无症状胆囊结石处理的临床研究

目的　探讨无症状胆囊结石的临床处理原则。方法　将健康体检中发现的无临床症状胆囊结石 13 6例 ,前瞻性非随机分为 2组 :(1)预防胆囊切除组 66例 ;(2 )治疗性胆囊切除组 70例。比较两组间术后病理、并发症发生情况及手术难易程度有无差别。结果　两组间术后病理、并发症及手术难易程度均差异有显著 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 2 5 )。结论　对无症状胆囊结石患者 ,应强调有选择地进行预防性胆囊切除 ,而不应一味地等到发生胆石症的一种或数种合并症后才进行手术治疗。     

无症状胆囊结石外科治疗的临床研究

目的： 探讨无症状胆囊结石患者的临床转归和外科治疗时机。方法：对200例无症状胆囊结石患者进行10年B超检查的随访观察及治疗措施进行总结评价。结果：10年间2例（1.0%）因其他疾病死亡;134(67.0%)例无症状，4例预防性胆囊切除, 130例非手术治疗;64(32.0%)例出现胆绞痛或胆道并发症，49例行胆囊切除术(占有症状的76.6%)，15例非手术治疗。结论：对部分无症状胆囊结石患者应有选择地施行预防性胆囊切除术，以减少并发症。     

胆囊结石合并胆心综合征的外科治疗

目的　 评价胆囊结石合并胆心综合征的外科治疗效果。 方法　 回顾性分析 14 9例胆囊结石术前合并心血管症状和心电图异常者的临床资料。结果　本组胆心综合征发生率为 39.4% ( 14 9/378)。 14 9例均行胆囊切除 ,无严重并发症或手术死亡。术后 3月随访率 82 .6 % ( 12 3/14 9) ,其中10 2例 ( 82 .9% )心电图恢复正常或明显改善 ,自觉症状消失 ;15例 ( 12 .2 % )心电图无明显改变 ,但自觉症状明显减轻。 结论　 胆囊切除术是治疗胆心综合征的根本方法。对无症状胆囊结石合并心血管症状者 ,如患者心功能能耐受手术 ,也应行胆囊切除术     

萎缩性胆囊炎并胆囊结石的腹腔镜治疗临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗萎缩性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石的可行性和手术并发症的防治措施。方法 44例萎缩性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石患者中,28例实施腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC),16例实施腹腔镜下胆囊次全切除术(LSC)。结果 28例LC中4例中转开腹,2例胆总管损伤,2例术中出血,1例术后漏胆,2例发生继发性总胆管结石。16例LSC均顺利完成,术后漏胆1例,继发性胆总管结石1例。随访6~32个月,均未出现其他并发症。结论腹腔镜手术治疗萎缩性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石,创伤小、安全性高,合理选择术式、术中规范操作,是保证手术成功的关键。     

结石性胆囊炎取石前后胆囊炎症变化的实验研究

目的　 研究动物胆石性胆囊炎的病理改变 ,探讨取石后胆囊结石复发的原因。 方法　2 4只兔 ,随机分为 :( 1)正常对照组 ( n =5 ) ;( 2 )手术对照组 ( n =5 ) ;( 3)植石组 ( n =6 )和 ( 4 )取石组(n =8)。植石组和取石组兔用手术植入人胆固醇结石的方法制作胆囊炎模型。植石组于植石 3个月后切除胆囊 ;取石组兔于植石 3月后取石 ,取石 3月后剖腹切取胆囊 ,行光镜观察。 结果　( 1)胆囊湿重 :植石组 ( 0 .5 15± 0 .1) g ,取石组 ( 1.1± 0 .0 6 )g ,两组差异显著 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ;( 2 )胆囊壁厚 :植石组( 1.2 48± 0 .85 )mm ,取石组 ( 1.95 6± 0 .2 9)mm ,两组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;( 3)植石组重型胆囊炎占 33.33% ,取石组为 87.5 % ,两组差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;( 4 )取石组胆囊纤维结缔组织和粘液分泌细胞增殖。 结论　 取石后 ,病变胆囊的形态结构不能恢复正常是结石复发的原因     

