责任包干制下护士能级对应与绩效管理的实践

目的 探讨责任包干制下护士能级对应与绩效管理在病房护理管理中的应用.方法 根据中国国情,结合医院实际情况,将病房护士按工作年资、学历、业务能力进行分层级使用和管理,建立护士能级与绩效考核指标.结果 能级与绩效管理实施后,护理质量较实施前有所提升;患者满意度、医生对护士的满意度及护士自身满意度较实施前显著提高.结论 能级对应与绩效管理提高了护理质量,增强了护士的职业成就感,提升管理效能.     

基于ICU亚专科岗位管理模式的护理服务绩效评价

目的探讨基于ICU亚专科岗位管理模式的护理服务绩效评价的实践效果。方法以35名ICU护士为研究对象,建立亚专科工作组,实施基于ICU亚专科岗位管理模式的护理服务绩效模式。结果实施1年后,护理各项综合指标成绩和护士岗位管理绩效管理满意度显著提升(均P0.01)。结论 ICU亚专科岗位管理有助于提高ICU护理综合质量和护士满意度。     

感染内科护理亚专业组管理模式的实践

目的探讨护理亚专业组管理模式在提升感染内科病区护理质量中的应用效果。方法根据科室收治病种特点,建立4个护理亚专业组,构建感染内科护理亚专业组管理模式。比较实施前后护士核心能力、科室护理质量基础指标及专业指标的差异。结果护理亚专业组管理模式实施后,护士核心能力、科室护理质量基础指标及专业指标评分显著高于实施前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对感染内科实施护理亚专业组管理模式,有利于护士核心能力的提升,以及感染内科护理质量的提高。     

医护同组排班在优质护理服务示范工程试点病房的实施

目的探讨医护同组排班在优质护理服务示范工程试点病房中的实施效果。方法在神经内科病房实行医护同组排班:将科室21名护士分为总务团队3人和3个责任组各6人,实施组长负责制。每组每日在岗4人(包括护理组长或副组长1人、白班责任护士1人,连班责任护士1人,6～8班责任护士1人),组长仅上白班(7:45～12:00,14:30～17:30),6～8班(17:30～8:00)代替传统中夜班。各责任组护士每日跟随同组医生查房。结果实施医护同组排班后,患者满意度由92%提升至99%,护士满意度由94%提升至98%;护理质量(基础护理、一级护理、文件书写及消毒隔离)评分由85.80～87.11提高至91.01～99.38;医护矛盾、护患矛盾均从2起降至0,表扬信件从12封上升至52封;晨间采血、测量体温时间推迟1.0～1.5h,患者夜间连续休息时间延长4h。结论医护同组排班使护士分管患者人数减少,保证了护理工作的连续性,为患者提供了更人性化的护理服务,且利于护士的身心健康。     

医院质量与安全评价指导下的血液专科病房护理岗位安全管理

目的探讨在医院质量与安全评价指导下血液专科病房护理岗位安全管理的实施效果。方法在对医院质量与安全评价标准充分解读及指导下,血液专科病房着重护理岗位安全管理,重点落实岗位设置、培训及管理各项措施。结果实施1年后,患者满意度、护士满意度及一级护理评分较实施前显著提高(均P0.05)。结论通过医院质量与安全评价活动的开展,指导血液专科构建护理安全文化,促进内涵建设,保障了患者护理安全,提升了专科护理质量。     

管床评分表在责任制护理实施中的应用

目的探讨管床评分表在责任制护理实施中的应用效果。方法在开展优质护理服务示范病房活动中实施管床责任制护理,应用自制的管床评分表对责任护士进行评分并纳入绩效考核。结果应用管床评分表后患者对护理服务满意率、医生满意率、护士对患者十知道掌握情况较应用前显著提高(均P<0.01)。结论管床评分表具有导向作用,有助于指导责任护士开展责任制护理,同时纳入绩效管理,增强了护士责任心和积极性,从而提高护理质量和患者满意度。     

应用6S管理模式提高临床护理管理质量

目的探讨6S管理模式对提高临床护理管理质量的作用。方法成立6S管理小组,采用6S管理模式对病区进行现场管理,包括整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养、安全。结果实施6S管理模式后,病房护理质量各项评分、患者满意度与实施前相比均显著性提高(均P0.01)。结论 6S管理模式的实施,改善了工作环境、护理服务质量,患者满意度得到了明显提升。     

Application of bedside work rating scale to charge nurse responsibility system

目的 探讨管床评分表在责任制护理实施中的应用效果.方法 在开展优质护理服务示范病房活动中实施管床责任制护理,应用自制的管床评分表对责任护士进行评分并纳入绩效考核.结果 应用管床评分表后患者对护理服务满意率、医生满意率、护士对患者十知道掌握情况较应用前显著提高(均P＜0.01).结论 管床评分表具有导向作用,有助于指导责任护士开展责任制护理,同时纳入绩效管理,增强了护士责任心和积极性,从而提高护理质量和患者满意度.     

高级责任护士负责制分层管理在“优质护理服务示范工程”中的应用体会

目的:探讨高级责任护士负责制护理分层管理在优质护理服务中的应用效果。方法:示范病房实施高级责任护士负责制分层管理模式,并与绩效工资挂钩,比较活动开展前后各项护理工作质量,护理服务满意度。结果:各项护理工作质量明显提高,P<0.01;患者对护士、医生对护士的满意度明显提高,P<0.01。结论:高级责任护士负责制护理分层管理模式是保证护理质量、提高护理服务的有效方式。     

能级对应护理人力资源管理模式下的绩效考核方案探讨

目的探索能级对应的护理人力资源管理模式下的绩效考核方案实施效果。方法建立能级对应的人力资源管理模式。将护理人员按照学历、年资、能力分为高、中、初、新护士4个能级层次,根据性格特点及能力水平匹配主班、责任护理组长、责任护士3种护理岗位;选取相应人员承担科室质控组长、临床带教组长以及科研组长等;将绩效考核划分为岗位绩效、工作绩效及奖罚绩效三部分。评价实施前后护士职业满意度及患者满意度。结果绩效考核方案实施后护士职业满意度及患者满意度评分显著高于实施前(均P0.01)。结论与能级对应的绩效考核方案有利于提高护理人员的职业满意度,从而有效提高患者满意度。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.