不同药物预防七氟醚术后躁动的研究

目的观察右美托咪定、芬太尼和氯胺酮预防七氟醚术后躁动的效果。方法斜视矫正术患儿120例,年龄3～10岁,均采用七氟醚麻醉诱导和维持。患儿随机均分为四组,在手术结束前10min分别给予右美托咪定0.3μg/kg(D组)、芬太尼1μg/kg(F组)、氯胺酮0.5mg/kg(K组)或生理盐水(C组)。观察并记录给药即刻、5min、10min的呼吸循环变化。观察术后躁动发生率、手术时间、苏醒时间以及离开麻醉后恢复室时间。结果四组患儿呼吸循环变化差异无统计学意义。D组和F组苏醒时间明显长于C组(P<0.05),但明显短于K组(P<0.05)。C组术后躁动发生率明显高于其他三组(P<0.01),而D、F和K组组间差异无统计学意义。K组离开麻醉后恢复室时间明显长于其他三组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定、芬太尼、氯胺酮均能明显降低七氟醚术后躁动的发生率。     

右美托咪定术前滴鼻对全麻患儿术后行为改变的影响

目的观察右美托咪定术前滴鼻对全麻患儿术后行为改变的影响。方法择期在全麻下行疝囊高位结扎术的患儿60例,男46例,女14例,年龄2~5岁,体重10~30kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法,将其均分为三组:对照组(C组)、咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组)。麻醉诱导前30min,C组生理盐水0.02ml/kg滴鼻,M组咪达唑仑0.2mg/kg滴鼻,D组右美托咪定2μg/kg滴鼻。记录患儿与父母分离时的镇静评分及七氟醚诱导时的面罩接受程度评分;记录患儿术后恢复时间、术后并发症及镇痛药补救率等情况。分别在术前1d、术后1、7、30d用术后行为量表(PHBQ)对患儿父母进行术前问卷调查及术后电话随访,观察患儿术后行为改变的情况。结果M组和D组与父母分离时的镇静评分及七氟醚诱导时的面罩接受程度评分明显高于C组(P0.05)。D组苏醒期躁动、恶心呕吐及镇痛药补救率明显低于C组和M组(P0.05)。术后1、7d时M组和D组行为改变的发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定术前滴鼻可以降低全麻患儿术后行为改变的发生率。     

右美托咪定对脑瘫患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定对脑瘫患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响.方法 择期拟行肌力肌张力调整术的脑瘫患儿50例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄2～12岁,性别不限.采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=25):对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组).D组麻醉诱导后经15 min静脉输注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg,C组给予等容量生理盐水,给药结束后开始手术,术中吸入2％ ～4％七氟醚维持麻醉,维持BIS值45 ～ 60.于右美托咪定给药前(T1)、切皮时(T2)记录HR、SBP和DBP,记录拔管时间、苏醒时间和麻醉期间七氟醚用量,并于T1、T2、术毕(T3)时记录呼气末七氟醚浓度;记录术中心血管不良事件及苏醒期躁动发生情况,并采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度;于T1、T2、T3和拨管时(T4)采集外周静脉血样,测定血糖水平和血清皮质醇浓度.结果 与C组比较,D组苏醒时间和拨管时间明显缩短,七氟醚用量、T2和T3时呼气末七氟醚浓度、PAED评分、躁动发生率降低,T4时血糖和血清皮质醇浓度降低(P＜ 0.05或0.01),2组心动过缓发生率以及各时点HR、SBP和DBP比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定可降低脑瘫患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生和程度.     

右美托咪定对丙泊酚或七氟醚全麻患者脑状态指数的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对全麻患者脑状态指数的影响。方法选择择期上腹部手术的全麻患者80例,男39例,女41例,年龄25~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。所有患者分为四组:丙泊酚组(P组),靶控输注丙泊酚血浆浓度3.0~4.0μg/ml;丙泊酚+右美托咪定组(PD组),靶控输注丙泊酚血浆浓度1.5~2.5μg/ml,右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,输注5 min,再持续输注0.6μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);七氟醚组(S组),吸入1.5%~2.5%七氟醚;七氟醚+右美托咪定组(SD组),吸入1%~1.5%七氟醚,右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,输注5min,再持续输注0.6μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。术中所有患者镇静指数维持在45~55。分别于麻醉前、右美托咪定持续输注30、60min测定脑状态指数(记忆加工指数、谵妄指数)。结果麻醉前四组脑状态指数差异无统计学意义。右美托咪定持续输注30、60 min时PD组记忆加工指数和谵妄指数均明显低于P组(P0.05),SD组均明显低于S组(P0.05)。结论全麻中复合应用右美托咪定能够降低患者的脑状态指数。     

