三维肛管直肠腔内超声诊断肛瘘40例

目的:探讨三维肛管直肠腔内超声在肛瘘诊断中的价值.方法:对40例肛瘘患者行三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查,观察肛瘘内口位置、瘘管主管及支管走行等情况,并与术中探查情况进行对比.结果:40例中肛瘘内口定位正确38例(95%),肛瘘主管定位正确39例(98%),支管定位正确11例(85%).结论:三维肛管直肠腔内超声对肛瘘的诊断具有重要作用,是具有较高应用价值的影像检查手段.     

肛管腔内三维超声联合瘘管造影对肛瘘的诊断价值

探讨肛管腔内三维超声联合H2O2瘘管造影对肛瘘患者的诊断价值。60例肛瘘住院手术患者,术前均行肛管腔内三维超声及H2O2瘘管造影检查,以手术结果为准,对照分析两者在肛瘘分类、分型及内口位置的诊断准确率。术后随访1年,记录治愈率及复发情况。结果显示,H2O2瘘管造影对肛瘘临床分类及肛瘘内口判断的诊断准确率高于肛管腔内三维超声(P<0.05);两者对肛瘘Parks分型诊断的准确率均较高(P>0.05)。60例患者均治愈,术后随访1年,2例复发。结果表明,肛管腔内三维超声联合H2O2瘘管造影检查能够对肛瘘进行准确的分型、分类,并进一步提高肛瘘内口定位的准确率,具有较高的诊断价值。     

肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍的诊断分析

目的分析肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍的诊断价值。方法选取108例肛瘘手术患者为研究对象,依据肛瘘位置分为低位肛瘘组52例、高位肛瘘组56例,另选取50例健康体检者为对照组,所有参与者均进行肛门直肠压力监测,比较其各项测压指标。结果 108例患者术前肛门功能均正常,术后12例出现肛门失禁,发生率11.11%;其中低位肛瘘组肛门失禁率7.69%,高位肛瘘组发生率14.29%,二者差异不显著(P0.05)。低位肛瘘、高位肛瘘患者术前及术后肛管静息压、肛管收缩压、直肠静息压测定结果明显低于健康对照组(P0.05),高位肛瘘组术前肛管收缩压与低位肛瘘术前结果差异不显著,此外高位肛瘘术前及术后三项指标测定结果均明显低于低位肛瘘组(P0.05)。结论肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍诊断可提供客观依据,在肛瘘患者手术治疗中具有重要应用意义。     

肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术对肛管直肠压力和肛门功能影响的临床观察

为了探讨肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床疗效,对采用肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术（47例,治疗组）与肛瘘切开引流术（21例,对照组）治疗的68例患者手术前后直肠肛门反射（RAR）、肛管最大收缩压（AMCP）、肛管最长收缩时间（AL—CT）、肛管静息压（ARP）、直肠静息压（RRP）进行测定,并进行对比分析。结果显示,68例肛瘘患者术后RRP和ARP较术前明显降低;治疗组ARP和AMCP较对照组明显增高,ALCT较对照组明显延长。结果表明,肛瘘手术对肛管功能有不同程度的影响,肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术优于肛瘘切开引流术,对肛管直肠功能影响较小,能更好地保护肛门功能。     

磁共振成像在复杂性肛瘘诊断中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振成像(MRI)在复杂性肛瘘诊断中的应用价值.方法 28例临床诊断为复杂性肛瘘的患者,术前进行磁共振相控阵列线圈检查.以手术结果为标准,比较术前指诊和MRI的诊断结果.结果 有25例患者诊断为复杂性肛瘘,1例为骶前囊肿合并与直肠相通的瘘道,2例肛瘘伴癌变.25例肛瘘Parks分类显示:经括约肌肛瘘3例,括约肌间肛瘘10例,括约肌外肛瘘5例,括约肌上肛瘘7例;MRI与术前指诊检查结果比较,内口检出符合率为84%比48%:原发主管、支管或脓腔检出准确率为100%比76%、94.7%比57.9%;两种检查方法比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 应用MRI相控阵列线圈能准确定位复杂性肛瘘的内口、瘘管的走向及其与肛管直肠括约肌复合体之间的复杂关系,对排除肛瘘伴其他肛管直肠周围病变具有确切意义.     

