腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管切开取石的临床应用

目的 :总结腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管切开取石T管引流或一期缝合的临床经验。方法 :应用腹腔镜及纤维胆道镜技术治疗胆总管结石患者 ,行胆管切开取石 ,T管引流或一期缝合。结果 :78例胆总管结石 ,77例手术成功 ,1例中转开腹。 16例行胆道一期缝合 ,6 2例置T管胆道引流。全组胆漏 3例 ,无其它并发症 ,患者均获痊愈。结论 :腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管切开取石术治疗胆总管结石安全有效。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合术的围手术期护理

胆总管切开探查,放置T管已是经典的传统手术,我院于1997年开展腹腔镜胆总管结石的微创手术。随着腹腔镜缝合技术水平的不断提高及胆道镜探查经验的积累,于2009年10月开展了腹腔镜胆道探查、胆总管一期缝合术,2009年10月至2010年10月,我院行腹腔镜经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合治疗胆总管结石150例,现报道如下。     

腹腔镜胆道探查术胆管一期缝合与T管引流的疗效比较

目的 比较腹腔镜胆道探查术胆管一期缝合与T 管引流两种方法治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者的疗效.方法 根据腹腔镜胆管探查取石的胆总管内是否放置T管引流,将85例因胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者分为一期缝合组和T管引流组,比较两组的手术和住院时间、输液量、住院费用、术后恢复情况及手术并发症等.结果 一期缝合组较T管引流组的手术时间及术后住院时间更短、恢复正常工作更快、输液量和住院费用更少(P<0.05),两组手术并发症差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均无再次手术.结论 腹腔镜胆管探查取石胆管一期缝合避免了放置T 管引起的一系列弊端,体现出微创技术的优越性,治疗适合的胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者是安全可行的.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合或T管引流的临床应用及优越性。方法腹腔镜下先行LC,用电刀切开胆总管前壁浆膜,用电刀、胆总管切开刀或微手术剪切开胆总管,经剑突下10 mm套管针孔放入电子纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查、取石、碎石、冲洗胆管,视胆总管通畅及炎症情况一期缝合或放置T形管。结果本组12例患者手术时间85~180 min,无中转开腹;7例患者行一期缝合胆总管,5例放置T管;全部病例无严重并发症出现,患者均获痊愈。平均住院时间:一期缝合患者8 d;置T管患者14 d,4~6周拔除T管。随防3个月,效果良好,无不适。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管切开取石术治疗胆总管结石安全有效、可行,能一期缝合者优越性明显。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开探查一期缝合与“T”管引流的对比研究

目的:对比分析腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石术后一期缝合胆总管与置"T"管引流的疗效。方法:回顾分析我院2003年2月至2008年2月为78例胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石术的临床资料,其中一期缝合35例,"T"管引流43例。比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间及手术并发症发生率。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。一期缝合组的肛门排气时间、术后住院时间均短于"T"管引流组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在严格掌握一期缝合适应证的条件下,腹腔镜胆总管切开探查后一期缝合较"T"管引流疗效更好。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查135例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2005年4月-2007年12月应用腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜对135例胆总管结石进行胆总管探查、纤维胆道镜取石、T管引流或胆总管一期缝合的临床资料。结果135例中手术成功131例，中转开腹4例；113例取石后T管引流，8例取石后一期缝合胆总管，10例经胆囊管行胆总管胆道镜探查取石。术后残留结石1例，通过T管窦道胆道镜取出结石。拔T管后胆漏2例，经再次腹腔镜置管引流治愈。无出血、腹腔感染、手术死亡等并发症。131例随访5—32个月，平均18个月，无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查可行，且有开腹手术相同的治疗效果。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石及内置管引流术——一种胆总管探查术后引流的新方法

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后既能一期缝合胆总管又能有效引流的新方法。方法 随机对25例慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患施行腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开、纤维胆道镜探查取石术及分别以T管或内置管引流并观察疗效。结果 除l例因Mirizzi综合征中转开腹外,24例均获成功。其中l例胆总管未置任何引流而一期缝合;4例置T管引流;19例采用自制带单向倒勾的(3—5)mm直径硅胶管内置管引流并一期缝合胆总管。手术时间(90．420)分钟,平均145分钟。胆总管内取出结石l-5颗。患平均住院7．5天。结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石内置管引流术,是一种安全实用、简便易行且符合人体生理的胆总管探查术后引流的新方法。     

完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石的临床应用价值。方法自2004年11月至2009年12月间,影像学检查确诊为胆总管结石的患者109例。经胆囊管胆道镜探查胆总管取石术68例;胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石胆总管一期缝合术26例;胆总管切开胆道镜探查加T管引流术15例。结果 109例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石胆总管一期缝合术中19例发生短暂胆漏,经3～6d引流后胆漏消失。其余患者术后3～10d出院,随访6～9个月,复查无胆道残留结石发生。结论完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石具有微创手术的优点,安全有效,可以替代传统的胆总管切开探查、T管引流术。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术的临床疗效及其微创的治疗价值。方法对本院自2004年4月至2009年4月56例腹腔镜胆总管探查术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果56例手术均获成功，其中胆总管切开取石后置T管引流32例．胆总管切开取石后Ⅰ期缝合24例，3例发生术后胆漏，1例发生腹腔残余感染。结论腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆总管结石是可行、安全、有效的微创手术，在严格掌握手术适应征的情况下，Ⅰ期缝合术较T管引流术更能体现腹腔镜技术的优越性。     

腹腔镜手术中处理胆管结石的几种策略

目的:总结腹腔镜手术中处理胆管结石的临床经验,探讨手术方法的选择及应用注意事项。方法:分别采用腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石、腹腔镜胆总管切开探查一期缝合、腹腔镜胆总管切开探查T管引流及腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合术前或术后内镜下十二指肠乳头切开取石4种方法。结果:4种方法均取得满意结果;腹腔镜胆总管切开探查一期缝合胆漏的发生率较高。结论:腹腔镜手术中处理胆管结石并没有固定的原则可以遵循,需要术者根据患者的具体情况,自身的经验水平以及相关的设备条件,做出最适合患者的判断。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.