髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的多因素分析

目的探讨髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院骨科2005年1月~2014年12月572例髋部骨折老年患者接受内固定手术的临床资料,对性别、年龄、术前内科合并症、术前卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方式、手术时间和术中出血量进行单因素分析,多因素logistic回归模型分析髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的危险因素。结果 25例发生严重术后谵妄(25/572,发生率4.4%)。单因素分析结果显示年龄和麻醉方式有统计学差异(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.05~1.19,P=0.001)和全身麻醉(OR=5.03,95%CI:2.10~12.04,P=0.000)是髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的独立危险因素。结论年龄和全身麻醉是髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的独立危险因素。     

老年髋部骨折患者致伤因素分析

目的通过对老年髋部骨折病例分析,了解老年髋部骨折患者致伤因素,为预防髋部骨折提供依据。方法收集北京积水潭医院2015年9月1日至2016年8月31日老年髋部骨折住院病例570例,按照年龄、性别等对致伤因素进行分析。结果老年髋部骨折病例中男性167例(293%),女性403例(707%),平均年龄795岁(60～100岁)。老年髋部骨折患者中949%为低应力骨折,且随着年龄增长脆性骨折比例逐步升高;骨折地点随着年龄增高逐步由户外为主转为室内为主;患者在户外及室内客厅发生髋部骨折的时间段均以白天为主(8:00～20:00),卧室及卫生间发生髋部骨折的时间段均以晚上为主(20:00～6:00);髋部骨折地域不同,摔倒的主要原因亦有不同;570例患者中951%合并基础疾病,随着年龄的增长合并多种基础疾病的比例也逐步升高;多元回归分析进一步得出,存在呼吸系统基础疾病、中重度营养不良以及患者基础疾病数量是髋部骨折后新发急性疾病严重程度的独立危险因素。结论老年髋部骨折致伤原因包括自身因素、药物因素以及环境因素等多方面,医疗工作人员应做好预防摔倒宣教、积极控制基础疾病、纠正骨质疏松,以期降低髋部骨折风险。     

老年髋部骨折术后脑卒中的发生率及其独立危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折术后脑卒中的发生率及其独立危险因素。方法回顾性收集临沂市人民医院2019年6月—2022年6月收治的1 296例择期行髋部骨折手术患者的临床资料, 依据术后30 d内是否发生脑卒中分为脑卒中组(30例)和非脑卒中组(1 266例)。单因素分析两组患者的基线资料、术前实验室资料、麻醉相关资料、骨折及手术相关资料, 将单因素分析中P<0.2的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析, 探讨老年髋部骨折术后脑卒中的发生率及其独立危险因素。结果本研究共纳入1 296例患者, 其中30例术后发生脑卒中, 发生率为2.3%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 老年髋部骨折术后脑卒中的独立危险因素为美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级[比值比(OR)4.441, 95%置信区间(CI)1.243～15.861, P=0.022]、术前红细胞分布宽度(RDW)(OR 1.057, 95%CI 1.006～1.110, P=0.027)较高、颈动脉斑块(OR 2.760, 95%CI 1.191～6.395, P=0.018)、术中低血压(OR 2.641, 95%CI ...     

老年髋部骨折患者术后2年内再发对侧髋部骨折的危险因素研究

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后2年内再发对侧髋部骨折的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2015年5月至2018年4月期间北京积水潭医院创伤骨科采用手术治疗的1962例老年髋部骨折患者资料。男573例,女1389例;首次骨折时的年龄中位数为81(75,86)岁。根据术后2年内是否发生对侧髋部骨折分为两组:对侧髋部骨折组134例,未再发骨折组1828例。记录首次骨折术至发生对侧髋部骨折的时间。应用χ2检验、Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组患者的性别、年龄、行走能力、入院时各项血液检查指标、合并内科疾病、Charlson合并症指数(CCI)、入院至手术时间、入院至出院时间及随访期间并发症等相关指标,以Cox比例风险回归模型确定老年髋部骨折患者术后2年内再发对侧髋部骨折的危险因素。结果老年髋部骨折患者术后2年对侧髋部骨折的累积发病率为6.83%(134/1962),首次骨折术至发生对侧髋部骨折的时间中位数为365(189,611)d。再发对侧髋部骨折的危险因素为女性(RR=2.081,95%CI:1.351~3.207,P=0.001)、合并周围血管病(RR=5.876,95%CI:2.922~11.818,P<0.001)、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(RR=3.750,95%CI:1.897~7.413,P<0.001)、逐渐升高的CCI(RR=1.363,95%CI:1.223~1.519,P<0.001)、并发肺炎(RR=3.606,95%CI:2.054~6.332,P<0.001)、并发泌尿系感染(RR=7.670,95%CI:4.441~13.248,P<0.001)、并发下肢深静脉血栓形成(RR=7.389,95%CI:3.992~13.677,P<0.001)。结论女性、合并周围血管病、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病、逐渐升高的CCI,以及并发肺炎、泌尿系感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成是老年髋部骨折患者术后2年内再发对侧髋部骨折的危险因素。     

