甲状腺微小乳头状癌淋巴结转移相关因素及手术方式探讨

目的 分析甲状腺微小乳头状癌原发灶与颈淋巴结转移的相关性,探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌的手术方式.方法 回顾首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院2013年1月-2016年12月间手术治疗的545例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者资料,其中女性432例,男性113例(性别比例3.82∶1);年龄14 ～ 80岁,平均(46.7±11.8)岁.手术方式:全/近全切除70.6％(385/545),腺叶+峡部切除29.4％(160/545);颈中央区淋巴结清扫524例,其中单侧清扫78.3％ (427/524),双侧清扫17.8％ (97/524);颈侧区淋巴结清扫14例,均为单侧清扫.共切除甲状腺腺叶标本930个,颈中央区淋巴结标本622个,颈侧区淋巴结标本14个.从中筛选出甲状腺癌腺叶与同侧颈淋巴结有对应关系的576组标本,癌灶长径(0.58±0.25) cm,单灶513例(89.1％),多灶63例(10.9％).无甲状腺被膜侵犯441例(76.6％),有甲状腺被膜侵犯135例(23.4％).颈中央区淋巴结清扫数量(4.7±3.8)枚,颈中央区淋巴结转移率31.8％,颈侧区淋巴结清扫数量(17.8±10.0)枚,颈侧区淋巴结转移率2.4％.使用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差((x)±s)表示,分类变量资料用率(％)或构成比(％)表示,单因素相关性分析用Pearson检验,计数资料组间比较采用x2检验.结果 甲状腺微小乳头状癌癌灶长径与颈中央区淋巴结转移率呈高度正相关关系(r =0.847),癌灶长径＞0.8 cm时颈中央区淋巴结转移率明显增加;癌灶长径与颈侧区淋巴结转移率呈显著正相关关系(r =0.557),癌灶长径＞0.9 cm时颈侧区淋巴结转移率明显增加.单灶和多灶病例颈中央区和颈侧区淋巴结转移率相似.有被膜侵犯比无被膜侵犯颈中央区和颈侧区淋巴结转移率均增加.结论 甲状腺微小乳头状癌的癌灶长径、有被膜侵犯是颈淋巴结转移的相关因素,癌灶数量不是颈淋巴结转移的相关因素.甲状腺微小乳头状癌尽早手术能够使很多已经发生颈淋巴结转移、但无法获得术前诊断的患者得到及时治疗.初次治疗的手术方式选择腺叶峡部切除或全/近全切除+病灶同侧/双侧颈中央区和(或)加行颈侧区淋巴结清扫.     

微小乳头状癌淋巴结转移及预防性淋巴结清扫的价值

目的探讨微小乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移的危险因素及预防性清扫的价值。方法选取2010年2月至2016年2月收治的172例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者进行回顾性分析,根据颈淋巴结分区有92例淋巴结转移阴性患者,其中50例采取了预防性单侧或双侧淋巴结清扫(预防组),42例未行预防性淋巴结清扫(未预防组),比较两组预后。应用SPSS 19.0进行分析,住院时间等计量资料用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,比较采用独立样本t检验;性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、包膜浸润、侧别、肿瘤位置、肿瘤数目、中央区转移、并发症发生率、肿瘤局部复发或远处转移率、病死率等计数资料计算构成比(%),采用χ2检验;危险因素的预测采用多因素Logical回归,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果颈侧区淋巴结转移阳性患者中年龄≤45岁、肿瘤0.5~1.0 cm、包膜浸润、肿瘤位于甲状腺上极、中央区转移者占67.5%、72.5%、45.0%、87.5%、67.5%,均高于阴性患者(P0.05)。中央区转移、肿瘤位于甲状腺上极为颈侧区淋巴结转移的危险因素。预防组患者随访期间未见肿瘤局部复发、远处转移与死亡情况,未预防组病死率2.4%(P0.05),肿瘤局部复发或远处转移率为9.5%(P0.05)。结论肿瘤位于甲状腺上极、存在中央区转移的微小乳头状癌患者更易出现颈侧区淋巴结转移。颈侧区淋巴结转移阴性患者行预防性淋巴结清扫术可有效改善远期预后,且术后并发症未明显增加。     

