团队干预对无呼吸道症状吸烟者肺功能的影响

目的探讨团队干预对无呼吸道症状吸烟人群肺功能改善的有效性。方法对46例无基础疾病、无呼吸道症状的男性吸烟者按照就诊序号单双号分成观察组与对照组各23例,对照组给予常规门诊健康教育和每月1次的电话随访,观察组由肺功能室、戒烟门诊及呼吸科门诊组成干预团队,戒烟门诊负责接诊及戒烟随访,肺功能室负责肺功能检测、肺功能档案的建立、戒烟过程的人群随访,呼吸科门诊负责戒烟药物的应用及不良情况的处理。结果干预1年后观察组肺功能指标特别是小气道功能较干预前及对照组干预后显著改善(均P<0.05);1年后观察组戒烟率显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论吸烟可导致肺功能下降,团队干预能提高无呼吸道症状吸烟人群的戒烟率,减缓肺功能下降。     

行动研究法在肺癌患者戒烟随访中的应用

目的 探讨行动研究法在肺癌患者戒烟随访中的应用效果.方法 选取30例吸烟肺癌患者,对其应用行动研究方法建立戒烟电话随访流程,即以计划、行动、观察、反思4个步骤进行3轮螺旋式循环随访干预,干预6个月后评价随访合格率、患者戒烟成功率和患者对电话随访满意度.结果 患者随访合格率为90.00%,戒烟成功率为100%,患者对电话随访满意度为97.78%,均达到预期目标.结论 行动研究运用于制定吸烟肺癌患者电话随访流程能够帮助患者成功戒烟.     

围术期戒烟病理生理与国内外麻醉医师对戒烟干预研究进展

背景 吸烟患者在围术期均处于不同的戒烟期,麻醉医师在围术期承担重要角色,但戒烟对围术期病理生理的影响有多大,哪些因素影响患者的围术期戒烟及戒烟实施情况并不十分清楚. 目的 提高麻醉管理水平,改善围术期吸烟患者的预后. 内容 回顾当前关于短期(时间范围从数小时到数周)和长期戒烟病理生理方面的变化,尤其是与术后转归密切相关的几个方面.此外,还探讨围术期戒烟的影响因素、国内外麻醉医师在围术期戒烟中的作用与实践. 趋向 围术期戒烟还有很长的路要走,需要今后的临床研究和实验进一步探讨,以便更好地帮助患者围术期甚至长期戒烟,减少麻醉手术相关并发症.     

强化戒烟教育对青年冠心病患者PCI术后远期疗效的影响

目的调查青年冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后的强化戒烟教育对远期疗效的影响。方法对2010年1月至2012年6月成功接受PCI治疗且术前长期吸烟的192例(实验组)青年冠心病患者进行强化戒烟教育;2007~2009年收治的172例患者(对照组)接受常规健康教育和随访。比较两组出院后戒烟状况及临床主要心脑不良事件(MACCE)的发生情况。结果实验组出院后1、3、6、12、24个月复吸率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),随访期间实验组MACCE发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 PCI术后强化戒烟教育能降低青年冠心病患者复吸率及远期MACCE的发生率。     

股骨干骨折后戒烟能减少骨不连

目的了解长期吸烟的股骨干骨折患者戒烟与否与发生骨不连之间的联系。 方法回顾性分析近2年在上海市奉贤区中心医院就诊的股骨干骨折患者病例资料。纳入标准为采用髓内钉治疗的男性单侧股骨干骨折、吸烟者的吸烟史≥5年;排除标准为开放性骨折、长期卧床、严重骨质疏松症、合并其他部位骨折、感染性骨不连。根据患者吸烟、戒烟情况,将受伤前无吸烟史的患者纳入为非吸烟组、受伤后戒烟的患者纳入为戒烟组、受伤后未戒烟的患者纳入为未戒烟组。记录3组患者达到骨折临床愈合的时间,进行卡方检验,了解3组患者骨不连发生情况的差异;并对骨折达到临床愈合的中位时间用Kaplan-Meier法进行预估及比较。 结果非吸烟组有12.5%(4例)、戒烟组有20.4%(11例)、未戒烟组有52.9%(9例)出现骨不连,差异具有统计学意义(χ²＝10.705,P<0.05),成对比较提示未戒烟组的骨不连发生情况明显高于非吸烟组(χ²＝9.315,P<0.0167)、及戒烟组(χ²＝6.779,P<0.0167)。3组患者骨折达到骨折临床愈合的中位时间估计值分别为15.1周[95%置信区间(14.9,15.3)周]、22.0周[95%置信区间(21.7,22.4)周]和51.1周,3组患者达到骨折临床愈合时间的差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。 结论长期吸烟的股骨干骨折患者伤后及时戒烟能减少骨不连发生,但骨折临床愈合时间比未吸烟患者稍有延长。     