萎缩性胆囊炎并胆囊结石的腹腔镜手术处理

目的:探讨为慢性萎缩性胆囊炎并胆囊结石患者施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性、安全性及手术并发症的防治。方法:回顾分析2003年5月至2008年6月我院38例施行LC的慢性萎缩性胆囊炎并胆囊结石患者的临床资料。结果:2例中转开腹,1例系胆囊十二指肠内瘘,1例因肝十二指肠韧带逆时针转位。余36例均经腹腔镜完成手术。术后2例少量胆漏,经持续引流痊愈;1例出血,经对症治疗痊愈。结论:术者要有足够的耐心,操作娴熟精细,严格遵照操作规程施术。对慢性萎缩性胆囊炎特别是合并胆囊结石的患者施行LC是安全可行的,可取得与开腹手术同样满意的疗效。     

症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗

为总结症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗方法，笔者回顾性分析18例症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。18例中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）8例，其中2例中转开腹；行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术并一期胆囊切除10例，其中1例行胆囊大部切除术。全组无手术死亡。资料提示，对肝功能代偿良好者，可首选LC；对肝硬化门静脉高压症者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术的同时行一期胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

无症状胆囊结石处理的临床探讨

目的探讨无症状胆囊结石的临床处理方法。方法将无临床症状胆囊结石88例,前瞻性非随机分为预防性胆囊切除组(n=41)和治疗性胆囊切除组(n=47),比较两组术后病理、并发症发生情况及手术难易程度有无差别。结果两组间术后病理、并发症及手术难易程度均差异均无统计学意义。结论对部分无症状胆囊结石患者应有选择地施行预防性胆囊切除术。     

胆囊结石合并萎缩性胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术57例体会

目的探讨胆囊结石合并萎缩性胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术方法和注意事项。方法对2002年4月至2008年4月经腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗的胆囊结石合并萎缩性胆囊炎57例的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果行LC成功51例,中转开腹手术6例,放置引流管30例。3例术后胆漏,经引流治愈;未发生术后出血、腹腔感染等近期并发症;无手术死亡病例。结论胆囊结石合并萎缩性胆囊炎行LC与手术者的经验有密切关系,必须重视经验的积累,多种手术技巧并用,把握好中转手术的时机是手术成功的关键。     

胆囊腺肌症的诊治：附205例报告

目的:探讨胆囊腺肌症的诊断和治疗方法。方法:从北京大学人民医院病案数据库中检索2003年1月1日-2013年12月31日接受胆囊手术的患者资料,选取病理证实存在胆囊腺肌症的病例,回顾性分析各种影像学检查方法对胆囊腺肌症的正确诊断率、手术方式及效果。结果:在6 336例胆囊手术患者中,病理证实存在205例(3.2%)胆囊腺肌症,其中195例(95.1%)合并慢性胆囊炎,150例(73.2%)合并胆囊结石。B超、CT、MRI的正确诊断率分别为16.2%、26.5%和43.8%。病变类型以局限型最多,为164例(80.0%),弥漫型和节段型相对较少,分别为16例(7.8%)和25例(12.2%)。178例(86.8%)接受了腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术,24例(11.7%)为传统开腹胆囊切除手术,未出现胆道损伤等并发症;3例接受了腹腔镜下胆囊部分切除手术。术后随访1年未发现胆囊腺肌症残留和复发病例。结论:胆囊腺肌症多合并胆囊结石和胆囊炎,容易漏诊,MRI检查正确诊断率较高。对于位于胆囊底部的局限型病例,可考虑选择腹腔镜下胆囊部分切除手术治疗。     

The role of cholecystectomy in renal transplantation

INTRODUCTION: We reviewed our clinical experience to assess the role of cholecystectomy transplant candidates pre- and posttransplantation. METHODS: Between April 1986 and December 2003, 57 (6.8%) candidates among 839 kidney transplants were found during routine pretransplant screening to show gallstones. RESULTS: Thirty nine (68.4%) symptomatic patients underwent cholecystectomy before transplantation. Among 18 (31.6%) asymptomatic patients monitored after transplantation, the 7 (39%) who developed biliary tract symptoms underwent laparoscopy or minilaparocholecystectomy without postoperative morbidity, mortality, or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic gallstones have to be treated using the laparoscopic cholecystectomy or minilaparotomy technique. In asymptomatic cholelithiasis prophylactic cholecystectomy is only reserved for patients with biliary "intrinsic" risk factors. An early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment yields good results.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for renal transplants

The diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis in renal transplant patients are subjects of debate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in renal transplant patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. The records of 155 kidney transplant patients were reviewed, including 16 patients who, underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Shortest interval time between transplantation and cholecystectomy was 2 years. Surgical morbidity were seen in two patients (12.5%) with no mortality and no graft loss. In conclusion, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely with low morbidity in renal transplant patients who have symptomatic gallstone disease. The morbidity rate is comparable to nontransplant patients.     