中央区淋巴结清扫在分化型甲状腺癌治疗中的必要性探讨

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌手术中行中央区淋巴结清扫的临床意义.方法 术前或术中病理确诊为分化型甲状腺癌125例,手术方式为甲状腺全切或患侧全切+峡部+对侧近全切除术,同时加行颈中央区淋巴结清扫术;如术前、术中怀疑或明确颈侧区淋巴结转移时,则进一步行颈侧区淋巴结清扫.结果 中央区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结转移发生率为57.6％ (72/125),5例发生跳跃性转移.中央区淋巴结转移率与性别(P =0.705)、单双侧(P =0.504)及有无周围组织侵犯(P=0.086)无明显相关;而年龄＜45岁患者、非微小癌患者的中央区淋巴结转移率明显高于年龄≥45岁的患者(70.8％ vs 43.3％,P=0.002)、微小癌患者(68.8％ vs 25％,P=0.000).cN0患者中仍有43.8％(25/57)术后证实中央区淋巴结有转移.甲状腺全切组甲状旁腺及喉返神经并发症发生率(29.1％)与患侧全切+峡部+对侧近全切组(10％)相比有明显升高(P=0.008).结论 中央区淋巴结在分化型甲状腺癌中有较高的转移率,中央区淋巴结的清扫可以清除隐匿性淋巴结转移,进行准确的病理分期以指导手术后治疗,故应常规进行中央区淋巴结清扫.     

187例甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移相关因素分析

目的 通过分析甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移临床病理特征,探讨颈淋巴节转移规律及影响因素,为颈淋巴结清扫指征及范围提供临床依据.方法 回顾性收集2007年1月-2011年12月大连医科大学附属第一医院普外科初次收治并经术后病理证实为甲状腺微小癌的187例患者的临床病理资料,分析颈淋巴结各区转移率、影响淋巴结转移的因素.结果 187例甲状腺微小癌中,颈淋巴节转移率、中央区（Ⅵ区）转移率、颈侧区转移率分别为26.7％ （50/187）、23.0％ （43/187）、13.9％（26/187）.多因素分析显示,肿瘤最大直径≥5 mm、多发癌灶、甲状腺被膜侵犯与甲状腺微小癌颈部淋巴结转移密切相关（P＜0.05）.结论 甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移常见于中央区,其中肿瘤最大直径≥5 mm、多发癌灶以及甲状腺被膜侵犯的患者更易发生颈淋巴节转移,应常规行中央区淋巴结清扫术.     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊治体会

目的 探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析74例桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床资料.结果 2002年1月-2009年8月共收治252例桥本病,其中74例为桥本病合并甲状腺癌,均为乳头状癌,其中56例TGAb升高,68例MeAb升高,74例TPOAb升高.手术行患侧甲状腺全切除、峡部切除加对侧次全切除术45例,双侧甲状腺近全切除术1例(峡部癌).26例微小癌行甲状腺次全切除术或一侧腺叶全切除,2例双侧癌行双侧甲状腺全切除.所有病例同时行中央区淋巴结清扫,中央区淋巴结转移率20/74(27%).10例因患侧颈淋巴结转移行一侧颈部淋巴结改良清扫术.69例获得随访,随访时间1个月-7年,中位随访时间29个月.4例患者因发生一侧颈淋巴结转移而再次入院行改良颈淋巴清扫术. 结论'TGAb、McAb、B超、FNAB对术前诊断桥本病合并甲状腺癌有重要价值,手术应按甲状腺癌根治原则进行.     

双侧甲状腺癌外科诊治体会

目的 探讨双侧甲状腺癌的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾分析72例双侧甲状腺癌外科治疗临床资料.结果 术后石蜡切片均证实为双侧甲状腺癌,其中双侧微小癌17例,一侧微小癌、一侧非微小癌41例,双侧均非微小癌14例.双侧乳头状癌67例(93.1%),双侧滤泡性癌2例(2.8%),双侧髓样癌2例(2.8%),双侧低分化癌1例(1.4%).62例行双侧甲状腺全切除术,2例行双侧甲状腺近全切除术,8例行一侧全切加对侧次全切除术,常规行双侧中央组淋巴结清扫.加行一侧改良颈淋巴结清扫术19例.中央组淋巴结转移率33.33%(24/72).即使双侧甲状腺微小癌灶中央区淋巴结转移率亦有17.65%(3/17).肿块大小与中央区淋巴转移率有一定相关性,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).70例随访3个月至8年,中位随访时间5年6个月,67例无瘤生存,另外3例出现颁部淋巴结转移.术后无.例出现永久性甲状旁腺机能减退和喉返神经麻痹.结论 双侧甲状腺癌主张行双侧甲状腺腺叶全切除;应重视中央组淋巴结清扫.     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结清扫策略的再探讨

