促炎因子与抗炎因子在突出腰椎间盘组织中的表达及其意义

目的观察促炎因子白介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α及抗炎因子白介素(IL)-4在退变椎间盘组织内的表达,并探讨其意义。方法收集30例单节段椎间盘突出症患者及10例经前路松解手术的特发性脊柱侧弯患者的髓核组织,术前患者临床症状严重程度均予Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评定,23例行MRI检查的患者,根据Schneiderman分级评定椎间盘退变程度,术后应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定髓核组织中IL-6、TNF-α和IL-4的含量。结果退变髓核中IL-6的含量(11.2±7.5)ng/L较对照组(6.4±0.8)ng/L高(P<0.01)、TNF-α的含量(186.8±86.0)ng/L亦较对照组(122.3±23.5)ng/L高(P<0.05);IL-4的表达仅存在于TNF-α表达较高的髓核组织中;IL-6及TNF-α的同时表达与ODI评分高低正相关(IL-6:B=0.481,β=0.229,P<0.05;TNF-α:B=6.945E-2,β=0.522,P<0.01);椎间盘退变MRI分级与促炎因子和抗炎因子的高低无明显相关。结论促炎因子TNF-α与IL-6的表达增高为椎间盘退变的重要原因,亦为临床症状加重的重要原因之一;促炎因子与抗炎因子表达的不平衡亦可能为椎间盘退变进展的重要因素。     

前炎症因子在脊髓型颈椎病发病早期的表达

目的探讨前炎症因子在脊髓型颈椎病发病的早期变化,探讨前炎症因子与颈椎间盘早期退变的关系。方法收集从2004年5月~2005年1月之间我科收治的20例发病时间<1个月的早期脊髓型颈椎病患者术中取出的32个部分椎间盘髓核组织,与同时期取自死亡时间<24h的新鲜尸体中15个颈部椎间盘组织,分别作为实验组和对照组。采用免疫组化的方法检测其中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的表达阳性例数,采用小鼠抗人TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6单克隆抗体来检测早期脊髓型颈椎病患者椎间盘组织中的前炎症因子的含量。结果实验组32个颈部突出椎间盘组织中,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达阳性分别为27例、21例、18例,其中12例为4种细胞因子均表达阳性。对照组15个正常椎间盘组织中表达的阳性细胞较少。应用SPSS11.5统计学软件对实验数据进行统计学分析结果有差异性(P<0.05)。结论突出的颈椎间盘可产生TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6,阳性细胞主要以成纤维细胞、软骨细胞及淋巴细胞为主,这些细胞因子可能在颈椎椎间盘早期退变中发挥作用。     

LOX在人体退变椎间盘髓核组织中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)在人体退变椎间盘髓核组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法选取自2018-01—2018-12诊治的22例腰椎间盘突出症患者作为观察组,将4例同期突发创伤导致腰椎椎体骨折行手术摘除椎间盘的年轻患者作为对照组。按照椎间盘Pfirrmann分级分组,对照组为Ⅰ级(A组);观察组细分为4组,B组为Ⅱ级,C组为Ⅲ级,D组为Ⅳ级,E组为Ⅴ级。取各组椎间盘髓核组织行免疫组化、Western Blot、PT-PCR检测。结果观察组髓核细胞数量及细胞外基质成分明显少于对照组。LOX在髓核细胞中的阳性表达率与Pfirrmann分级、年龄呈负相关。各组LOX蛋白表达量:A组2.69±0.24,B组2.24±0.32,C组1.34±0.19,D组1.30±0.32,E组1.01±0.12。各组LOXmRNA表达量:A组1.06±0.03,B组0.83±0.07,C组0.71±0.09,D组0.53±0.09,E组0.27±0.05。随着椎间盘退变程度加重,髓核组织LOX蛋白表达水平、mRNA表达水平呈逐渐降低趋势。结论 LOX的蛋白及mRNA表达水平随着人体椎间盘退变程度加重而降低,LOX可能参与了人体椎间盘髓核组织退变的发生与发展过程。     