MRI与直肠腔内超声对ParksⅢ型复杂性肛瘘术前诊断及指导治疗的价值探讨

目的探讨术前应用MRI和直肠腔内超声检查诊断ParksⅢ型复杂性肛瘘的价值,并分析两者指导临床治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2015年11月至2017年10月在本院就诊并手术的40例ParksⅢ型复杂性肛瘘患者病历资料,根据术前检查方式分为MRI组与直肠腔内超声组,每组各20例。分析两组内口、主管、支管/脓腔、脓肿在术前及术中的检出情况,两组基于各自术前诊断结果予以相同术式治疗,术后随访4个月并记录两组复发率。结果直肠腔内超声组术前检出内口、主管、支管/脓腔数量分别为28个、30个、34个,术中检出分别为32个、32个、31个。MRI组术前检出内口、主管、支管/脓腔数量分别为30个、35个、30个,术中检出分别为36个、36个、33个。超声检查组有1例在术中探查可见脓肿,但术前未检出;MRI组无脓肿漏诊。直肠腔内超声组术后4个月复发率为30.00%(6/20),MRI组为5.00%(1/20),差异无统计学意义(P=0.091)。结论术前直肠腔内超声与MRI诊断ParksⅢ型复杂性肛瘘的价值有限,直肠腔内超声组与MRI组术后4个月后复发率相当,这可能与研究样本量较小及检查者操作熟练水平有关。     

磁共振成像在复杂性肛瘘诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）在复杂性肛瘘诊断中的应用价值。方法28例临床诊断为复杂性肛瘘的患者，术前进行磁共振相控阵列线圈检查。以手术结果为标准，比较术前指诊和MRI的诊断结果。结果有25例患者诊断为复杂性肛瘘，1例为骶前囊肿合并与直肠相通的瘘道，2例肛瘘伴癌变。25例肛瘘Parks分类显示：经括约肌肛瘘3例，括约肌间肛瘘10例，括约肌外肛瘘5例，括约肌上肛瘘7例；MRI与术前指诊检查结果比较，内口检出符合率为84％比48％；原发主管、支管或脓腔检出准确率为100％比76％、94．7％比57．9％；两种检查方法比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论应用MRI相控阵列线圈能准确定位复杂性肛瘘的内口、瘘管的走向及其与肛管直肠括约肌复合体之间的复杂关系，对排除肛瘘伴其他肛管直肠周围病变具有确切意义。     

三维肛管直肠腔内超声在肛瘘诊治中的应用

目的 探讨三维肛管直肠腔内超声定位肛瘘内口、显示瘘管走行的价值.方法 2008年11月至2010年1月应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛瘘患者127例,在三维立体模块中根据声像图特征进行内口定位、瘘管走行追踪.结果 定位内口116例,准确率91.3%(116/127),其中112例患者内口开口于齿线处,4例发现内口于直肠壶腹;127例患者定位主管,准确率100%(127/127),其中经括约肌瘘75例,括约肌间瘘47例,括约肌上瘘2例,括约肌外瘘3例;定位支管37例,准确率100%(37/37).结论 应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛瘘,能够准确定位内口、显示瘘管走行,能为临床治疗方法的选择提供必要的诊断依据.     