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)颈淋巴结转移的影响因素,为PTC颈淋巴结的清扫策略提供更精准的意见。方法回顾性分析武汉科技大学附属孝感医院2013年6月至2019年6月期间经病理诊断为PTC患者的病例资料,探索中央区淋巴结转移和颈侧区淋巴结转移的影响因素。结果多因素分析结果显示,年龄≤55岁、肿瘤1 cm、外周侵犯、双侧癌及多灶癌患者的中央区淋巴结转移率较高(P0.05),而中央区淋巴结转移与患者的性别和被膜侵犯无关(P0.05);当上述危险因素的数量为0、1、2、3、4、5及6个时,中央区淋巴结转移率分别为:3.5%(4/113)、25.2%(72/286)、30.0%(70/233)、38.6%(76/197)、52.5%(53/101)、76.9%(20/26)及100%(13/13)。随危险因素数量增加,中央区淋巴结转移率增高(?2P0.001)。在颈侧区淋巴结转移方面,多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤直径1 cm、被膜侵犯及中央区淋巴结转移≥2枚患者的颈侧区淋巴结转移率较高(P0.05),而颈侧区淋巴结转移与患者的年龄、性别、外周侵犯及多灶癌均无关(P0.05)。当患者累计危险因素数量为0、1、2、3、4、5及6个时,颈侧区淋巴结转移率分别为:11.1%(1/9)、29.4%(5/17)、79.2%(19/24)、89.6%(43/48)、96.4%(27/28)、100%(21/21)及100%(3/3)。随危险因素数量增加,颈侧区淋巴结转移率增高(?2成正相关,随着危险因素的增多,颈部淋巴结转移率也增高。危险因素数量可以为颈部淋巴结转移提供一个简洁和直观的指标,更有利于制定个体化及精准的手术方案。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移的再手术:是否清扫中央区淋巴结

目的 :对首次甲状腺乳头状癌手术未清扫中央区淋巴结,术后颈侧区淋巴结复发转移,再行颈侧区淋巴结清扫术时,是否需清扫中央区淋巴结进行探讨。方法:回顾性分析2003年1月至2014年12月在八五医院和瑞金医院外科手术治疗的44例甲状腺乳头状癌病人资料。结果:首次手术44例中12例甲状腺癌肿位于甲状腺上极病人,再次手术发现颈侧区淋巴结有转移而中央区淋巴结无转移;余32例癌肿位于甲状腺中下极或下极,再次手术发现颈侧区和中央区淋巴结均有转移。术后有5例(11.36%,5/44)出现暂时性声音嘶哑,7例(15.91%,7/44)出现暂时性低钙血症。结论:对首次手术未行中央区淋巴结清扫而甲状腺癌肿位于中下极或下极的病人,再次手术行颈侧区淋巴结清扫时,需清扫中央区淋巴结;但探查中央区无异常肿大淋巴结,可不清扫。对癌肿位于甲状腺上极的病人,为降低手术风险也可不清扫中央区淋巴结。     

甲状腺髓样癌术后复发的外科诊治策略

甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma , MTC)起源于甲状腺滤泡旁细胞(parafollicular cells,C细胞),约占甲状腺癌的2％,其早期容易发生颈部中央区、侧区甚至纵隔淋巴结转移.据报道,MTC 病人初次手术时双侧颈侧区淋巴结转移率即达47％[1 ],恶性程度相对较高,占...     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移相关因素分析

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移的相关因素.方法 收集2005年1月-2008年3月接受手术并进行淋巴结切除的38例(44侧)甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料(不包含因复发手术的病例),回顾分析甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的相关因素.结果 在38例(44侧)患者中,颈淋巴结的转移率为57.89%,颈部中央区淋巴结转移(47.37%)为最常见的转移部位,出现颈侧区淋巴结转移的患者(31.58%)中66.67%同时伴有中央区淋巴结转移.颈部淋巴结转移的相关冈素为年龄＜45岁和肿瘤侵犯被膜,多因素分析显示,年龄为淋巴结转移的独立相关因素.结论 颈淋巴结转移是甲状腺乳头状癌的常见情况,尤其是中央区淋巴结;建议有甲状腺被膜侵犯的甲状腺乳头状癌患者应常规清扫中央区淋巴结.     

分化型峡部甲状腺癌的外科治疗：附26例报告

目的:探讨甲状腺峡部分化型腺癌(DTC)的手术治疗策略.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月-2012年1月手术治疗的26例甲状腺峡部DTC患者临床资料.结果:26例均行甲状腺全切除术及同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术,16例颈深淋巴结转移者同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术.全组无手术死亡,一侧喉上神经损伤1例,一侧喉返神经损伤2例,短暂性甲状旁腺功能减退3例,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例.26例均获得1～12年的随访,均健康生存,7例发生颈侧区淋巴结复发转移,再次行单侧颈部淋巴结清扫,并经131I治愈.结论:甲状腺全切除术联合同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术是甲状腺峡部DTC的有效术式,有颈侧区淋巴结转移时,同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术;熟悉解剖、规范精细操作是避免发生严重并发症的关键.     

