嗅鞘细胞移植对急性脊髓损伤修复作用的实验研究

目的：研究嗅鞘细胞(OEG)的培养及其对大鼠脊髓挫伤加横断伤的修复作用。方法：用新生Wistar大鼠嗅球(OB)做OEG培养，OEG植入挫伤加横断伤的大鼠脊髓内(A组)，设立注入DMEM培养液(B组)和单纯椎板切除(C组)的对照组。观察术后动物脊髓功能恢复情况。术后3个月取材，了解脊髓再生情况和双笨亚甲胺(Hoechst)标记的OEG在体内存活情况。结果：(1)手术4周后，BBB运动功能得分A组均高于B组。(2)在脊髓损伤区及其周围，神经纤维A组数量多于B组，均少于C组。(3)Hoechst标记的OEG大量存在于A组脊髓损伤段周围。结论：OEG移植具有明显促进脊髓挫伤加横断伤神经纤维再生和功能恢复的作用。     

脑源性神经营养因子基因修饰的嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠损伤脊髓的保护作用

我们以重组缺陷型腺病毒为载体，将脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）基因转染的嗅鞘细胞移植入大鼠损伤的脊髓，观察脊髓修复和肢体功能恢复情况，为将来应用基因工程细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤提供依据。     

大鼠嗅球成鞘细胞的体外原代培养、纯化及鉴定

脊髓损伤所致的瘫痪往往导致显著性的机体功能障碍乃至功能丧失。而脊髓损伤后轴突再生困难是引起上述结果主要原因之一．其治疗亦是医学界公认的难题。19世纪末期西班牙组织学家Blanes Viale首先描述：嗅神经鞘细胞（简称嗅鞘细胞,olfactory ensheathing cells,OECs）具有施旺细胞和星形胶质细胞双重特性,研究者们开始关注之并对其进行了研究。随着实验研究的进展,科学家们发现OECs能促进损伤脊髓神经的再生,同时成功的从大鼠嗅球及嗅粘膜中成功分离培养出OECs,并用于移植治疗大鼠脊髓横断损伤模型。     

长期培养人胚神经干细胞对兔脊髓损伤的修复作用

[目的]观察长期培养人胚神经干细胞（hNSCs）的体外生长特性与转染EGFP基因后移植治疗兔脊髓横切损伤模型在体内的生物学活性及对神经结构修复和功能恢复的影响。[方法]体外分离、培养并鉴定hNSCs，用逆转录病毒介导的增强绿色荧光蛋白基因（EGFP）进行转染；制备兔T9全横断脊髓损伤模型；观察hNSCs移植对脊髓损伤后神经结构修复和功能恢复的影响。[结果]从胎龄10～20周的新鲜人胚脑皮层中成功分离出神经干细胞，该细胞具有连续克隆传代能力，诱导分化后表达分化细胞的特异抗原。本实验室已成功连续培养10个月（17代），转染EGFP基因后，仍保持未分化状态，能够自我更新形成新的神经球；移植入兔SCI模型后，hNSCs能在体内存活、迁移、分化并增殖。与对照组相比，hNSCs移植组明显促进了脊髓神经的再生、结构的修复和下肢运动功能的恢复。[结论]hNSCs移植促进了脊髓损伤后神经结构的修复和功能的恢复，是治疗急性脊髓损伤的一种有效方法。     

对应用嗅神经鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的看法

近年来国内外在实验性细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤上，对雪旺细胞（SCs）、胚胎干细胞、神经干细胞及嗅神经鞘细胞（OECs）的研究从细胞培养、分离、纯化到实验性脊髓损伤的移植修复都取得了一定的进展。动物实验显示，OECs能分泌多种神经营养因子和粘附分子，具有细胞粘附及促轴突再生的功能。OECs移植用于治疗成年动物脊髓损伤能维持神经元存活和轴突再生．促进下行传导通路纤维的再生和运动功能的恢复：OECs还能穿过星形胶质细胞形成的瘢痕环境．为受损轴突提供有利于其迁移、生长的支架．成为神经再生的桥梁。     

嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的临床思考

脊髓损伤的治疗仍然是目前医学界的难点及热点.一系列基础研究报告在动物脊髓损伤的模型[1-6]中,证实嗅鞘细胞移植能够促进脊髓损伤的再生和恢复脊髓的部分神经功能.部分临床实验证明嗅鞘细胞的移植的确能改善脊髓损伤病人的神经功能,从而改善其生存质量,虽然恢复的程度有限,但确实看到了一缕曙光[7-8].     

