高位颈髓刀刺伤致脊髓半切综合征一例

患者女 ,2 7岁 ,农民 ,因被他人用刀刺伤颈部、背部及左前臂 1ｄ就诊。当刀刺入颈后时 ,顿感左侧肢体无力 ,跌到于地 ,无昏迷、呕吐及大小便失禁 ,伤口流血不止。查体 :左侧颈后枕下约一横指处可见一不规则伤口 ,横形 ,左背部、左前各有一表浅伤口 ,伤口已在当地卫生所包扎。中线右侧自下颌以下皮肤痛觉消失 ,触、本体感觉存在 ,中线左侧皮肤感觉正常。左上肢肌力Ⅱ级 ,左下肢肌力Ⅲ级 ,左上肢肌力Ⅴ级 ,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级 ,左侧膝反射亢进 ,Ｂａｂｉｎｓｋｉ征 (十 )。Ｘ线片示颈椎未见骨折脱位。ＣＴ检查示颈 2节段左侧有数个片状高密度灶 ,…     

左侧肢体多发外伤脱位一例报告

左侧肢体多发外伤脱位一例报告傅其栋患者男，１８岁。于１９９１年５月２８日上午，因开拖拉机跌伤左侧肢体，即时疼痛难忍，立上肢及左下肢不能活动，即送我院就诊。检查：左肩、肘部肿胀，上肢扭曲、内收畸形。左髋明显肿胀，腹股沟处压痛，左下肢外展、屈曲畸形，活动...     

颈椎间盘突出致脊髓半切综合征1例

患者,男,58岁,因左侧肢体无力,右侧肢体麻木1个月入院。病史：患者于入院前1个月无明显诱因出现左侧肢体无力,轻微麻木症状,并出现右侧肢体感觉麻木,较左侧严重。之后感觉左侧肢体无力加重,行走时身体不自主向左侧偏移,并有左足踩棉花的感觉,无大小便异常。既往体健,无外伤史。体格检查：颈后部棘突压痛,无放射痛。     

以腹股沟淋巴结肿大为首要症状的猫抓病1例

患者 男,59岁.农民.因左侧腹股沟区疼痛4个月,发现该区肿物伴同侧下肢活动受限7d入院就诊.患者于就诊前4个月自觉左侧腹股沟区疼痛,于当地自贴膏药治疗4d,自觉症状好转,就诊前1个月患者再次出现上述症状,于当地再次贴膏药,同时止痛治疗,后自觉好转,于就诊前7d发现左侧腹股沟区一肿物,质硬,活动度差,行走时自感疼痛,左下肢活动受限,局部无红肿,无压痛,不伴发热.     

多发性骨髓瘤伴双侧腹股沟巨大淀粉样变致股神经麻痹一例报告

患者 男,38岁,因无明显诱因出现腰痛1年而就诊.6个月前,患者出现右髋不适,偶有大腿前麻木,右腹股沟区有条索样肿物,质硬,无压痛;4个月前左髋部及大腿出现类似症状,左腹股沟亦触及肿物,并自感肿物逐渐增大,以左侧增大明显,双侧大腿及下肢麻木、无力、活动不灵活.     

多发性骨髓瘤伴双侧腹股沟巨大淀粉样变致股神经麻痹一例报告

患者 男,38岁,因无明显诱因出现腰痛1年而就诊.6个月前,患者出现右髋不适,偶有大腿前麻木,右腹股沟区有条索样肿物,质硬,无压痛;4个月前左髋部及大腿出现类似症状,左腹股沟亦触及肿物,并自感肿物逐渐增大,以左侧增大明显,双侧大腿及下肢麻木、无力、活动不灵活.     

多发性骨髓瘤伴双侧腹股沟巨大淀粉样变致股神经麻痹一例报告

患者 男,38岁,因无明显诱因出现腰痛1年而就诊.6个月前,患者出现右髋不适,偶有大腿前麻木,右腹股沟区有条索样肿物,质硬,无压痛;4个月前左髋部及大腿出现类似症状,左腹股沟亦触及肿物,并自感肿物逐渐增大,以左侧增大明显,双侧大腿及下肢麻木、无力、活动不灵活.     

高颈段神经鞘瘤1例

患者女 ,3 3岁 ,因颈部及头枕部疼痛 3年余 ,进行性四肢麻木、无力 1年 ,于 1999年 7月 12日入院。患者自 1996年 6月开始出现右侧颈肩部及头枕部疼痛 ,劳累后疼痛加重 ,常以感冒诊治 ,后疼痛逐渐缓解。 1997年 3月渐感右手麻木 ,疼痛 ,逐渐发展至右下肢、左上肢及左下肢 ,行走时如踩棉花感 ,呈进行性加重。查体 :皮肤光滑 ,无皮下结节 ,四肢肌力均减退 ,右侧上下肢肌力为Ⅳ级 ,左侧上下肢肌力为Ⅴ -级 ,右侧肢体痛温觉较左侧差 ,双侧膝腱反射均亢进 ,双侧巴彬斯征 (± )。双手霍夫曼征 ( )。大小便无异常。颈椎Ｘ线片见 :颈椎生理曲度变直…     

前后联合切除椎管内外巨大神经鞘瘤1例报告

患者,男,73岁,农民,因左半身麻木、无力10余年;加重伴左颈部胀痛半年入院.患者10余年前无明显诱因先后出现左上、下肢麻木、无力;2年前开始出现左下肢疼痛,并有下肢夜间放射痛;走路蹒跚.曾在当地医院就诊,诊断为"颈腰综合症";给予理疗、活血化淤等治疗,症状未见明显好转.半年前患者症状逐渐加重并出现左颈部胀痛,现来我院就诊.患者平素体健.     

长期误诊为脑梗死的环枢椎半脱位1例

1 病例资料 患者,男,78岁.因"进行性左侧肢体无力4年余",于2006年12月入院.患者4年前(2002年6月)发现自己从座位上站起困难,左腿无力,左膝关节区疼痛,至骨科就诊.各项检查未见异常,服用法能、钙片等药物2～3个月,无好转,并渐出现尿频.3年前患者因左下肢无力入院,当时能在1个人的搀扶下行走.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.