Regional lymph node metastases in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma

The status of regional lymph node metastases was assessed in 171 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent a variety of thyroidectomy procedures with regional lymph node dissection at Kanazawa University, from January 1979 to March 1986. The rates of regional lymph node metastasis in minimal and ordinary thyroid cancer were 57% and 84% respectively. Since the rates of lymph node metastasis were high not only in the central cervical compartment but also in the lateral jugular compartment, modified radical neck dissection in the ipsilateral neck is at least recommended in patients with these thyroid cancers. Furthermore, high frequencies of bilateral regional lymph node metastases were found in patients with obviously widespread involvement of the bilateral lobes, with cancer located in the isthmus, with clinically detectable bilateral or contralateral jugular lymph node metastases and with histological involvement in the contralateral paratracheal lymph nodes. Bilateral modified radical neck dissection is recommended in these patients.     

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??Total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central lymph node dissection for bilateral thyroid papillary cancer: an analysis of 33 cases SHAO Tang-lei, YIN Jia-han, WU Zhi-hao, et al. Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025,China
Corresponding author: YANG Wei-ping, E-mail:yangweipingmd@126.com
Abstract Objective To discuss the rationality of total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central lymph node dissection for bilateral thyroid papillary cancer. Methods The clinical data of 33 cases of bilateral thyroid papillary cancer performed total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central lymph node dissection from January 2007 to June 2010 at Ruijin Hospital and Yuanyang Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among 33 cases, 3 cases had unilateral central lymph node metastasis and 23 cases had bilateral central lymph node metastasis. The rate of bilateral central lymph node metastasis was 69.70% (23/33) and the rate of the total central lymph node metastasis was 78.79% (26/33). Six cases (18.18%) developed transient hoarseness. The diameter of the recurrent laryngeal nerves was less than 1 mm. The voice of the cases recovered 3 months after operation. Nine cases ??27.27????developed transient hypocalcemia in whom one case (3.03%) developed permanent hypocalcemia. The ages of the 10 cases were all more than 50 years old, and the parathyroid gland was found in central lymph tissue in 6 cases. Conclusion Although there are some complications after total thyroidectomy plus bilateral lymph node dissection, most of them are transient. Because of the higher lymph node metastasis rate, it is necessary to perform total thyroidectomy plus bilateral lymph node dissection in bilateral thyroid papillary cancer.     

乳头状甲状腺癌淋巴结转移特点与中央组淋巴结清扫的临床意义

目的 探讨乳头状甲状腺癌进行颈部中央组淋巴结清扫的必要性.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月至2007年9月457例常规接受甲状腺双侧全切除和选择性颈部淋巴结清扫术的乳头状甲状腺癌患者的临床资料.本组男性86例,女性371例,年龄17～73岁.结果 全组无手术及住院期间死亡.中央组(Ⅵ区)淋巴结转移的总发生率为59.1%(270/457),其中双侧转移的占42.2%(114/270).颈深组(m+Ⅳ区)淋巴结转移的总发生率为29.8%(136/457).单侧甲状腺癌时,癌肿直径>1 cm和癌肿突破甲状腺包膜时的中央组淋巴结转移的发生率分别为64.5%(178/276)和81.6%(120/147),癌肿直径≤1 cm和癌肿未突破甲状腺包膜时此比例分别为23.4%(11/47)和39.2%(69/176).5例患者淋巴结呈跳跃性转移.术后随访7～59个月,1例死于肺转移;4例局部复发,3例远处转移.所有患者术后行甲状腺素替代治疗,无甲状腺功能减退发生.结论 乳头状甲状腺癌最常发生中央组淋巴结转移,初次手术应常规清扫双侧中央组淋巴结.     

Is Thymectomy Worthwhile in Central Lymph Node Dissection for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer?

Background

Clinical guidelines edited in 2006 by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and stated in the European Thyroid Association Consensus (ETA) recommend routine central lymph node dissection (level VI neck dissection) in addition to thyroidectomy for the surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. This central dissection increases the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia, which is related to the resection or devascularization of the inferior parathyroids together with bilateral thymectomy. Some authors perform unilateral thymectomy in order to minimize this complication. Our aim was to study the benefit/risk (incidence of thymic lymph node metastases versus postoperative hypocalcemia) of both procedures.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 138 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck lymph node dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer between 2004 and 2007. Bilateral thymectomy was performed in 45 patients (group 1, 15 males and 30 females) and unilateral thymectomy was performed in 93 patients (group 2, 27 males and 66 females). Forty-two papillary and 3 medullary cancers were found in group 1, and 75 papillary, 2 follicular, and 17 medullary cancers were found in group 2. The presence of thymic metastases at pathology and the occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia were reviewed.