周围神经移植修复大鼠陈旧性脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨利用自体周围神经组织游离移植修复大鼠陈旧性脊髓损伤病理机制。方法：利用改良Allen撞击方法建立脊髓打击损伤模型后，将大鼠分为2组，各20只。神经移植组切取后肢腓肠神经，利用显微外科技术去除神经外膜，将其修剪成小段，游离移植于脊髓损伤处，对照组不作处理。分别于术后4、12周，在光镜下观察脊髓损伤段及移植周围神经再生情况，并应用辣根过氧化物酶神经逆行示踪技术进行脊髓神经束的再生评价。分3个时点（1、2、3个月）观察大鼠后肢运动功能恢复情况。结果：对照组脊髓变性，可见瘢痕和空洞，移植组术后12周，损伤区脊髓与周围神经融合良好，可见再生轴突，跨越损伤段脊髓，周围神经无变性。12周时脊髓神经束的再生评价结果提示：神经移植组优于对照组．移植组大鼠后肢运动功能明显恢复。结论：周围神经组织游离移植修复大鼠陈旧性脊髓损伤后，存活良好并可促进大鼠脊髓结构和功能的恢复。     

嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤后损伤区髓鞘相关轴突生长抑制因子受体表达的影响

目的：观察嗅鞘细胞移植前后脊髓损伤区髓鞘相关轴突生长抑制因子受体（NgR）的变化,探讨嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的有关机制。方法：实验于2006年9月至2007年5月在西安交通大学医学院环境与基因重点实验室完成。①实验动物：成年健康SD雄性大鼠40只,用随机数字表法分为正常组、模型组、嗅鞘细胞组和DF12对照组,每组10只。另取30只健康成年雄性SD大鼠作为嗅鞘细胞的来源。②实验方法：除正常组外,其余各组均建立全横切脊髓损伤模型。嗅鞘细胞组将原代培养12d的嗅鞘细胞悬液调整为（1×1011）个/L,在距损伤缘上下各1mm处分4点应用微量注射器注射,深度1.0mm,每处各注射1μl;DF12对照组同法每点注射等量DF12培养液;模型组、正常组不进行任何处理。③观察项目与方法：各组分别于移植后1、4、8周采用免疫组化技术动态检测脊髓损伤区NgR表达的变化。同时在移植后8周后行嗜银染色检测组织形态学变化。结果：①NgR表达的变化：正常组NgR表达的吸光度值明显低于其余3组（P〈0.05）。嗅鞘细胞组于移植后1,4,8周脊髓损伤区NgR的表达均明显低于模型组和DF12对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,而模型组和DF12对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②组织形态学变化：嗅鞘细胞移植8周后除正常组外,其余各组均可见明显的神经纤维再生,但模型组与DF12对照组大部分纤维排列紊乱,再生纤维方向性较差;嗅鞘细胞组可见明显的新生轴突,且神经纤维跨越损伤部位修复脊髓损伤,无论在数量还是质量上均优于模型组及DF12对照组。结论：嗅鞘细胞移植可能通过降低脊髓损伤区NgR蛋白的表达,从而促进损伤脊髓的修复。     

脊髓

20061416 无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤的手术治疗／李成福…∥江苏医药．-2005，31（10）．-789-790 20061417 NT-3基因修饰许旺细胞与神经干细胞联合移植促进大鼠全横断脊髓受损伤神经元的存活及其轴突再生／郭家松…∥中华显微外科杂志．-2005，28（4）．-337～339     

GDNF基因修饰的嗅鞘细胞移植联合IN-1注射修复大鼠急性脊髓损伤

目的 研究胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因修饰的嗅鞘细胞(OECs)移植联合轴突生长抑制蛋白抗体(IN-1)局部持续注射对大鼠急性横断性脊髓损伤(SCI)的修复作用.方法 构建载有GDNF基因的慢病毒(Lentivirus)载体并体外转染OECs,Western Blot检测GDNF的表达.用50只成年雌性SD大鼠建立胸脊髓全横断损伤模型,随机分为A(对照组)、B(IN-1微泵注射组)、C(OECs组)、D(GDNF-OECs组)和E(GDNF-OECs+IN-1组)5组各10只.应用神经丝蛋白200(NF200)单抗免疫组化、生物素化的葡聚糖胺(BDA),顺行神经追踪对SCI区神经纤维再生进行形态学观察.采用BBB评分评估大鼠后肢功能恢复情况.结果 术后共有13只大鼠死亡.术后8周可观察到Hoechst标记的OECs在体内存活并在脊髓内迁移;E组和D组可见SCI区杂乱无序的再生轴突,有连续性神经纤维通过损伤区;C组可见少量无序的再生轴突,可疑连续性神经纤维通过损伤区;B组和A组脊髓残端萎缩,未见轴突再生.A、B、C、D和E组后肢功能运动平均BBB评分分别为7.70±0.24、7.89±0.15、10.50±0.25、11.43±0.23和12.81±0.40.结论 GDNF-OECs移植联合IN-1抗体注射可有效促进损伤脊髓神经轴突的存活、再生,促进损伤脊髓的修复.     