雌激素受体在椎间盘组织中的表达及意义

【摘要】 目的：通过观察雌激素α、β受体在正常与退变的人椎间盘组织的表达,探讨雌激素受体（ER）与椎间盘退变的关系。方法：根据改良Pfirrmann分级将收集的椎间盘组织分为三组：对照组,外伤导致腰椎爆裂性骨折手术取出的正常髓核组织（Pfirrmann分级1~2级）;观察组,女性腰椎滑脱及腰椎间盘突出症手术取出的退变髓核组织,Pfirrmann分级3～4级为A组,5级为B组。用HE染色法观察对照组和A、B组各15例人腰椎椎间盘髓核组织及髓核细胞的形态学变化;用免疫组织化学染色法（Elivison二步法）检测对照组和A、B组髓核组织中ER-α、ER-β的表达;采用Western-blot法检测对照组和观察组髓核组织中ER-α、ER-β的表达。结果：HE染色示对照组髓核组织中髓核细胞分布均匀,形态完整,未见明显细胞凋亡现象,细胞外基质染色鲜亮,分布均匀;A、B两组髓核细胞分布不均匀,形态不规则,凋亡现象明显,细胞核增大,染色深,细胞外基质减少,色彩灰暗,B组较A组更为明显。免疫组织化学染色示ER-α、ER-β在对照组的髓核组织见有明显棕黄色颗粒,在A、B两组表达减少,以ER-β减少最显著,经统计学分析,A、B两组与对照组间ER-β的表达有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,ER-α的表达较对照组无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,其中A组和B组间无明显差异（P＞0.05）。Western-blot方法检测,ER-α表达A组（0.876±0.058）、B组（0.757±0.045）较对照组（0.885±0.036）降低,但无统计学差异（P>0.05）;ER-β表达A组（0.947±0.043）、B组（0.626±0.042）较对照组（1.275±0.150）显著降低（P＜0.01）,B组较A组表达明显减少（P＜0.01）。结论：在人的髓核组织中的髓核细胞（类软骨细胞）的胞核和胞浆中均存在ER。ER-α、ER-β在退变的椎间盘组织都明显减少,以ER-β最为明显,提示雌激素可能通过ER-β的介导对髓核细胞功能起调控作用。     

1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体在不同退变程度髓核组织中的表达变化

目的 :比较不同退变程度人椎间盘髓核组织中3种1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体(S1PR1/2/3)表达水平的差异,探讨椎间盘中S1PR表达水平与椎间盘退变的关系。方法:收集腰椎间盘退行性病变患者手术切除的椎间盘组织,其中轻度退变(Pfirrmann分级Ⅳ级)22例,严重退变(Pfirrmann分级Ⅴ级)14例;同时取6例无椎间盘退变患者(单纯腰椎椎体骨折,Pfirrmann分级Ⅱ级)手术切除的椎间盘组织作为对照组;通过HE染色以及Saf-O染色观察不同退变程度椎间盘的组织学变化,免疫组化检测不同退变程度组织中的S1PR表达水平;Ⅱ型胶原酶消化分离提取原代髓核细胞,通过Real-time PCR、Western-bolt检测不同退变程度椎间盘髓核细胞中S1PR的表达水平,并通过细胞免疫化学方法对S1PR进行定位。结果:HE染色及Saf-O染色结果显示退变椎间盘的纤维环出现破损,髓核细胞形成明显的集落,细胞外基质减少。免疫组化结果显示正常和轻度退变的髓核组织中3种受体(S1PR1/2/3)都有表达,严重退变的组织中表达极弱;Real-time PCR结果显示对照组髓核细胞中S1PR1/2/3的m RNA表达水平分别是严重退变组的5.34±0.52倍、7.25±0.04倍、1.92±0.06倍,轻度退变组S1PR1/2/3的m RNA表达水平分别是严重退变组的4.35±2.45倍、4.96±3.44倍、2.19±0.82倍;Western-blot发现对照组和轻度退变组髓核细胞中S1PR1/2/3均有表达,严重退变组表达水平较低;免疫细胞化学显示S1PR主要集中在髓核细胞的细胞质和细胞膜上。结论:髓核组织中主要表达S1PR1/2/3,在严重退变的髓核组织和细胞中其表达水平明显下降,S1P及其受体可能参与椎间盘髓核组织的退变过程。     

