, 2(6.3%) patients in CACs＜100 group and 18 (33.3%) patients in CACs≥100 group died. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in CACs≥100 group had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality as compared with patients in CACs＜100 group (P=0.007, P=0.030). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that CACs≥100 (HR=7.687, 95%CI 1.697-34.819, P=0.008) and low single-pool Kt/V (HR=0.092, 95%CI 0.020-0.421, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Old age (HR=1.192, 95%CI 1.100-1.291, P＜0.001), short duration of dialysis (HR=0.598, 95%CI 0.445-0.804, P=0.001), low 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (HR=0.461, 95%CI 0.326-0.630, P＜0.001), and low total cholesterol (HR=0.405, 95%CI 0.213-0.772, P=0.006) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions The CACs is significantly related with overall survival in MHD patients. Large multicenter prospective studies are to be evaluated the association between CACs and long-term survival in MHD patients.     

Serum phosphorus variation is associated with mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum phosphorus variability and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods A total of 502 MHD cases from Renji hospital hemodialysis center were registered in Shanghai Registry Network from January 2007 to April 2015. They were recruited with general information, laboratory results and outcomes. According to their median of coefficient of variation (CV) of blood phosphorus, the patients were divided into high variation group (CV≥0.226 mmol/L) and low variation group (CV＜0.226 mmol/L). The relationship of serum phosphorus CV with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality was assessed respectively. Results The average age was (63.9±14.6) years, the median dialysis age was 82.0 (43.0, 139.0) months, 118 patients (23.5%) died for all cause and 64 patients (12.7%) died for cardiovascular disease. Compared with patients in low phosphorus variation group, patients had a higher all-cause mortality in high phosphorus variation group (27.7% vs 19.3%, P=0.028). Higher cardiovascular disease mortality was observed in high variation group as well, but this difference was no statistical significant (15.4% vs 10.0%, P=0.082). COX regression analysis showed that ＞60 years of age (HR=2.762, 95%CI 1.707-4.468, P＜0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.466, 95%CI 0.317-0.686, P＜0.001), low albumin (HR=0.555, 95%CI 0.366-0.840, P=0.005), high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.479, 95%CI 1.023-2.139, P=0.037) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Moreover, ＞60 years of age (HR=2.666, 95%CI 1.469-4.837, P=0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.480, 95%CI 0.238-0.801, P=0.005), and high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.655, 95%CI 1.003-2.729, P=0.049) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. There was no significant statistical difference between patients phosphorus on target and patients phosphorus below target in all-cause disease mortality (P=0.065) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.425). High variation group whose phosphorus on target had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality than those in low variation group (29.2% vs 16.9%, P=0.047; 15.0% vs 6.0%, P=0.033). Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients with high phosphorus variation had higher all-cause (P=0.023) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.047) than patients with low phosphorus variation. Conclusions The high CV of phosphorus is independently correlated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Patients with standard-reaching phosphorus in the low variation group have a lower mortality. A serum phosphorus level sustainably reaching the standard may improve the survival in MHD patients.     

术前白蛋白碱性磷酸酶比值对根治性膀胱切除术后总体生存期的影响

目的探讨术前白蛋白碱性磷酸酶比值(AAPR)与根治性膀胱切除术后患者总体生存期(OS)的关系。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2015年12月青岛大学附属医院收治的166例膀胱癌患者的临床病理资料。男148例,女18例。年龄(65.1±9.4)岁。伴高血压病31例、糖尿病14例。体质指数(BMI)(24.00±3.32)kg/m^2。肿瘤单发92例,多发74例。肿瘤直径<3 cm者43例,≥3 cm者123例。合并肾积水33例,无肾积水133例。术前AAPR(0.62±0.23)。根据AAPR的三分位点将患者分为低AAPR组55例,AAPR(0.42±0.09);中AAPR组55例,AAPR(0.58±0.05);高AAPR组56例,AAPR(0.86±0.21)。美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级1级4例,2级65例,3级86例,4级11例。根治术前患者均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术,病理诊断均为膀胱癌,高级别144例,低级别22例。166例均行根治性膀胱切除术,其中腹腔镜手术140例,开放手术26例。术中行输尿管皮肤造口55例,回肠代膀胱96例,回肠原位新膀胱15例。将AAPR连续性变量和AAPR分组作为原始模型,调整年龄、肿瘤大小、pT分期、pN分期、肾积水、ASA分级、辅助化疗的数据作为校准模型1,在校准模型1基础上增加BMI、肿瘤数目、病理等级的数据作为校准模型2。采用趋势性检验检测不同AAPR组间危险比(HR)变化趋势。分析不同因素分层的AAPR与OS的关系。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线。采用基于广义相加模型的曲线拟合表示AAPR与OS的关系。结果本组166例中位随访63个月,生存95例,死亡71例。3年生存率为61%,5年生存率为50%。术后病理分期:T1期27例,T2期82例,T3期48例,T4期9例;N0期145例,N1期14例,N2期6例,N3期1例。术后52例行辅助化疗。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,AAPR(HR=0.09,95%CI 0.022~0.391,P=0.001)、高AAPR组(HR=0.40,95%CI 0.216~0.742,P=0.003)、年龄(HR=2.42,95%CI 1.294~4.531,P=0.006)、肿瘤大小(HR=2.11,95%CI 1.112~4.014,P=0.023)、肿瘤数目(HR=0.62,95%CI 0.378~1.022,P=0.061)、pT3期(HR=8.93,95%CI 3.173~25.114,P<0.001)、pT4期(HR=10.39,95%CI 3.110~34.707,P<0.001)、N1期(HR=2.80,95%CI 1.422~5.531,P=0.003)、N3期(HR=17.06,95%CI 2.192~132.863,P=0.007)、病理分级(HR=0.30,95%CI 0.113~0.817,P=0.019)、肾积水(HR=2.36,95%CI 1.406~3.939,P=0.001)、术后辅助化疗(HR=2.66,95%CI 1.674~4.247,P<0.001)均与术后OS相关。调整年龄、肿瘤大小、pT分期、pN分期、肾积水、ASA分级、辅助化疗、BMI、肿瘤数目、病理分级后,Cox回归分析结果显示,与低AAPR组相比,高AAPR组的死亡风险降低约59%(HR=0.406,95%CI 0.200~0.822,P=0.012),AAPR每升高1个单位,死亡风险下降约80%(HR=0.199,95%CI 0.051~0.779,P=0.020)。趋势性检验结果显示,原始模型和校准模型中,AAPR不同分组间OS的HR下降趋势均有统计学意义(P=0.016),提示两者呈线性关系。调整年龄、肿瘤大小、pT分期、pN分期、肾积水、ASA分级、辅助化疗、BMI、肿瘤数目、病理分级后,曲线拟合图显示,AAPR与OS呈线性相关,随AAPR升高,术后死亡风险下降,OS延长。结论AAPR与膀胱肿瘤患者根治性膀胱切除术后的OS成线性相关,随AAPR升高,患者术后死亡风险下降,OS延长。