Cationic liposome-mediated GDNF gene transfer after spinal cord injury

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to protect cranial and spinal motoneurons, which suggests potential uses of GDNF in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) and motor neuron disease. We examined neuroprotective effect of cationic liposome-mediated GDNF gene transfer in vivo on axonal regeneration and locomotor function recovery after SCI in adult rats. The mixture of DC-Chol liposomes and recombinant plasmid pEGFP-GDNF cDNA was injected after SCI. RT-PCR confirmed the increased expression of GDNF mRNA in the injected areas at 7 days after injection. The expression of EGFP-GDNF was observed in the cells around the injection locus by fluorescence microscope at least 4 weeks after injection. Four weeks after GDNF gene transfer, regeneration of the corticospinal tracts was assessed using anterograde tract tracing. There are more HRP labeling of corticospinal tract axons across the lesion in GDNF group compared with control group. In GDNF group, the maximum distance these labeled axons extended varied in different animals and ranged from 5 mm to approximately 9 mm from the lesion. In control group, no HRP labeled axons extended caudal to the lesion. The locomotion function of hindlimbs of rats was evaluated using inclined plane test and BBB locomotor scores. The locomotion functional scores in GDNF group were higher than that in control group within 1-4 weeks after SCI (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that in vivo transfer of GDNF cDNA can promote axonal regeneration and enhance locomotion functional recovery, suggesting that cationic liposome-mediated delivery of GDNF cDNA may be a practical gene transfer method for traumatic SCI treatment.     

Survival, integration, and axon growth support of glia transplanted into the chronically contused spinal cord

Due to an ever-growing population of individuals with chronic spinal cord injury, there is a need for experimental models to translate efficacious regenerative and reparative acute therapies to chronic injury application. The present study assessed the ability of fluid grafts of either Schwann cells (SCs) or olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) to facilitate the growth of supraspinal and afferent axons and promote restitution of hind limb function after transplantation into a 2-month-old, moderate, thoracic (T8) contusion in the rat. The use of cultured glial cells, transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), permitted long-term tracking of the cells following spinal cord transplantation to examine their survival, migration, and axonal association. At 3 months following grafting of 2 million SCs or OEG in 6 microl of DMEM/F12 medium into the injury site, stereological quantification of the three-dimensional reconstructed spinal cords revealed that an average of 17.1 +/- 6.8% of the SCs and 2.3 +/- 1.4% of the OEG survived from the number transplanted. In the OEG grafted spinal cord, a limited number of glia were unable to prevent central cavitation and were found in patches around the cavity rim. The transplanted SCs, however, formed a substantive graft within the injury site capable of supporting the ingrowth of numerous, densely packed neurofilament-positive axons. The SC grafts were able to support growth of both ascending calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive and supraspinal serotonergic axons and, although no biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-traced corticospinal axons were present within the center of the grafts, the SC transplants significantly increased corticospinal axon numbers immediately rostral to the injury-graft site compared with injury-only controls. Moreover, SC grafted animals demonstrated modest, though significant, improvements in open field locomotion and exhibited less foot position errors (base of support and foot rotation). Whereas these results demonstrate that SC grafts survive, support axon growth, and can improve functional outcome after chronic contusive spinal cord injury, further development of OEG grafting procedures in this model and putative combination strategies with SC grafts need to be further explored to produce substantial improvements in axon growth and function.     