椎间盘退变炎症因子表达水平与椎间盘退变程度相关性分析

目的探讨白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及神经生长因子(NGF)的表达水平与椎间盘退变程度相关性。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法测定154例腰椎病患的IVD样本中TNF-α,IL-6和NGF表达水平,评估椎间盘退变程度与IL-6、TNF-α、NGF表达水平的相关性。比较腰痛患者与腿痛患者IL-6、TNF-α、NGF表达水平。结果相关性分析结果显示,TNF-α表达水平与椎间盘变性程度呈正相关(r=0.411,P 0.05),IL-6水平与椎间盘变性程度呈正相关(r=0.392,P 0.05),NGF表达水平与椎间盘变性程度呈负相关(r=-0.164,P 0.05)。腰痛患者的TNF-α表达水平明显高于腿痛患者(P 0.05),但两者IL-6和NGF表达水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TNF-α、IL-6和NGF表达水平与椎间盘退变程度密切相关。腰痛患者的TNF-α表达水平较腿痛患者高,可能与腰痛症状的发生和进展有一定关系。     

大鼠正常与退变性髓核突出导致神经根性疼痛的对比研究

目的探讨正常与退变髓核突出对大鼠疼痛阈值以及背根神经节中TNF-α表达的影响,研究椎间盘退变与神经根性疼痛之间的关系。方法72只大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(n=18)、假手术组(n=19)、正常髓核(N-NP)组(n=16)和退变髓核(P-NP)组(n=19)。对P-NP组大鼠利用尾椎椎间盘纤维环穿刺的方法建立椎间盘退变模型。分别取出N-NP组和P-NP组大鼠自体的正常髓核与退变髓核组织,置于手术显露后的腰5左侧神经根处,建立髓核突出致神经根性疼痛动物模型。采用行为学测试的方法分别观察各组大鼠术前1天,术后1、4、7、10、14、21天机械刺激阈值与热刺激阈值的变化;采用免疫组化方法分别检测术后第4、14天各组大鼠背根神经节中TNF-α的表达。结果行尾椎间盘纤维环穿刺后2周,组织学与MRI检查均证实椎间盘组织发生明显退变。对照组和假手术组动物未出现明显的痛觉过敏现象,N-NP组和P-NP组大鼠机械性刺激阈值均显著下降,该痛觉过敏现象持续至术后2周消失;与正常髓核组织相比,退变髓核所致机械性刺激阈值下降程度更为严重。各实验组均未发生热刺激阈值的规律性变化。术后第4、14天对照组和假手术组背根神经节中未见TNF-α明显表达,而正常及退变髓核组TNF-α表达量均显著升高。结论大鼠尾椎纤维环穿刺是建立大鼠椎间盘退变模型的一种有效方法。与正常髓核组织相比,发生退变的髓核组织可导致神经根性疼痛的加重,提示椎间盘退变过程中释放的炎症因子在疼痛的发生机制中可能起到了重要作用。     

腰椎间盘突出症和椎间盘源性疼痛的免疫病理学研究

目的通过对突出腰椎间盘组织中免疫因子的测定,进一步探讨腰椎间盘突出症与椎间盘源性疼痛在免疫病理学改变的异同点。方法收集标本:腰椎间盘突出症(A组)30例,椎间盘源性疼痛(B组)30例,确诊后两组均行腰椎后路减压植骨融合术,腰椎爆裂骨折(C组)10例,都行前路手术,共70例椎间盘髓核标本。对各组髓核组织进行组织学观察,通过免疫组化方法对髓核中CD25+T细胞和CD68阳性巨噬细胞进行检测及数据统计分析。结果病理学观察:C组髓核组织细胞形态一致,匀称分布,细胞质无明显退变,无明显炎症细胞浸润;其他两组均见髓核细胞空泡样变、形态不一致,胞质分布不均;A组髓核组织周围能见较多炎症细胞、局部见毛细血管增生;B组髓核细胞质退变明显,髓核组织周围能见少量炎症细胞,无明显毛细血管增生。免疫组化检测:CD68阳性率,B组(50%)A组(33.3%)C组(0%),各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组中CD25+T细胞均表现在CD68阳性巨噬细胞相同位置,B组与C组为阴性。结论腰椎间盘突出症髓核周围有显著的自身免疫反应与炎症反应;椎间盘源性疼痛髓核周围有少量炎症细胞与较多巨噬细胞,但未见明显的毛细血管与T淋巴细胞增生,表明周围有炎症反应,但自身免疫反应没有腰椎间盘突出症典型。     