日本长崎县中老年妇女跌倒相关疾病与髋部骨折的病例对照研究

目的探讨中老年妇女跌倒相关疾病和髋部骨折的关系。方法研究对象为日本长崎县国民健康保险的参保者。收集45岁以上妇女髋部骨折住院患者1109例,按年龄配比随机抽取1109名其他患者,进行病例对照研究。髋部骨折和跌到相关疾病根据国际疾病分类标准编码第十版(ICD-10)进行判定。卡方检验用于比较两组患者跌倒相关疾病的患病率差,条件Logistic回帰分析用于分析跌倒相关疾病与髋部骨折的关联性。结果 75%以上的髋部骨折患者的年龄大于80岁。髋部骨折患者的视力障碍(14.25%vs.8.66%,P0.001),脑卒中(14.07%vs.9.92%,P=0.002),肌肉骨骼疾病(43.91%vs.38.77%,P0.001),帕金森氏病(5.86%vs.1.53%,P0.001),认知障碍(11.45%vs.4.33%,P0.001)和抑郁症(13.89%vs.5.86%,P0.001)的患病率显著高于对照组。这些疾病的髋部骨折相对危险度分别为:视力障碍1.49(95%CI:1.13,1.98)、脑卒中1.29(95%CI:0.98,1.69)、肌肉骨骼疾病1.29(95%CI:1.08,1.54)、帕金森氏病3.33(95%CI:1.87,5.92)、认知障碍2.46(95%CI:1.72,3.52)和抑郁症2.09(95%CI:1.54,2.85)。合并的跌倒相关疾病越多,髋部骨折风险越大。结论在中老年妇女,跌倒相关疾病与髋部骨折有显著的关联性。积极预防和治疗跌倒相关疾病可能有益于降低髋部骨折的发生危险。     

老年髋部骨折患者合并骨折的临床特征及其危险因素分析

[目的]回顾性分析老年髋部骨折患者合并骨折的临床特征及其危险因素。[方法]通过电子病历系统收集2005年1月～2014年12月本院诊治的老年髋部骨折患者的临床资料,共1 289例纳入本研究。记录包括年龄、性别、合并内科疾病情况、骨折类型和是否合并其他部位骨折等,行描述性统计分析,采用单因素和多因素分析寻找老年髋部骨折患者合并骨折的危险因素。[结果] 1 289例老年髋部骨折患者中合并骨折者107例,占8.30%。尺桡骨、肱骨和胸腰椎体是老年髋部骨折常见合并骨折部位。女性、股骨颈骨折、合并高血压和神经系统疾病的老年患者合并骨折比例显著高于其他患者(P0.05)。逻辑回归分析结果显示,高龄(OR=1.306,P0.05)、女性(OR=2.255,P0.05)、股骨颈骨折(OR=2.146,P0.05)和伴有高血压(OR=2.197,P0.05)是老年髋部骨折患者合并骨折的显著危险因素。[结论]老年髋部骨折患者常合并其他部位骨折,常见的骨折部位为尺桡骨、肱骨和胸腰椎体。老龄、女性、骨折类型和合并高血压是老年髋部骨折患者合并骨折的危险因素。     