术前三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查对肛瘘的应用价值

目的：探讨三维肛管直肠腔内超声（3D-EAUS）检查在肛瘘术前评估中的应用价值。方法前瞻性纳入2012年3月至2013年3月第二炮兵总医院结直肠肛门外科连续收治的诊断明确、拟行手术的100例肛瘘患者,采用计算机产生随机号的方法随机分为超声组和对照组,每组各50例。超声组术前采用3D-EAUS检查,对照组术前常规检查、采用指诊或探针探查,比较两组肛瘘内口定位、肛瘘分型及是否存在分支瘘管的准确率。结果与对照组比较,超声组的内口定位准确率较高,超声组和对照组分别为96．0％（48／50）和82．0％（41／50）（P＝0．02）。超声组与对照组对复杂性肛瘘的诊断分别为96．7％（29／30）比74．1％（20／27）（P＝0．021）;对肛瘘分型的诊断分别为96．0％（48／50）比78％（39／50）（P＝0．01）;对是否存在分支瘘管的诊断分别为94．0％（47／50）比84．0％（42／50）（P＝0．025）。但对于简单性肛瘘,两组内口定位准确率相当[95．0％（19／20）比91．3％（21／23）, P＝1．000]。结论三维肛管直肠腔内超声在内口定位、瘘管分型及分支瘘管的诊断方面具有较高的应用价值,尤其对复杂性肛瘘患者,值得在临床推广。     

H2O2造影下直肠腔内超声在肛瘘术前诊断中的应用价值

摘要为探讨H2O2造影下直肠腔内超声在肛瘘术前诊断中的应用价值,将110例肛瘘患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各55例,观察组患者术前于H2O2造影下行直肠腔内超声检查,对照组患者术前行普通盲肠腔内超声检查．观察两组主瘘管、支瘘管及内口的显影情况,将其结果与术中所见进行对比。结果显示。观察组和对照组主瘘管诊断的准确率分别为92．7%（51／55）和90．9％（50／55）,P〉0．05;支瘘管诊断准确率分别为85．4％（35／41）和63．2％（24／38）。P〈0．05;内口诊断的准确率分别为90．4％（47／52）和55．1％（27／49）,P〈0．05。结果表明,H2O2造影下直肠腔内超声呵清晰地对肛瘘主瘘管、吏瘘管、内口显影,在肛瘘的术前诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

Randomized clinical trial of local gentamicin-collagen treatment in advancement flap repair for anal fistula

BACKGROUND: Endoanal advancement flap repair is widely used in sphincter-preserving surgery for anal fistula, but the high recurrence rate is a major problem. A possible cause of non-healing is local infection of the flap. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether local antibiotic treatment with gentamicin-collagen improves healing after endoanal advancement flap repair for anal fistula. METHODS: Eighty-three patients (52 men and 31 women; mean age 47 (range 17-71) years) who had endoanal advancement flap repair for anal fistula between September 1998 and January 2004 were randomized to surgery with (42 patients) or without (41 patients) application of gentamicin-collagen beneath the flap. Patients were evaluated at 1-3 and 12 months after surgery for healing and/or recurrence. RESULTS: The overall healing rate with no recurrence at 1 year after surgery was 57 per cent (47 of 83). Twenty-six of 42 patients randomized to gentamicin-collagen healed primarily compared with 21 of 41 patients randomized to surgery only. There were no overall differences in healing rate according to sex, previous fistula surgery, complexity of fistula, smoking habit or body mass index. CONCLUSION: Endoanal advancement flap repair for anal fistula has a fairly high primary recurrence rate. Healing was not significantly improved by local application of gentamicin-collagen.     

Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The development of treatment modalities for rectal cancer, including local excision, total mesorectal excision and preoperative radiotherapy, has increased the importance of accurate preoperative staging to allow the optimum treatment to be selected. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken of methods of preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma and the evidence for each was evaluated critically. RESULTS: Clinical assessment of rectal carcinoma may give an indication of fixity but is not accurate for staging. Endoanal ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radioimmunoscintigraphy and positron emission tomography have all been used for staging. The extent of tumour spread through the bowel wall (T stage) is most accurately assessed by endoanal ultrasonography, although this technique is poor at assessing tumour extension into adjacent organs for which both CT and MRI are more accurate. No method accurately determines lymph node involvement, but endoanal ultrasonography is the best available. Liver metastases may be assessed by abdominal ultrasonography, CT, MRI and CT portography (with increasing sensitivity and cost in that order). CONCLUSION: Endoanal ultrasonography is the most effective method of local tumour staging, with the addition of either CT or MRI if adjacent organ involvement is suspected. Abdominal ultrasonography or CT is recommended for routine preoperative assessment of the liver.     