胆囊炎症期的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

胆囊炎症或行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）426例，其中急诊LC59冽，经抗炎解痉治疗10～15天择期LC215例，非急诊入院，术中发现明显炎性改变15例。临床病理类型：胆囊单纯充血、水肿208例，其中转剖腹手术11例；胆囊管梗阻、胆囊肿大、积液142例，中转剖腹手术14例；胆囊坏疽和积脓76例，中转剖仅手术20例。426例LC中成功377例，中转剖腹45例问0．6％），LC术后严重并发症（需再次手术者）4例（0．9％）。作者认为胆囊炎症期行LC是安全可行的，但LC不能完全取代剖腹胆囊切除术。     

Management of asymptomatic cholelithiasis for patients awaiting renal transplantation

Background There is no consensus regarding the most appropriate management of asymptomatic cholelithiasis in patients awaiting renal transplantation. Cholecystectomy is considered before renal transplantation because of potential worsened complications from cholelithiasis with posttransplantation immunosuppression. This study reviewed the outcomes for operative and nonoperative management of asymptomatic cholelithiasis in patients awaiting renal transplantation.Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients who received renal transplant at the authors’ institution during the period 1994 to 2000 was completed. All patients underwent pretransplantation abdominal ultrasound.Results Of the 411 patients receiving renal transplants (242 men and 169 women with a mean age of 45.7 years), 32 had cholelithiasis at the pretransplantation workup (7.8%), and 35 had gallbladder abnormalities (8.5%): polyps, thickened wall, sludge, bile duct dilation. Before transplantation, 12 of the 32 patients (38%) with cholelithiasis underwent uncomplicated cholecystectomy. None of the remaining 19 patients with cholelithiasis required cholecystectomy after renal transplantation (mean follow-up period 6.2 years). Of the 35 patients with gallbladder abnormalities, 2 required post transplantation elective cholecystectomy.Conclusions No evidence was found for increased morbidity related to cholelithiasis or gallbladder abnormalities after renal transplantation. As in the general population, the risks associated with asymptomatic cholelithiasis do not appear to warrant prophylactic cholecystectomy for patients awaiting renal transplantation.Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons(SAGES) 2004 oral presentation, program #2003     

Acute Cytomegalovirus Cholecystitis Following Renal Transplantation

Solid organ transplant recipients are at risk of infection from cytomegalovirus (CMV). A wide range of disease is associated with CMV infection and we report two cases of CMV cholecystitis in patients following renal transplantation. Both patients presented with severe hemorrhagic cholecystitis, which required immediate resuscitation and emergency cholecystectomy. The diagnosis of CMV infection was confirmed in both cases using CMV-specific staining of the gallbladder. The diagnosis of CMV cholecystitis must be considered in all patients with upper abdominal pain after renal transplantation.     

Risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones; however conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) remains a possibility. Unfortunately, preoperative factors indicating risk of conversion are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with conversion of LC to OC. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: Records of 564 patients undergoing LC in 1995 and 1996 were reviewed. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: (1) acute cholecystitis defined by the presence of gallstones, fever, leukocyte count >10(4), and inflammation on ultrasound or histology; (2) chronic cholecystitis that included all other symptomatic patients. Demographics, history, and physical, laboratory, and radiology data, operative note, and the pathology report were reviewed. RESULTS: 161 of 564 patients, had acute and 403 patients had chronic cholecystitis; 16 acute cholecystitis patients (10%) were converted from LC to OC and 17 chronic cholecystitis patients (4%) had LC converted to OC. Patients having open conversion were significantly older, had greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and were more likely to be males. LC conversion to OC in acute cholecystitis patients was associated with a greater leukocyte count; in gangrenous cholecystitis patients, 29% had open conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Importantly, these risk factors-older men, presence of cardiovascular disease, male gender, acute cholecystitis, and severe inflammation-are determined preoperatively, permitting the surgeon to better inform patients about the conversion risk from LC to OC. While acute cholecystitis was associated with more than a twofold increased conversion rate, only 10% of these patients could not be completed laparoscopically. Therefore, acute cholecystitis alone should not preclude an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊Calot三角的处理

