改良Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效

[目的]评价改良Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效.[方法]在Ponseti方法(连续石膏矫形加经皮跟腱切断加足外展矫形支具)的基础上稍加改良,并应用于治疗先天性马蹄内翻足76例116足,男52例80足,女24例36足;年龄5 d～4岁.[结果]本组病例76例均得到随访,平均随访25.5个月,最长46个月,按Dimeglio评分分级方法,76例116足中73例112足(96.5%)畸形矫正满意.[结论]改良Ponseti方法对4岁以内的婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足均可取得满意的效果.     

Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足中期随访疗效分析

目的分析Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足的中期随访疗效。方法对38例(42足)先天性马蹄内翻足采用Ponseti法治疗,先行手法矫正畸形,长腿管型石膏外固定矫正前足内收、中足高弓、后足内翻,再行经皮跟腱切断术,最后佩戴矫形支具。结果本组均获随访9~62个月,平均38个月。末次随访时按Dimglio评分系统进行评分:TypeⅠ型(包括恢复正常者)35例(37足),TypeⅡa型(轻度)2例(3足);TypeⅡb型(中度)1例(2足)。结论采用Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足效果满意,但矫正的手法要求较高。     

Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效分析

[目的]评价采用Ponseti法治疗1岁以内先天性马蹄内翻足的疗效。[方法]2005年4月~2008年10月,本院骨科共收治先天性马蹄内翻足病例125例138足,男98例106足,女27例32足,年龄7 d~12个月。按年龄分为新生儿期(7~28 d)、小婴儿期(29 d~6个月)、婴儿期(6~12个月)三组,均按D im eglio评分系统进行评分,应用Ponseti法(手法矫正+石膏固定+经皮跟腱切断+足外展支具)治疗。[结果]病例随访13~42个月,平均25.3个月。按D im eglio评分系统评价疗效,120例132足矫形效果满意,5例6足残余部分畸形行手术治疗。各年龄组治疗优良率无显著差异(P0.05)。[结论]Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效确切,是一种很好的保守治疗方法。对于1岁以内先天性马蹄足均可取得优良效果。     

可调节支具在婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足治疗中的应用研究

[目的]探讨可调节支具治疗婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足的应用方法及效果。[方法]2014年1月~2016年2月在本科治疗的先天性马蹄内翻足患儿60例(96足),随机分为支具组30例(50足)和石膏组30例(46足),支具组采用ponseti手法矫形结合可调节支具治疗,石膏组采用典型Ponseti方法治疗,比较两组患者的临床疗效。[结果]所有患儿平均随访时间(13.4±3.5)个月,治疗后患足外观与功能均得到明显改善,支具组与石膏组Dimeglio评分分级及优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]可调节支具治疗婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足近期疗效明确,远期疗效尚待进一步研究。     

先天性马蹄内翻足经皮跟腱切断手术时机的选择

目的应用Ponseti方法早期治疗先天性马蹄内翻足（先天性马蹄内翻足）,探讨经皮跟腱切断手术时机的选择。方法60例（91足）先天性马蹄内翻足患儿,随机分为A、B两组,每组30例,治疗初评分≥4分（僵硬型）。A组患足矫形外展至70°、背屈〈15°、同时HS〉1、MS〈1和距骨被覆盖;B组患足矫形至前足内收纠正但无法背屈,同时HS〉1、MS≤1,行跟腱切断术;以Pirani评分标准比较两组治疗结果。结果患儿均得到随访,时间6～30（15±5）个月。A、B两组手术前石膏矫形次数分别为（5.1±0.91）次、（2.42±0.56）次（P〈0.05）,治疗时间分别为（36.8±4.98）d、（19.3±5.09）d（P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义。两组跟腱均获得愈合,跖屈有力,术后患足背屈活动度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论在Ponseti方法矫正僵硬型马蹄足过程中,畸形愈严重跟腱挛缩愈严重,早期行经皮跟腱切断手术可明显减少石膏矫形次数、缩短疗程,不影响疗效。     