Endoanal advancement flap repair for complex anorectal fistulas

BACKGROUND: Most anorectal fistulas may be safely and reliably treated by fistulotomy. However, certain complex fistulas (e.g., rectovaginal fistulas, high transsphincteric tracts, Crohn's disease) are not well suited to this technique. Few satisfactory alternatives exist. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of endoanal advancement flap repair for these difficult fistulas. METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients underwent endoanal advancement flap repair of a complex anorectal fistula. Patients were followed up via a prospective database. Demographic information, the presence of previous fistula surgery, and surgical complications were noted. Patients were closely followed up until healing of the fistula or treatment failure was noted. RESULTS: The overall initial healing rate was 81% (27 of 33). However, 3 patients with perianal Crohn's disease ultimately developed a recurrent fistula. There were no major complications and two minor urinary complications. No patient required hospital readmission, and there were no new problems with fecal incontinence. No patient required a colostomy. CONCLUSION: Endoanal advancement flap repair is effective in a variety of difficult, complicated anorectal fistulas. Since the morbidity is quite low, it should be attempted prior to fecal diversion, when possible, in these settings.     

Pre-operative assessment of anal fistulas using endoanal ultrasound

Objective To study the accuracy of endoanal ultrasound in pre‐operative assessment of cryptoglandular anal fistulas, with respect to the site of the internal opening, type and depth of the fistula tract. Patients and methods A consecutive series of 151 patients with anal sepsis underwent pre‐operative endoanal ultrasound assessment of a suspected anal fistula. Hydrogen peroxide was used to define the tract when there was doubt as to the course of the fistula. All patients subsequently had surgical exploration under anaesthesia, irrespective of findings at sonography. The site of the internal opening, depth and type of fistula were recorded at surgery, and concordance with the ultrasound was assessed. Results One hundred and forty‐five patients were subsequently shown to have a fistula at surgical exploration. Type of fistula: Two thirds were transsphincteric (63%) and one third were inter sphincteric (32%), with a few submucosal, and supra sphincteric fistulas. Ultrasound correctly predicted surgical findings in 82% of patients (124/151). Concordance was highest for transsphincteric fistulas (87%). Internal opening: Accuracy of predicting the site of the internal opening was 93% (140/151). The commonest site for the internal opening was the midline posteriorly (49%), followed by the midline anteriorly (25%), the rest lay laterally. Fistula depth: Ultrasound and surgical assessment of the depth of fistulas was concordant in 120 of 145 patients (83%). Conclusions Endoanal ultrasound has a high accuracy of predicting the site of internal opening of an anal fistula. Endoanal ultrasound is able to assess the type and depth of a fistula. This information is useful for pre‐operative planning of fistula treatment.     

直肠腔内超声在肛瘘手术中的意义

目的：研究探讨应用直肠腔内超声提高肛瘘，尤其是复杂肛瘘的手术成功率。方法：对70例肛瘘患者随机分检查治疗组、对照治疗组，并对两组瘘管，及内口与手术符合率作回顾性比较分析、总结。结果：检查治疗组手术成功率100％，对照治疗组手术成功率86．7％。结论：直肠腔内超声对提高肛瘘手术成功率具有重要的指导作用。     

Anal fissure of cryptoglandular origin. Therapeutic options

Anal fistula is a frequent condition. The most commonly accepted origin is infectious. The most widely used classification is based on cryptoglandular theory and on the position of the fistulous tract in relation to the anal sphincter. Physical examination will help to identify the type of fistula and allow its treatment to be planned. The most widely used complementary tests are endoanal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. We review the various therapeutic options and their results, especially fistulotomy, endorectal advancement flap, use of sedal, anodermal advancement flap, sphincterorrhaphy with sphincter repair, and fibrin glue.     