右美托咪定复合氟哌利多对七氟醚全麻胸科手术老年患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的评价右美托咪定复合氟哌利多治疗七氟醚全麻胸科手术老年患者苏醒期躁动的有效性及安全性。方法选取七氟醚全麻下普胸外科术后严重躁动老年患者60例,男48例,女12例,年龄66～75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,按照随机数字表分为三组:氟哌利多组(F组)、右美托咪定组(D组)和右美托咪定复合氟哌利多组(DF组)。被诊断为苏醒期严重躁动后,F组静脉推注氟哌利多0.06 mg/kg;D组右美托咪定1μg/kg泵注10 min,继以0.2μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持泵注1 h;DF组静脉推注氟哌利多0.03 mg/kg,同时给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg泵注10 min,继以0.2μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持泵注1 h。观察并记录躁动评分、Ramsay镇静评分、PaCO_2变化以及恶心、呕吐等不良反应的发生情况。结果给药后5、10、15、20 min DF组躁动评分明显低于D组(P0.05);给药后60、90、120 min DF组躁动评分明显低于F组(P0.05)。给药后60、120 min三组PaCO_2差异无统计学意义。DF组和D组过度镇静比例明显低于F组(P0.05)。三组恶心、呕吐、心动过缓、高血压、低血压发生率差异无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定复合氟哌利多用于老年患者七氟醚全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的治疗效果确切,安全性好,可以规避右美托咪定不能快速推注同时避免氟哌利多导致过度镇静的缺点。     

右美托咪定在颅脑肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨右美托咪定在丙泊酚复合芬太尼麻醉下行颅脑肿瘤手术中的优化作用。方法拟行择期手术的小脑幕上肿瘤患者42例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为两组。麻醉诱导前,右美托咪定组(D组)于20min内静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量1μg/kg,随后静脉输注0.4μg·kg-1·h-1维持至手术结束;对照组(C组)静脉输注等量生理盐水。以丙泊酚、芬太尼、顺阿曲库铵完成麻醉诱导,气管插管。术中以BIS为指导,七氟醚静吸复合维持麻醉。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管时(T1)、打开硬脑膜(T2)、关上硬脑膜(T3)、拔除气管插管即刻(T4)时MAP、HR、颅内压(ICP)的变化。记录呼气末七氟醚浓度和术中芬太尼总量、手术时间、术后拔管时间、术后止吐药的使用情况。结果 T1~T3时C组ICP,T1~T4时MAP明显高于T0时和D组,T4时两组ICP明显低于T0时,且D组明显低于C组(P0.01);T1~T4时D组HR明显慢于T0时和C组(P0.01)。D组芬太尼总量、呼气末七氟醚浓度明显低于C组,拔管时间明显短于C组(P0.01)。D组血管活性药物使用率明显低于C组(P0.01)。结论在颅脑肿瘤手术中,右美托咪定在稳定血流动力学、控制颅内压及术后复苏方面显著优化了常用的丙泊酚复合芬太尼全麻方案,同时减少了阿片药物及吸入麻醉药物用量。     

不同剂量右美托咪啶对七氟醚抑制切皮诱发患者体动反应肺泡气最低有效浓度的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量右美托咪啶对七氟醚抑制切皮诱发患者体动反应肺泡气最低有效浓度(MAC)的影响.方法 择期拟在全麻下行下腹部手术患者,性别不限,年龄18～64岁,体重指数21 ～ 27 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组:对照组(C组)和不同剂量右美托咪啶组(D1组、D2组和D3组).麻醉诱导前静脉输注右美托咪啶(生理盐水稀释至15 ml)0.2μg/kg(D1组)、0.4 μg/kg(D2组)、0.6μg/kg(D3组)或生理盐水15 ml(C组),30 min内输注完毕.4组均采用吸入七氟醚麻醉诱导,气管插管后行机械通气.采用序贯法确定麻醉维持期间呼气末七氟醚浓度.C组、D1组、D2组及D3组第1例患者呼气末七氟醚浓度分别设定为3.0％、3.0％、2.5％和2.0％,预定呼气末七氟醚浓度稳定15 min时进行切皮.评估患者切皮时体动反应,当发生体动反应时,上调一个浓度梯度,否则下调一个浓度梯度,相邻浓度比值为0.9,根据前一例患者是否发生体动反应确定下一例患者呼气末七氟醚浓度,直至每组出现第7个交叉点.以各交叉点呼气末七氟醚浓度的均数作为MAC值,并计算95％可信区间 (CI).结果 C组、D1组、D2组和D3组入选病例分别18、20、20、22例；C组、D1组、D2组和D3组七氟醚MAC值(95％CI)分别为2.5％(2.3％～2.8％)、1.5％(1.3％～1.7％)、1.3％(1.0％～1.6％)和1.1％(0.7％ ～ 1.5％).与C组比较,D1组～D3组七氟醚MAC值降低(P＜0.05)；与D1组比较,D2组和D3组七氟醚MAC值降低(P＜0.05)；D2组和D3组七氟醚MAC值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪啶0.2、0.4、0.6 μg/kg可明显降低七氟醚抑制手术患者切皮诱发体动反应的MAC值,且呈剂量依赖性.     