老年髋部骨折术后对侧髋部再骨折的危险因素分析

目的 :探讨老年髋部发生二次骨折的相关风险因素,为预防对侧髋部再骨折提供临床依据。方法 :回顾性分析2008年12月至2014年2月378例老年髋部初次骨折患者的资料,男175例,女203例;年龄60~90岁,平均(75.53±8.04)岁;股骨颈骨折125例,股骨粗隆间骨折253例。术后随访12~36个月,平均24.9个月,32例患者发生对侧髋部再骨折,男13例,女19例;年龄72~95岁,平均(81.25±5.94)岁;股骨颈骨折7例,股骨粗隆间骨折25例。根据患者术后有无对侧髋部再骨折分为骨折组和无骨折组,比较两组患者的年龄、性别、初次骨折类型、内固定方式、卧床时间、骨质疏松情况、合并内科疾病情况、术后功能锻炼、治疗的依从性、生活环境(农村/城市)和末次随访时Harris评分,对于P0.05的因素进行多因素Logistic回归性分析。结果:骨折组与无骨折组的年龄、骨质疏松情况、合并内科疾病情况、术后功能锻炼、医疗依从性及末次随访时Harris评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic分析结果显示:骨质疏松(OR=6.793,P=0.001),高龄(OR=4.170,P=0.002),合并内科疾病(OR=3.828,P=0.005),术后功能锻炼(OR=0.297,P=0.005)以及医疗依从性(OR=0.295,P=0.007)是老年髋部骨折术后对侧髋部再骨折的主要危险因素。结论:老年髋部骨折术后对侧再骨折主要危险因素是高龄、骨质疏松、合并内科疾病、术后功能锻炼和医疗依从性。术后需加强抗骨质疏松治疗、积极治疗内科疾病,坚持功能锻炼,以预防髋部再次骨折的发生。     

多学科医护协作模式在老年髋部骨折围术期的应用研究

目的探讨多学科医护协作模式在老年髋部骨折围术期的应用效果。方法回顾分析2014年1月1日—2016年1月1日收治且符合选择标准的489例老年髋部骨折(股骨颈骨折和股骨转子间骨折)患者临床资料,其中279例患者采用多学科医护协作诊疗模式(观察组),210例患者采用传统创伤骨科诊疗模式(对照组)。两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、骨折类型、骨折分型、受伤至入院时间及Charlson指数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。比较两组手术治疗率、手术患者术前等待时间和住院时间,以及围术期并发症发生率。结果观察组252例(90.32%)、对照组169例(80.48%)患者接受手术治疗,两组手术治疗率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.703,P=0.002)。观察组术前等待时间及住院时间分别为(5.39±2.47)、(10.56±3.76) d,较对照组的(6.13±2.79)、(12.27±3.11)d明显缩短(t=-3.075,P=0.002;t=-5.330,P=0.000)。观察组及对照组呼吸系统并发症发生率分别为30.56%、46.15%,心血管系统并发症发生率分别为51.19%、69.23%,脑血管疾病发生率为11.11%、20.12%,下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率分别为25.40%、40.24%;观察组上述各种并发症发生率均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论应用多学科医护协作诊疗模式可以提高老年髋部骨折患者手术率,缩短术前等待时间和住院时间,降低围术期并发症发生风险。     

老年髋部骨折患者术后心血管并发症的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析本院骨科2005年1月至2015年12月收治的髋部骨折患者693例,男257例,女436例,年龄65~103岁,BMI 16.5~33.1 kg/m2,ASAⅡ~Ⅳ级,分别收集患者的人口学资料、术前合并症、卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方法、手术时间和出血量,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。结果 46例患者(6.64%)在住院期间发生术后心血管并发症,包括心绞痛25例(3.61%)、心律失常19例(2.74%)、心力衰竭5例(0.72%)、心肌梗死4例(0.58%)和心源性猝死2例(0.29%)。单因素分析显示,年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肾功能不全和全麻方式是老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发术后心血管并发症的相关危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.11,95%CI 1.06~1.17,P0.001)、心脏疾病(OR=1.98,95%CI 1.02~3.85,P=0.045)、脑血管疾病(OR=2.14,95%CI 1.06~4.32,P=0.033)、高血压(OR=2.61,95%CI 1.23~5.51,P=0.012)、糖尿病(OR=2.06,95%CI 1.04~4.09,P=0.039)和肾功能不全(OR=17.42,95%CI 3.69~82.80,P0.001)是髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的独立危险因素。结论年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病和肾功能不全可作为老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发心血管并发症的预警因素。     

老年髋部骨折的诊治现状与进展

髋部骨折高发于老年人,据预测,今年我国新发髋部骨折患者可能为163.8万,用于髋部骨折的医疗费用达到850亿元,将带来巨大的社会和经济负担。髋部骨折具有极高的致死率和致残率,术后1个月内病死率接近10%,1年内病死率达36%。存活患者中约11%的患者卧床不起,16%的患者需要长期护理,80%的患者1年后需要助行器行走。因此,老年髋部骨折已成为危害严重的全球性公共卫生问题,一直是创伤骨科治疗的重点与难题。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.