Delayed intervention with transplants and neurotrophic factors supports recovery of forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats

The adult central nervous system is capable of considerable anatomical reorganization and functional recovery after injury. Functional outcomes, however, vary greatly, depending upon size and location of injury, type and timing of intervention, and type of recovery and plasticity evaluated. The present study was undertaken to assess the recovery of skilled and unskilled forelimb function in adult rats after a C5/C6 spinal cord over-hemisection and delayed intervention with fetal spinal cord transplants and neurotrophins. Recovery of forelimb function was evaluated during both target reaching (a skilled behavior) and vertical exploration (an unskilled behavior). Anatomical tracing and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the growth of descending raphespinal, corticospinal, and rubrospinal fibers at the injury site, tracts that normally confer forelimb function. Delayed intervention with transplants and either brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) restored skilled left forelimb reaching to pre-injury levels. Animals showed recovery of normal reaching movements rather than compensation with abnormal movements. Transplants and NT-3 also improved right forelimb use during an unskilled vertical exploration, but not skilled right reaching. Intervention with fetal transplant tissue supported the growth of descending serotonergic, corticospinal, and rubrospinal fibers into the transplant at the lesion site. The addition of neurotrophins, however, did not significantly increase axonal growth at the lesion site. These studies suggest that the recovery of skilled and unskilled forelimb use is possible after a large cervical spinal cord injury following delayed intervention with fetal spinal cord and neurotrophins. Plasticity of both spared and axotomized descending pathways likely contributes to the functional recovery observed.     

NT-3基因修饰许旺细胞与神经干细胞联合移植促进大鼠全横断脊髓受损伤神经元的存活及其轴突再生

目的探讨神经营养素-3基因修饰许旺细胞（NT-3-SCs）与神经干细胞（NSCs）联合移植对大鼠因脊髓全横断而受损伤的神经元存活及其轴突再生的作用。方法将NT-3-SCs及LacZ报告基因修饰SCs（LacZ-SCs）与NSCs联合移植到全横断性脊髓损伤处，60d后在脊髓横断处尾侧注射荧光金（FG）进行逆行标记。第67天，取材进行组织学检测大脑皮质体感区、红核及脊髓横断处头侧FG标记神经元；大脑皮质体感区、红核和脊髓背核内存活的神经元以及脊髓损伤处再生的轴突。结果大脑皮质体感区、红核及脊髓L1背核内存活的神经元由多到少依次为NT-3-SCs与NSCs联合组、LacZ—SCs与NSCs联合组和实验对照组。NT-3-SCs与NSCs联合组和LacZ—SCs与NSCs联合组的大脑皮质体感区、红核和脊髓横断处头侧有FG标记神经元；脊髓横断处及其附近组织有5-HT、CGRP和SP阳性神经纤维。结论NT-3-SCs与NSCs联合移植能够促进脊髓全横断损伤后神经元的存活以及轴突再生。     

Delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing glia promotes sparing/regeneration of supraspinal axons in the contused adult rat spinal cord

The aim of this study was to determine the preferred time and environment for transplantation of olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) into the moderately contused adult rat thoracic spinal cord. Purified OEG were suspended in culture medium with or without fibrinogen and injected into the contused cord segment at 30 min or 7 days after injury. Control animals received a contusion injury only or injection of only medium 7 days after contusion. The effects on axonal sparing/regeneration and functional recovery were evaluated 8 weeks after injury. The grafts largely filled the lesion site, reducing cavitation, and appeared continuous with the spinal nervous tissue. Whereas in 7d/medium only animals, 54% of spinal tissue within a 2.5-mm-long segment of cord centered at the injury site was spared, significantly more tissue was spared in 0 d/OEG-medium (73%), 0 d/OEG-fibrin (66%), 7 d/OEG-medium (70%), and 7 d/OEG-fibrin (68%) grafted animals. Compared with controls, the grafted animals exhibited more serotonergic axons within the transplant, the surrounding white matter, and the spinal cord up to at least 20 mm caudal to the graft. Retrograde tracing revealed that all but the 0 d/OEG-fibrin graft promoted sparing/regeneration of supraspinal axons compared with controls. Overall, the 7 d/OEG-medium group resulted in the best response, with twice as many labeled neurons in the brain compared with 7 d/medium only controls. Of the labeled neurons, 68% were located in the reticular formation, and 4% in the red, 4% in the raphe, and 5% in the vestibular nuclei. Hindlimb performance was modestly but significantly improved in the 7 d/OEG-medium group. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of OEG into the moderately contused adult rat thoracic spinal cord promotes sparing/regeneration of supraspinal axons and that 7 d transplantation is more effective than acute transplantation of OEG. Our results have relevant implications for future surgical repair strategies of the contused spinal cord.     

