右美托咪定对老年人工关节置换术后谵妄的影响

[目的]探讨右美托咪定对老年人工关节置换术后谵妄发生的影响。[方法]选取2015年7月~2016年7月在本院行人工关节置换术后进入ICU病房的60例老年患者,随机分为生理盐水组(30例)和右美托咪定组(30例),术后进入ICU病房,右美托咪定组以右美托咪定静脉持续泵入,生理盐水组给予同等量生理盐水,观察两组患者术后1~3 d谵妄发生情况,以意识状态评定方法评估。[结果]右美托咪定组谵妄发生率(2/30,6.67%)明显低于生理盐水组(8/30,26.67%)。[结论]右美托咪定可以降低老年人工关节置换术后谵妄发生率。     

右美托咪定与哌替啶预防全麻患者术后寒战效果的比较

目的 比较右美托咪定与哌替啶预防全麻患者术后寒战的效果.方法 择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者60例,年龄18 ～ 75岁,体重40 ～ 85 kg,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级.按年龄进行分层,采用分层随机法,将患者随机分为2组(n=30)∶哌替啶组(P组)和右美托咪定组(D组).停止气腹时P组和D组分别经10 min静脉输注哌替啶0.5 mg/kg和右美托咪定1 μg/kg.记录术后1h内寒战、呼吸抑制、嗜睡、恶心呕吐、心动过缓和低血压的发生情况.结果 与P组比较,D组寒战发生率及程度差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05),呼吸抑制及恶心呕吐发生率降低,心动过缓发生率升高(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定预防全麻患者术后寒战发生的效果优于哌替啶.     

右美托咪定对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍发生的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍发生的影响.方法 择期非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者58例,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄51 ～ 63岁,采用随机数字表法分为2组(n=29):对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组).两组麻醉诱导及麻醉维持方法相同.D组于气管插管后静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg,泵注时间15min,继之以0.5 μg· kg-1·h-1的速率输注至术毕,C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水.于麻醉诱导前24h和术后24、48和72 h时记录患者MMSE评分,判断术后72 h内认知功能障碍的发生情况,记录术中舒芬太尼用量和气管拔管时间.结果 与C组比较,D组术后24和48 h时MMSE评分升高,术后72 h内认知功能障碍发生率降低(P＜0.05),术中舒芬太尼用量和气管拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定可明显降低非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍的发生.     

右美托咪定和咪达唑仑用于机械通气患者镇静效果的比较

目的 比较右美托咪定和咪达唑仑用于机械通气患者镇静的效果.方法 拟在镇静下行机械通气治疗24 h的重症监护室(ICU)患者60例,年龄20 ～ 64岁,体重指数21 ～ 25 kg/m2,急性生理与慢性健康Ⅱ评分10 ～ 25分,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=30):咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组).M组:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg负荷量后,以0.03～0.20mg· kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注;D组:静脉注射右美托咪定1 μg/kg负荷量后,以0.2～0.7μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注,维持2组Ramsay镇静评分2～4分.记录镇静期间ICU医生对镇静效果的满意度、低血压和心动过缓的发生情况.记录开始镇静至停止镇静后2h谵妄的发生情况、苏醒时间和苏醒后2h内再入睡的发生情况.结果 与M组比较,D组ICU医生对镇静效果的满意度升高,苏醒时间缩短,苏醒后2h内再入睡率和谵妄发生率降低(P＜0.05或0.01),低血压和心动过缓的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定用于机械通气患者镇静的效果优于咪达唑仑.     

老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术麻醉方法的改良：复合右美托咪定全身麻醉

目的从术后转归角度, 评价复合右美托咪定全身麻醉用于老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的优化效应。方法择期全身麻醉下行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术老年患者112例, 性别不限, ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法分为2组(n=56):常规全身麻醉组(C组)和复合右美托咪定全身麻醉组(D组)。D组于麻醉诱导开始时经10 min静脉输注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg, 随后依次静脉注射咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、依托咪酯和苯磺顺阿曲库铵;麻醉维持使用七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚, 静脉输注右美托咪定0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1至术毕前30 min;C组以等量生理盐水代替右美托咪定用药, 余同D组。于术前1 d、术后2、7 d时采集静脉血样检测血常规, 计算中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数比值(NLR)。记录术中麻醉药物用量、术后麻醉相关并发症发生情况及术后首次排气时间和排便时间。结果与C组比较, D组术中丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼用量减少, 术后2、7 d时NLR降低, 术后谵妄及术后恶心呕吐发生率降低, 术后首次排气时间及排便时间缩短(P<0.05)。结论复合右美托咪定全身麻醉用于腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术老年患者, 较常规...     