目的探讨萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)术中Calot三角的处理。方法对125例慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎进行LC的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 125例中行LC成功117例,成功率93.6%,中转开腹8例,4例因Calot三角严重粘连、解剖不清、胆囊管无法分离,1例胆囊与周围组织致密粘连无法分离,2例因为胆囊动脉出血,1例胆囊十二指肠瘘而中转开腹。全组术后无并发症,均治愈出院。结论萎缩性胆囊炎LC手术成功的关键是Calot三角的解剖,可以通过术前B超,CT,MRI来判断三角区的情况,术中对三角区的胆囊动脉,胆囊管的正确处理可以提高手术成功率,减少手术并发症。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术时机的选择

目的 :探讨腹腔镜治疗急性胆囊炎的最佳时机。方法 :14 1例急性胆囊炎患者。按照手术时患者的发病时间分为 2组 ,早期手术组 88例 ,起病 72h以内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC) ;晚期手术组 5 3例 ,起病72h后行LC。结果 :早期手术组 4例发生并发症 (4 5 5 % ) ,5例中转开腹 (5 6 8% )。晚期手术组 12例发生并发症 (2 2 6 4% ) ,9例中转开腹 (16 98% )。对比 2组并发症的发生率及术后恢复时间 ,早期手术组缩短了住院时间 ,节省了医疗费用。并且早期手术组无 1例发生严重并发症。结论 :急性胆囊炎一经诊断明确应立即行LC ,在炎症、粘连坏疽出现前行LC治疗急性胆囊炎是安全有效的     

Review of the Impact of Antineoplastic Therapies on the Risk for Cholelithiasis and Acute Cholecystitis

Background

Development of cholecystitis in patients with malignancies can potentially disrupt their treatment and alter prognosis. This review aims to identify antineoplastic interventions associated with increased risk of cholecystitis in cancer patients.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify articles pertaining to risk factors and complications of cholecystitis in cancer patients. FDA-issued labels of novel antineoplastic drugs released after 2010 were hand-searched to identify more therapies associated with cholecystitis in nonpublished studies.

Results

Of an initial 2,932 articles, 124 were reviewed in the study. Postgastrectomy patients have a high (5–30 %) incidence of gallstone disease, and 1–7 % develop symptomatic disease. One randomized trial addressing the role of cholecystectomy concurrent with gastrectomy is currently underway. Among other risk groups, patients with neuroendocrine tumors treated with somatostatin analogs have a 15 % risk of cholelithiasis, and most are symptomatic. Hepatic artery based therapies carry a risk of cholecystitis (0.02–24 %), although the risk is reduced with selective catheterization. Myelosuppression related to chemotherapeutic agents (0.4 %), bone marrow transplantation, and treatment with novel multikinase inhibitors are associated with high risk of cholecystitis.

Conclusions

There are several risk factors for gallbladder-related surgical emergencies in patients with advanced malignancies. Incidental cholecystectomy at index operation should be considered in patients planned for gastrectomy, and candidates for regional therapies to the liver or somatostatin analogs. While prophylactic cholecystectomy is currently recommended for patients with cholelithiasis receiving myeloablative therapy, this strategy may have value in patients treated with multikinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, and oncolytic viral therapy based on evolving evidence.     

Role of ultrasound screening for gallbladder disease in pretransplant patients

There is no uniform data regarding prophylactic cholecystectomy in patients undergoing renal transplantation with gallbladder disease. Data analyses suggest that posttransplant patients on cyclosporine have a higher incidence of gallbladder calcifications compared with nonimmunosuppressed patients. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a relatively safe procedure in modern-day surgery. Taking these facts into consideration, we attempted to compare risks and complications associated with gallbladder disease and eventual cholecystectomy in pretransplant versus posttransplant patients. Between June 1999 and December 2005, 210 renal transplants were performed at our institution. One hundred four patients who had transplants before April 2003 were not screened for gallbladder disease and nine of these patients developed gallbladder disease. These patients form our control group. One hundred six patients who had transplants after April 2003 had pretransplant screening for gallbladder disease and 11 patients were identified with gallbladder disease. These patients form our study group. Nine patients who developed gallbladder disease after renal transplant underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with three resulting morbidities (33%), two graft losses (22%), and one mortality (11%). There was one mortality (11%) in this group. One patient in the study group died of acute gallstone pancreatitis. Of the 11 patients who were found to have gallbladder disease on screening, nine patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with one morbidity and no mortality or graft loss. Given the relative rarity of the critical events in this study (morbidity, mortality, and graft loss), the definitive statistical value of prescreening for gallbladder disease cannot be established. However, our results are suggestive of clinical value and thus we tentatively recommend ultrasound screening for gallbladder disease for all pretransplant patients and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for those identified to have gallbladder disease.