Results

Two cases of papillary thymic metastases were found in group 1. These were lymph node micrometastases localized in the ipsilateral side of the primary tumor in both cases. Transient hypocalcemia was significantly more frequent (P < 0.001) in group 1 than in group 2: 16 patients (35.5%) versus 10 (10.7%). There was one case of permanent hypocalcemia in group 1 after the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Bilateral thymectomy risk outweighs any likely carcinologic benefit. We do not recommend routine bilateral thymectomy during central neck dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer.     

甲状腺微小癌诊断和治疗：附52例报告

目的分析甲状腺微小癌的临床特征,并探讨其诊断及手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析分析2003—2008年经手术和病理证实的52例甲状腺微小癌临床资料。结果术后病理检查确诊甲状腺微小癌52例,其中术中冷冻切片发现30例,准确率57．7％,末发现22例。术前B超检查48例为实质性结节（92．31％）,边界不清楚,4例为含液性病灶,19例（35．19％）有细砂粒样钙化;B超术前诊断甲状腺癌11例。38例行忠侧甲状腺叶切除加对侧甲状腺次全切除,3例双侧甲状腺全切除术,3例行双侧甲状腺次全切除,患侧全切除5例,3例加行一侧改良性颈部淋巴结清扫。27例cN1行中央组淋巴结清扫,转移半11／27（40．74％）,其余25例cN0未探及中央组淋巴结而未行清扫。随访率96．2％,随访时间3个月至5年,无1例复发及死亡。结论（1）术前B超为首选检查。（2）对甲状腺微小癌,主张行患侧腺叶全切加峡部切除及对侧腺叶次全切除,并行中央组淋巴结清扫。     

An unexpected finding in the resection specimen of a carcinoma of the oral cavity: A case report

IntroductionThe occurrence of two synchronous, primary cancers is rare. Thyroid carcinoma is incidentally found in the resection specimen after surgery for head and neck cancer in 0.3–1.9% of the patients.Presentation of caseIn this report, we describe the case of a 72-year-old patient in whom a primary (synchronous) papillary thyroid carcinoma was found coincidentally upon pathologic examination of lymph nodes recovered from the cervical neck lymph node dissection specimen after a ‘commando’ procedure for carcinoma of the oral cavity.Discussion and conclusionThere is no gold standard concerning treatment of the incidentally discovered thyroid gland carcinoma. The decision to perform surgery depends on the life expectancy of the patient, whether the thyroid gland demonstrates clinical or radiologic lesions, the already completed treatment for the head and neck cancer and should always be adjusted to the specific patient.     

Synchronous primary triple cancers including the lung, stomach, and thyroid: a case report

A 62-year-old man with synchronous multiple primary cancers involving the lung, stomach, and thyroid was admitted. Initially the patient's chest X-ray showed an abnormal shadow in the right middle-lobe indicating lung cancer. During preoperative examination, gastric cancer of the antrum and angle were detected. Excisional biopsy of the lymph node in the neck after chest surgery revealed thyroid cancer. A middle lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed for lung cancer and the histological diagnosis was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, pT4N2M0, stage IIIB. Gastric cancer was treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. Considering the relatively better prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer, we concluded that no further treatment to the thyroid lesion was necessary. In Japan, according to autopsy reports, triple primary cancers are gradually increasing. During the periods 1994 to 1996, the incidence of triple cancers was 0.81% of all autopsy cases reported.     

分化型甲状腺癌局部切除术后再次手术的探讨

目的探讨甲状腺结节初次手术方式的选择,以及分化型甲状腺癌局部切除术后再次手术的必要性。方法回顾性分析4年间收治的138例分化型甲状腺癌局部切除术后行再次手术的患者的临床资料。再次手术均行双侧甲状腺全切加不同范围的颈部淋巴结清扫。结果再次手术后病理检查腺体和淋巴结内有残余癌的发生率为76.8%。院外首次手术后单侧喉返神经损伤的22例及双侧损伤的1例(总发生率为16.7%),经修复后恢复19例。再次手术后新发的喉返神经损伤3例(2.2%),甲状旁腺部分损伤2例(1.4%),喉上神经损伤2例(1.4%);无食管损伤及术后出血。结论分化型甲状腺癌局部切除术后癌残留的发生率较高,应再次手术。再次手术以选择双侧甲状腺全切和颈部淋巴结清扫为宜。