基于AIDET沟通模式的麻醉护士术后镇痛随访

目的探讨麻醉护士应用AIDET沟通模式实施术后镇痛随访的效果。方法选取胃肠道手术患者182例,随机分为两组。对照组(90例)实施常规术后镇痛随访;标准组(92例)基于AIDET沟通模式实施术后镇痛随访。结果标准组依从性及对麻醉镇痛服务满意度显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论麻醉护士依据AIDET沟通模式实施标准术后镇痛随访,能够提高患者的依从性和满意度。     

骨科手术后疼痛的护理干预

目的探讨护理干扰对骨科手术后疼痛的影响。方法随机将分140例骨科手术患者分为干预组和对照组,各70例。对照组采取一般护理措施,干预组在对照组的基础上给予术前、术后护理干预。观察比较2组术后疼痛时间及使用镇痛药的间隔时间。结果对照组术后1、3 d疼痛评分分别为3.28±0.78、3.02±0.49,干预组为2.70±0.63和2.85±0.35。干预组疼痛感明显减轻(P<0.05)差异有统计意义。对照组术后3 d止疼药物的应用率为75.7%(53/70),干预组为42.8%(30/70),干预组明显低于对照组。结论术前、术后积极进行护理干预,对减轻患者手术后疼痛有重要作用,使患者舒适度过术后疼痛期,提高了护理满意度和患者的生活质量。     

围手术期戒烟干预与骨科手术结果相关性的研究进展

吸烟是骨质疏松症和骨折的危险因素,骨科手术前吸烟的患者通常面临更高的术后并发症风险。研究表明,外科手术术前短期戒烟可以减少呼吸道并发症和伤口并发症,但骨科医生很少推迟手术或采取戒烟干预。目前关于骨科手术围手术期戒烟干预的研究较少,短暂的围手术期戒烟对骨科手术的影响尚不清楚,理想的戒烟时机也未确定。本文通过回顾近年来国内外相关文献进行综述,以期为临床工作提供参考。     

腰椎间盘突出症行后路椎间盘镜术后综合康复训练近期疗效分析

[目的]探讨行后路椎间盘镜治疗椎间盘突出症术后"综合康复训练"的近期疗效。[方法]2013年1月~2014年12月在本院行MED手术治疗的单节段椎间盘突出症患者120例,按照随机数字法分配到对照组和试验组各60例。于术前,术后第1、3、7 d和术后2周,术后1、3个月门诊随访行SAS焦虑自评量表、SDS抑郁自评量、视觉疼痛自我评定(VAS)表评估和Oswestry功能障碍指数问卷表(ODI)调查。[结果]所有患者均随访3个月,VAS评分:试验组下腰痛和下肢根性痛VAS评分分别从术前的(5.65±2.01)下降到术后1个月时的(2.00±0.45)和从(7.30±1.16)下降到(1.30±0.79)(P0.05);对照组下腰痛和下肢根性痛VAS评分分别从(5.50±1.64)分下降到(3.20±0.75)分和从(7.90±0.95)分下降到(2.40±0.49)分(P0.05)。术后各时间点试验组与对照组组间比较P0.05。ODI评分:试验组ODI评分从术前的(50.50±15.93)下降到术后3个月时的(18.00±4.92)(P0.05);对照组ODI评分从术前的(52.80±16.43)下降到术后3个月时的(19.28±4.74)(P0.05)。试验组与对照组术后3、7 d,2周,1、3个月组间比较P0.05。术前轻度焦虑试验组患者5例,对照组4例;术前轻度抑郁者试验组3例,对照组3例。术后3个月轻度焦虑患者试验组2例,对照组为3例;轻度抑郁者试验组1例,对照组2例。[结论]后路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后联合"综合康复训练"近期疗效较好,可以有效的加快患者恢复。"综合康复训练"值得推广。     

急性心肌梗死患者行冠状动脉介入术后吸烟对临床预后的影响

目的:研究急性心肌梗死晚期再灌注患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后吸烟状态对临床预后的影响.方法:调查147例急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后的吸烟状况,将患者分为两组:戒烟组89例,男性82例,女性7例,年龄(59±11)岁;吸烟组58例,男性48例,女性10例,年龄(59±12)岁,分别记录两组临床资料,出院12个月后电话随访记录心血管事件发生情况,预约心动超声检查及6分钟步行试验.结果:①吸烟组次终点事件非致命性心肌梗死再入院率明显高于戒烟组(P＜0.05).主终点事件心源性死亡率两组无明显差异.(P＞0.05),②戒烟组较吸烟组心功能左室射血分数(LVEF)有明显提高,左室舒张末内径(LVDd)明显缩小(P＜0.05),6分钟步行试验亦有显著提高(P＜0.05).结论:(1)PCI术后吸烟增非致死性心肌梗死再入院率,使心功能明显下降.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.