先天性马蹄内翻足Ponseti治疗初跟腱手术的预测

目的探讨先天性马蹄内翻足（CCF）患儿治疗前预测患儿行跟腱手术的可行性。方法96例CCF（148足）患儿,均依据Ponseti方法治疗,平均（5.7±1.3）次石膏矫正后,背屈活动≤15°或Pirani评分HS（后足评分）≥1,MS（中足评分）〈1的患足需行跟腱切断手术。石膏去除后需佩戴外展支具。结果经过系列石膏矫正后,148足中125足（84.5%）行跟腱切断术,23足（15.5%）未行跟腱手术。在治疗初有102足（68.9%）Pirani评分≥5分,其中93足（91.2%）经系列石膏矫正后行跟腱手术。手术组跟腱愈合佳,跖屈有力。结论在治疗初Pirani评分≥5分时91.2%患儿需要跟腱手术,CCF患儿初次来诊时,对患足行Pirani评分,即可预测其是否需行跟腱手术。在治疗初预先判断患儿是否需行跟腱手术则既有利于医师了解治疗进展,又能更好地与家长沟通配合治疗进程。     

肌力平衡术治疗儿童先天性马蹄内翻足

[目的]探讨肌力平衡术治疗儿童先天性马蹄内翻足(CCF)的临床应用及近期疗效。[方法] 2013～2018年采用肌力平衡术治疗儿童先天性马蹄内翻足33例共46足,所有患儿均采取肌力平衡术治疗,即保持踝关节背伸5°～1O°,"Z"字型延长跟腱,外移胫骨前肌腱,适当松解足后方软组织,术后长腿矫形石膏屈膝90°制动。术后6周拆石膏、拆线,不需要穿戴Dennis-Brown支具,行功能锻炼。[结果]所有患儿均顺利完成手术。术后平均随访(23.79±6.43)个月,本组33例共46足CCF均采用Pirani评分分类,矫正后接近正常39足,轻度异常7足,无中度、重度异常者。所有病例均无伤口感染、皮肤坏死和顽固性疼痛等。[结论]肌力平衡术是治疗儿童先天性马蹄内翻足的一种理想手术方式,其特点是术中充分松解,术后并发症少,畸形纠正彻底,矫形效果好。     

Ponseti方法对6个月以上婴幼儿与小婴儿先天性马蹄内翻足治疗的比较

[目的]比较Ponseti方法对6个月以上婴幼儿(大龄组)与6个月以内婴儿(小龄组)先天性马蹄内翻足治疗的不同.[方法]应用Ponseti方法治疗大龄组患儿157例227足,小龄组患儿221例317足.对所有患足进行Pirani评分,将0～0.5分判为优良,比较两组的优良率、应用石膏次数及跟腱切断的病足数,并进行随访.[结果]两组患儿优良率无显著性差异(P＞0.05).小龄组应用石膏次数及行跟腱切断的百分比较大龄组多,两组间有显著性差异(P＜0.01).平均随访2年5个月,两组间复发率无明显差异(P＞0.05).[结论]Ponseti方法对6个月以上婴幼儿及小婴儿先天性马蹄内翻足均可取得优良效果.     

Ponseti方法治疗小儿先天性马蹄内翻足的护理

[摘要]目的：探讨Ponseti方法治疗小儿先天性马蹄内翻足的护理方法及效果,减少由马蹄内翻畸形足引起的残疾,提高生活质量。方法：对我科2007～2010年68例先天性马蹄内翻足患儿采用Ponseti方法治疗期间的临床护理资料进行回顾性分析。结果：随访68例94足畸形患儿均获得满意的矫正,活动功能良好,未出现护理并发症。     

肌腱转移手术治疗55例幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足效果随访

[目的]探讨幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足的手术治疗效果。[方法]对55例(83足)先天性马蹄内翻足,采用跟腱延长 胫前或胫后肌外移手术。[结果]55例均获随访,随访时间平均6.5年,按HuangYT标准:优62足,良17足,可4足。优良率95.2%。[结论]早期手术建立动态肌力平衡是治疗儿先天性马蹄内翻足的有效方法,随着年龄的增长可矫正畸形,取得外观和功能满意的疗效。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.