腰椎Modic症与相应椎间盘TNF-α表达的相关性研究

目的探讨腰椎椎体终板区的信号改变(Modic)症表现与相应椎间盘TNF-α表达的相关性。方法选择因腰椎退行性疾病而行椎间盘摘除手术的病例,根据MRI的信号改变分为Modic症Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,用免疫组织化学的方法检测椎间盘标本中TNF-α的表达。结果Modic症Ⅰ型TNF-α的表达明显高于Ⅱ型病例(P0.05)。结论Modic症Ⅰ型TNF-α的表达高于Modic症Ⅱ型,提示有较强烈的炎症反应。     

内质网应激对吸烟诱导的髓核细胞凋亡与炎性反应的影响研究

目的探讨内质网应激对吸烟诱导的髓核细胞凋亡与炎性反应的影响。方法以2016年10月—2018年10月25例接受椎间盘摘除术的颈椎间盘突出症患者为研究对象,分为吸烟组(14例)和非吸烟组(11例)。两组患者年龄、性别、突出节段、Pfirrmann分级比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。将术中获取的髓核组织,行TUNEL染色和Western blot检测,观察细胞凋亡情况。然后,采用酶序贯消化法分离培养髓核细胞并传代,取第3代细胞行ELISA检测炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量,免疫荧光染色观察细胞中P65核转移情况,Western blot检测内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78和CHOP表达,透射电镜观察细胞内质网超微结构。最后,为验证内质网调控作用,采用特异性抑制剂4-PBA处理吸烟组髓核细胞后,Western blot检测GRP78、CHOP、IL-1β、TNF-α及P65蛋白相对表达量,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;并以吸烟组未作处理的髓核细胞作对照。结果髓核组织观测显示,吸烟组细胞凋亡率及凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3和PARP相对表达量均明显高于非吸烟组(P0.05)。髓核细胞观测显示,吸烟组髓核细胞分泌IL-1β、TNF-α水平以及GRP78、CHOP蛋白相对表达量均明显高于非吸烟组(P0.05);免疫荧光染色示吸烟组细胞P65主要表达在细胞核,而非吸烟组在细胞质;透射电镜观察显示,与非吸烟组相比,吸烟组内质网处于应激损伤状态。吸烟组髓核细胞经4-PBA处理后,GRP78、CHOP、IL-1β、TNF-α及P65蛋白相对表达量以及细胞凋亡率均较处理前明显降低(P0.05)。结论吸烟可通过内质网应激导致髓核细胞凋亡和炎性反应加剧,抑制内质网应激有望成为延缓吸烟导致椎间盘退变的新靶点。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Single center experience in single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children in Turkey

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgery has evolved into single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the recent years. Few reports have addressed the practicality of SILS in children. Our current experience with regard to feasibility and effectiveness of SILS in children is presented.

Methods

A retrospective review of the operative database for patients operated on using SILS in our department from March 2009 to July 2010 was performed. Data regarding the type of the procedure, age, sex, operative performance, hospital stay, and complications were collected.

Main Results

Among 43 patients, cholecystectomy was performed in 11; appendectomy, in 10; unroofing for ovarian cysts, in 5; unroofing for splenic cysts, in 4; oophorectomy, in 6 (ovarian torsion, 2; teratoma, 4); ovary-preserving teratoma excision, in 1; splenectomy, in 1; gonadectomy, in 3; and varicocelectomy, in 2. There were no conversions to standard laparoscopic or open techniques. The only postoperative complication was a wound infection that occurred after an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Although currently more expensive, SILS can be performed in children in almost every pediatric surgical procedure that can be accomplished with conventional laparoscopic techniques. The most significant contribution of SILS procedure is cosmesis. Postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were not improved.