术后使用右美托咪定对老年髋部手术患者发生谵妄的临床研究

目的探讨术后使用右美托咪定对老年髋部手术患者发生谵妄的影响。 方法前瞻性收集2016年1月至2018年1月在海门市人民医院骨科行髋部手术的老年患者50例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：右美托咪定组25例,术后在骨科常规治疗基础上给予右美托咪定静脉泵入注射用于术后镇痛,维持量0.5 μg/kg/hr;对照组25例,仅给予骨科常规治疗。比较两组谵妄的发生率、发生时间、持续时间。 结果全部患者均获得随访,随访时间为7~15 d,平均（10.0±1.4）d。右美托咪定组谵妄的发生率（6%）与对照组（13%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。右美托咪定组谵妄的发生时间为术后（26±6）h,晚于对照组的（7±3）h,差异有统计学意义（t=2.370,P<0.05）。右美托咪定组谵妄的持续时间为（2.4±0.8）d,短于对照组的（6.2±1.5）d,差异有统计学意义（t=-1.942,P<0.05）。 结论右美托咪定能延缓谵妄的发生,缩短谵妄的持续时间,但不能显著降低谵妄的发生率。     

右美托咪定对丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉下脑功能区手术患者唤醒试验质量的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉下脑功能区手术患者唤醒试验质量的影响.方法 拟行术中唤醒的脑功能区手术患者27例,性别不限,年龄17 ～ 43岁,BMI 20～ 24kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组∶对照组(C组,n=13)和右美托咪定组(D组,n=14).麻醉诱导后气管插管,麻醉维持:2组均靶控输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,丙泊酚血浆靶浓度3 ～5 μg/ml,调整丙泊酚血浆靶浓度维持BIS值55 ～ 65,瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度2～6ng/ml.打开硬脑膜后,D组停止输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,经15 min静脉输注右美托咪定负荷量0.3μg/kg,随后以0.2 μg-1·kg·h-1速率维持;C组打开硬脑膜后15 min将丙泊酚血浆靶浓度降至0.5μg/ml,将瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度降至0.5 ng/ml.记录唤醒时间、唤醒试验期间心血管事件、头痛、躁动、谵妄和术中知晓等的发生情况.结果 所有患者均成功实施唤醒,并顺利完成手术.与C组比较,D组唤醒试验期间高血压、心动过速、头痛和术中知晓的发生率均降低(P＜0.05),唤醒时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),2组未见躁动和谵妄的发生.结论 右美托咪定可提高丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉下脑功能区手术患者唤醒试验的质量.     

右美托咪定对法洛四联症矫正术患儿心肌的保护效应

目的 评价右美托咪定对法洛四联症矫正术患儿心肌的保护效应.方法 择期体外循环下法洛四联症矫正术患儿40例,性别不限,年龄9个月～5岁,体重7～21 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组).麻醉诱导气管插管后D组静脉输注右美托咪定0.6μg· kg-1 ·h-1至术毕,C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术前、术毕和术后24h取静脉血样,测定血浆TNF-α、IL-6的浓度.记录术中缺氧发作的发生情况.结果 与C组相比,D组术毕和术后24 h时血浆TNF-α、IL-6的浓度降低(P＜0.05);术中缺氧发作发生率D组为0而C组达20％.结论 对于体外循环下法洛四联症矫正术患儿,术中静脉输注右美托咪定0.6μg·kg-1 ·h-1可产生一定的心肌保护效应.     

右美托咪定用于防治剖宫产术中寒战反应的适宜剂量

目的探讨右美托咪定用于防治剖宫产术中寒战反应的适宜剂量。方法选择单胎足月妊娠,拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行择期剖宫产术的孕妇120例,随机分为四组,每组30例。胎儿娩出后,D1、D2、D3组分别输注负荷量右美托咪定0.2、0.5、0.8μg/kg,输注时间10 min,继以0.4μg·kg-1·h-1持续输注,关腹完毕后停药。N组则以0.1ml·kg-1·h-1的速率输注生理盐水。记录输注右美托咪定15min时产妇的寒战分级。结果 D2组和D3组寒战的发生率和程度分别低于D1组和N组(P0.05),而D2组和D3组差异无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定可有效防治剖宫术中寒战的发生,负荷量0.5μg/kg是一适宜剂量。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对靶控输注异丙酚病人意识消失半数有效血浆靶浓度的影响

目的 评价不同剂量右美托咪定对靶控输注异丙酚病人意识消失半数有效血浆靶浓度(EC5o)的影响.方法 择期全麻病人80例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,体重指数≤25 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为4组(n=20):对照组(C组)和不同剂量右美托咪定组(D1～3组).D1～3组分别静脉输注右美托咪定0.4、0.5和0.6 μg/kg,输注时间10 min,C组输注等容量生理盐水.随后靶控输注异丙酚,采用序贯法进行试验,异丙酚初始血浆靶浓度2.0 μg/ml,相邻浓度比值为1.1.意识消失的标准为睫毛反射消失、两次呼之不应.计算异丙酚使病人意识消失的EC50及其95％可信区间(95％CI).观察心动过缓、低血压和呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况.结果 C组和D1～3组异丙酚使病人意识消失的EC50及其95％ CI分别为2.59(2.51 ～ 2.67)、2.09(2.02 ～ 2.16)、1.82(1.70 ～1.95)和1.60 (1.49～ 1.72) μg/ml.C组、D1～3组异丙酚使病人意识消失的EC50依次降低(P＜0.05).与C组比较,D1～3组心动过缓和低血压发生率降低(P＜0.05);与D1组比较,D2,3组心动过缓发生率和D3组低血压发生率升高(P＜0.05);D2组和D3组心动过缓和低血压发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各组无一例病人发生呼吸抑制.结论 靶控输注异丙酚时复合静脉输注右美托咪定0.4 μg/kg为适宜剂量,既可降低靶控输注异丙酚病人意识消失的EC50,又不发生不良反应.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.