右美托咪定预防静吸全麻下宫颈癌根治术后苏醒期寒战

目的 评价右美托咪定预防静吸全麻下宫颈癌根治术后苏醒期寒战的临床效果.方法 择期宫颈癌根治术患者50例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水对照组(N组),两组麻醉诱导方法相同:均依次静脉注射丙泊酚1.5mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg、苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.3 mg/kg,插管成功后行间歇正压通气.麻醉维持:吸入1％～4％七氟醚,静脉微量泵注瑞芬太尼4～8 μg·kg-1·h-1和苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.2 mg·kg-1·h-1.D组气管插管后静脉输注右美托咪定0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1至术毕前1h,N组则在相同时段内静脉输注等容量生理盐水.两组BIS值均维持在40～55.记录两组手术时间、术中输液量、腹腔冲洗量、拔管时间;记录术中瑞芬太尼、七氟醚用量和阿托品使用率;记录苏醒期2h内寒战发生情况.结果 两组患者手术时间、术中输液量、腹腔冲洗量及拔管时间差异无统计学意义.D组术中瑞芬太尼、七氟醚用量均明显低于N组(P＜0.05),D组阿托品使用率明显高于N组(P＜0.01).D组和N组寒战发生率分别为16％和64％,D组明显低于N组,且寒战程度减轻(P＜0.05).结论 宫颈癌静吸全麻维持期辅助静脉输注右美托咪定,能有效预防苏醒期寒战发生,不影响苏醒时间,但应注意心动过缓的发生.     

右美托咪定用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床观察

目的 探讨右美托咪定用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的安全性和有效性.方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者32例,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水对照组(C组).D组和C组于气管插管后手术开始前10 min分别静脉泵注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg和生理盐水(泵注时间为10 min).两组均以吸入异氟醚维持麻醉.观察记录患者入室及切皮和拔管时的血压、心率以及术中维持麻醉时异氟醚的肺泡气浓度和拔除气管导管的时间.结果 与入室时比较,切皮时和拔管时C组血压明显升高和心率明显增快(P＜0.05),D组血压,心率无明显变化.D组术后烦躁的发生率显著低于C组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定可使腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的血流动力学更稳定,术后苏醒迅速而完全.     

七氟醚复合右美托咪定对HIV无症状感染者术后免疫系统的影响

目的研究七氟醚复合右美托咪定对人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency,HIV)无症状感染者手术后免疫系统的影响。方法选择在本院接受胆囊切除术、妇科良性肿瘤切除术以及结肠良性肿瘤切除术的HIV无症状感染者60例,男28例,女32例,年龄35～51岁,体重58～62kg,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级,随机分为3组:七氟醚组(S组)、右美托咪定(D组)和七氟醚复合右美托咪定组(SD组),每组20例。同时选择20例行全麻下胆囊切除术、妇科良性肿瘤切除术以及结肠良性肿瘤切除术的正常患者为对照组(N组)。测定患者手术前和手术后24h外周血血常规(白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)和HIV病毒载量。结果与手术前比较,手术后24hS组和D组外周血淋巴细胞、CD4+含量、CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、CD8+含量明显升高(P0.05)。与N组比较,术后24hSD组CD4+含量、CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低,CD8+含量明显升高(P 0.05)。与S组比较,SD组术后外周血CD8+含量明显下降,CD4+/CD8+比值明显升高(P0.05)。S组、D组和SD组术前术后病毒载量构成比差异无统计学意义。结论七氟醚复合右美托咪定麻醉可能减轻全麻手术对HIV无症状感染期患者免疫系统的影响。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.