Assessment of sonographic quality of anal sphincter muscles in patients with faecal incontinence

Objective  The main application of endoanal ultrasonography (US) in evaluation of faecal incontinence is to identify surgically correctable sphincter defects. The aim of our study was to determine whether qualitative changes in echogenicity and in uniformity of internal (IAS) and external (EAS) anal sphincter muscles detected on endoanal US correlate with other anal laboratory tests and modified Wexner faecal incontinence functional score.
Method  Records on 99 patients having complete information on anorectal manometry, faecal incontinence scoring and available endoanal US imaging of the anal sphincters were included in statistical analysis. Anatomic appearance and changes in echogenicity of the anal sphincter muscles were recorded according to the proposed scoring system. Endoanal US defect and quality component scores for IAS and EAS as well as the total score were correlated with anal laboratory tests and incontinence score using Spearman's correlations test.
Results  There was a trend for correlation between IAS quality score and incontinence score ( P  = 0.06), but no correlation for IAS defect score. EAS defect score had a significant negative correlation with maximum squeeze pressure (MSP) ( P  = 0.031). Distal EAS quality score had a significant correlation with incontinence score ( P  = 0.002). EAS total score correlated with MSP ( P  = 0.02) and incontinence score ( P  = 0.006). Endoanal US total score was significantly correlated with incontinence score ( P  = 0.006), maximal resting (MRP) ( P  = 0.035) and MSP ( P  = 0.045) and high pressure anal canal zone length ( P  = 0.03).
Conclusion  Sonographic morphology of anal sphincter muscles correlates with anal laboratory tests and functional incontinence score. Qualitative ultrasound scoring instrument may improve evaluation of patients with faecal incontinence.     

External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty.

BACKGROUND: There is still considerable debate about the value of preoperative anorectal physiological parameters in predicting the clinical outcome after sphincteroplasty. Recently it has been reported that atrophy of the external anal sphincter can be clearly shown with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of external anal sphincter atrophy in women with anterior sphincter defects due to obstetric injury and to determine the impact of external anal sphincter atrophy on the outcome of sphincteroplasty. METHODS: In this prospective study, 20 consecutive women (median age 50 (range 28-75) years) with faecal incontinence due to obstetric trauma were assessed before operation with endoanal ultrasonography and endoanal MRI. The external anal sphincter was examined and evaluated for the presence of atrophy. The clinical outcome of sphincteroplasty was interpreted without knowledge of the magnetic resonance and ultrasonographic images. RESULTS: In all patients anterior sphincter defects could be demonstrated with ultrasonography and MRI. External anal sphincter atrophy could only be demonstrated on MRI. Eight of 20 patients had external anal sphincter atrophy. Continence was restored in 13 patients. Outcome was significantly better in those without external anal sphincter atrophy (11 of 12 patients versus two of eight; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: External anal sphincter atrophy can only be visualized on endoanal MRI and affects continence after sphincteroplasty. Endoanal MRI is valuable in the preoperative assessment of patients with faecal incontinence. Presented to the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, June 1997     

H2O2造影直肠腔内超声对肛瘘诊治的意义

目的：探讨H2O2造影直肠腔内超声对提高肛瘘病灶检出率及降低复发率的意义。方法：将110例肛瘘患者随机分为常规直肠腔内超声组（以下简称常规组）、H2O2造影直肠腔内超声组（以下简称H2O2组）,分别观察常规组和H2O2组主瘘管显影率、支瘘管显影率、内口显影率以及术后复发率。结果：常规组与H2O2组的主瘘管显影率分别为90.9%和92.7%,P＞0.05;支瘘管显影率分别为63.2%和85.4%,P＜0.05;内口显影率分别为49.1%和80%,P＜0.05;术后复发率分别为18.2%和5.5%,P＜0.05。结论：肛瘘患者术前行H2O2造影直肠腔内超声,对于提高肛瘘诊断准确率、微小病灶（支瘘管）检出率及降低术后复发率有重要意义。