Neurogenesin-1基因促进脊髓损伤后功能修复的实验研究

目的 探讨Neurogenesin-1(Ng1)基因对脊髓损伤后功能恢复的影响.方法 将36只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组18只.采用改良Allen法制备大鼠胸10脊髓损伤模型后,通过Alzet微泵分别向实验组和对照组持续转染入Ng1重组质粒和空白质粒.术后各时间点BBB评分系统监测大鼠运动功能恢复情况,并于术后第2周和第4周时分别取材,应用神经细胞特异性免疫荧光双标染色和组织学观察Ng1基因对内源性神经干细胞分化的影响以及脊髓组织病理变化情况.结果 自损伤后1周起实验组大鼠的BBB评分明显高于对照组.组织学观察实验组脊髓形态恢复较好逐渐趋于正常.实验组脊髓组织中新分化的神经元细胞数较对照组明显增多,同时新分化的星型胶质细胞数显著减少.结论 Ng1基因能够诱导脊髓损伤后内源性神经干细胞分化为神经元,促进脊髓运动功能的修复.     

Neurogenesin-1基因促进脊髓损伤后功能修复的实验研究

目的 探讨Neurogenesin-1(Ng1)基因对脊髓损伤后功能恢复的影响.方法 将36只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组18只.采用改良Allen法制备大鼠胸10脊髓损伤模型后,通过Alzet微泵分别向实验组和对照组持续转染入Ng1重组质粒和空白质粒.术后各时间点BBB评分系统监测大鼠运动功能恢复情况,并于术后第2周和第4周时分别取材,应用神经细胞特异性免疫荧光双标染色和组织学观察Ng1基因对内源性神经干细胞分化的影响以及脊髓组织病理变化情况.结果 自损伤后1周起实验组大鼠的BBB评分明显高于对照组.组织学观察实验组脊髓形态恢复较好逐渐趋于正常.实验组脊髓组织中新分化的神经元细胞数较对照组明显增多,同时新分化的星型胶质细胞数显著减少.结论 Ng1基因能够诱导脊髓损伤后内源性神经干细胞分化为神经元,促进脊髓运动功能的修复.     

Functional recovery after human umbilical cord blood cells transplantation with brain-derived neutrophic factor into the spinal cord injured rat

Summary There have been many efforts to recover neuronal function from spinal cord injuries, but there are some limitations in the treatment of spinal cord injuries.The neural stem cell has been noted for its pluripotency to differentiate into various neural cell types. The human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBs) are more pluripotent and genetically flexible than bone marrow neural stem cells. The HUCBs could be more frequently used for spinal cord injury treatment in the future.Moderate degree spinal cord injured rats were classified into 3 subgroups, group A: media was injected into the cord injury site, group B: HUCBs were transplanted into the cord injury site, and group C: HUCBs with BDNF (Brain-derived neutrophic factor) were transplanted into the cord injury site. We checked the BBB scores to evaluate the functional recovery in each group at 8 weeks after transplantation. We then, finally checked the neural cell differentiation with double immunofluorescence staining, and we also analyzed the axonal regeneration with retrograde labelling of brain stem neurons by using fluorogold. The HUCBs transplanted group improved, more than the control group at every week after transplantation, and also, the BDNF enabled an improvement of the BBB locomotion scores since the 1 week after its application (P<0.05). 8 weeks after transplantation, the HUCBs with BDNF transplanted group had more greatly improved BBB scores, than the other groups (P<0.001). The transplanted HUCBs were differentiated into various neural cells, which were confirmed by double immunoflorescence staining of BrdU and GFAP & MAP-2 staining. The HUCBs and BDNF each have individual positive effects on axonal regeneration. The HUCBs can differentiate into neural cells and induce motor function improvement in the cord injured rat models. Especially, the BDNF has effectiveness for neurological function improvement due to axonal regeneration in the early cord injury stage. Thus the HUCBs and BDNF have recovery effects of a moderate degree for cord injured rats.     

Neurogenesin-1基因促进脊髓损伤后功能修复的实验研究

目的 探讨Neurogenesin-1(Ng1)基因对脊髓损伤后功能恢复的影响.方法 将36只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组18只.采用改良Allen法制备大鼠胸10脊髓损伤模型后,通过Alzet微泵分别向实验组和对照组持续转染入Ng1重组质粒和空白质粒.术后各时间点BBB评分系统监测大鼠运动功能恢复情况,并于术后第2周和第4周时分别取材,应用神经细胞特异性免疫荧光双标染色和组织学观察Ng1基因对内源性神经干细胞分化的影响以及脊髓组织病理变化情况.结果 自损伤后1周起实验组大鼠的BBB评分明显高于对照组.组织学观察实验组脊髓形态恢复较好逐渐趋于正常.实验组脊髓组织中新分化的神经元细胞数较对照组明显增多,同时新分化的星型胶质细胞数显著减少.结论 Ng1基因能够诱导脊髓损伤后内源性神经干细胞分化为神经元,促进脊髓运动功能的修复.