老年髋部骨折患者术前DVT风险评估与处理

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者术前下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的危险因素,评估术前小腿肌肉静脉血栓是否需要抗凝治疗。方法回顾性分析自2016-09—2018-09行手术治疗的313例老年髋部骨折,采用单因素分析术前DVT形成的影响因素,再采用多因素Logistic回归分析术前DVT形成的危险因素和保护因素。结果 58例术前(18.5%)出现DVT,40例小腿肌肉静脉血栓中25例术前进行抗凝治疗(抗凝组),15例术前未进行抗凝治疗(未抗凝组)。抗凝组与未抗凝组输血率与复发率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);抗凝组术后血红蛋白减少量大于未抗凝组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄65岁、股骨粗隆间骨折、卧床时间7 d、D-二聚体升高、纤维蛋白原升高、合并高脂血症是老年髋部骨折患者术前DVT形成的独立危险因素,术前使用抗血小板药物是老年髋部骨折患者术前DVT形成的保护因素。结论临床上对于年龄65岁、股骨粗隆间骨折、卧床时间7 d、D-二聚体升高、纤维蛋白原升高、合并高脂血症的老年髋部骨折患者需要预防术前DVT形成。术前对小腿肌肉血栓进行抗凝治疗不能降低血栓进展的风险,还可能会加重术后贫血,此类老年髋部骨折患者可直接进行手术治疗。     

老年髋部骨折围术期血栓危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折围术期血栓危险因素。方法以2016年3月至2021年3月收治的100例老年髋部骨折患者为对象,收集患者基础资料,利用Logistic分析影响静脉血栓发生的危险因素。结果本文100例患者中34例(34.00%)患者发生围术期静脉血栓。单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示糖尿病、高脂血症、服用抗血小板/抗凝、骨折至入院时间、卧床时间、物理预防为髋部骨折围术期血栓的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论糖尿病、高脂血症、未服用抗血小板/抗凝、骨折至入院时间高于24小时、卧床时间高于5天、未接受物理预防等为老年髋骨骨折患者围术期静脉血栓的危险因素,针对上述因素制定合理的干预措施,可减少静脉血栓的发生。     

下肢闭合骨折术前深静脉血栓形成的流行病学调查及影响因素分析

目的探讨下肢闭合骨折术前深静脉血栓形成的发生率及影响因素。方法采用前瞻性研究,以2012年12月至2014年7月我科所收入的下肢闭合骨折患者作为研究对象,不包括陈旧骨折及入院前即有深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)形成的患者,纳入研究对象的每一位患者术前1天下午常规行下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查,以明确患者是否发生DVT,数据收集包括性别、年龄、骨折部位、合并疾病、是否应用活血药物、是否应用消肿药物、是否应用抗凝药物及是否发生DVT。计算下肢闭合骨折术前DVT的总发生率,并采用二分类多因素logistic回归方法对一些可能影响DVT发生的因素进行研究分析。结果共有256例患者纳入研究患者中,共发生DVT 47例,DVT总发生率18.4%,发病率位于前三位的骨折种类分别是股骨干骨折、膝部骨折、髋部骨折,年龄及骨折部位纳入了方程。结论下肢闭合骨折术前DVT相关的影响因素为年龄和骨折部位,性别、合并病、术前是否应用活血化瘀药物、术前是否应用消肿药物、术前是否应用抗凝药物并不是下肢骨折术前发生DVT的相关因素,尤其需要注意的是对于下肢闭合骨折患者入院即应用抗凝药物可能并不能降低术前DVT的发生率。此外,鉴于股骨干骨折、膝部骨折及髋部骨折DVT的高发生率,我们还应在术前一天给这些患者行下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查,及时发现DVT,及时处理。     

老年髋部骨折术前下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响因素研究

[目的]初步探讨老年髋部骨折患者术前发生下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的概率及其患病的相关危险因素。[方法]回顾性分析2016年7月~2016年12月收入我院的老年髋部骨折患者323例,按其是否发生下肢DVT分为DVT组和无DVT组。分别收集患者的性别、年龄、受伤至接受检查的时间、骨折类型、体重指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、肺部疾病、脑血管病、肿瘤、老年痴呆、肝肾疾病、周围血管疾病以及高脂血症等一般临床资料,所有入组患者均采用Charlson合并症指数(CCI)评分评估患者的内科基础状况。[结果]本研究中老年髋部骨折术前发生DVT的概率为10.84%。经单因素对比分析显示DVT组患者受伤至接受检查的时间和CCI评分明显高于无DVT组,并且具有更高的糖尿病、肺部疾病、脑血管病、肝肾疾病、周围血管疾病及高脂血症患病率(P<0.05)。进一步对差异显著的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示受伤至接受检查的时间、脑血管病、周围血管病、高脂血症以及CCI是发生DVT的危险因素(P<0.05)。[结论]老年髋部骨折患者在术前具有较高的下肢DVT发生率,因此在术前均需对下肢DVT进行筛查;并且对术前等待时间较长、合并脑血管病、周围血管疾病、高脂血症及CCI较高的患者应特别警惕下肢DVT的发生。     

髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的多因素分析

目的探讨髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院骨科2005年1月~2014年12月572例髋部骨折老年患者接受内固定手术的临床资料,对性别、年龄、术前内科合并症、术前卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方式、手术时间和术中出血量进行单因素分析,多因素logistic回归模型分析髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的危险因素。结果 25例发生严重术后谵妄(25/572,发生率4.4%)。单因素分析结果显示年龄和麻醉方式有统计学差异(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.05~1.19,P=0.001)和全身麻醉(OR=5.03,95%CI:2.10~12.04,P=0.000)是髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的独立危险因素。结论年龄和全身麻醉是髋部骨折老年患者发生严重术后谵妄的独立危险因素。     

老年髋部骨折术前静脉血栓预防研究进展

老年髋部骨折早期即可形成静脉血栓,影响术前静脉血栓形成的危险因素众多,且危险度也不尽相同。通过量表的整合可将多个危险因素归一化形成直观的数值,以评估术前静脉血栓发生风险。众多学者对此提出了多种静脉血栓风险评估模型如RAP评分、Caprini评分等。对于术前存在不同程度风险的患者,临床上需采用预防措施如物理预防、药物预防及下腔静脉滤器等。该文就老年髋部骨折术前静脉血栓预防研究进展作一综述。     

髋部骨折围手术期下肢深静脉血栓的相关因素

[目的]分析老年髋部骨折围手术期下肢深静脉血栓（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的危险因素,建立预测模型,指导临床预判DVT发生风险。[方法]回顾性分析本院2015年8月—2021年9月收治的老年髋部骨折共384例患者临床资料。按是否发生血栓,分为DVT组和非DVT组,采用单因素和多因素分析得出下肢DVT的危险因素。建立预测模型,对模型效能进行评定。[结果] 384例患者中,围术期共发生下肢DVT 67例（17.5%）。单项因素比较,两组年龄、性别构成、骨折类型、骨折侧别、ASA分级、受伤至入院时间、是否口服抗凝、抗栓药物、合并内科疾病、手术方式、麻醉方式以及入院时Hb、HCT、WBC、PLT、Alb、纤维蛋白原、D-D、PT、PO2的差异均无统计学意义（P<0.05）。与非DVT组相比,DVT组患者术前等待时间更长、合并症数量≥3种、输血比例及合并骨折占比更高、手术时间更长、术中出血量更多、APTT更长,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素二元逻辑回归分析显示：围术期输血（OR=2.565,P<0.001）、合并症数量≥3种（OR=1.88...     

下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓形成的影响因素分析

目的探讨下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响因素,并为预防其发生提供科学参考。方法回顾性分析自2015-02—2016-02行切开复位内固定术的下肢骨折245例。分析相关指标:性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、血型、合并症(高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症)、抗凝治疗、输血(输库存血800 ml)、麻醉方式、手术时间、主被动锻炼、卧床时间。采用多因素Logistic回归分析下肢骨折患者DVT形成的影响因素。结果 46例(18.78%)发生DVT。单因素分析结果显示,DVT组和无DVT组血型、高脂血症、抗凝治疗、输血、麻醉方式、手术时间、主被动锻炼、卧床时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前未抗凝治疗、术中采用硬膜外麻醉或腰麻、术中输血、手术时间≥2 h、术后无主被动锻炼与DVT发生相关;术中输血、手术时间≥2 h为下肢骨折术后DVT发生危险因素,手术时间≥2 h的危险程度高于术中输血。结论下肢骨折患者术前进行高危风险的评估,预防性抗凝治疗,合理设计手术方案,尽量缩短手术时间,术中尽量避免全身麻醉和大量输血,术后预防性抗凝治疗并加强主被动功能锻炼,鼓励患者尽早离床活动,才能更好地预防DVT的发生。     

创伤骨折病人深静脉血栓RAPT评分表的优化及其预测价值的验证分析

目的 通过优化完善传统RAPT评分表,提高血栓发病倾向的筛选精确度,为创伤骨折病人的血栓预防提供依据,从而选择高效的个体化抗凝方案。方法 收集2021年1月～2021年12月我院收治出现静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)的创伤骨折病人150例为病例组(血栓组),随机选取同时间段未出现VTE的创伤骨折病人150例为对照组(非血栓组)。除收集传统RAPT评分表所含病史、年龄、医源性损伤及创伤程度四大类指标外,新增收集吸烟史饮酒史、血管内皮损伤性疾病、受伤至入院时间、术前是否采取预防性抗凝措施、上肢或下肢简单骨折、麻醉类型、是否急诊手术、血生化数据、D-二聚体动态数据。比较两组病人资料,使用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选独立危险因素制定优化RAPT评分表。动态评估研究对象住院期间传统及优化RAPT评分数值。通过ROC曲线评估传统及优化RAPT评分表在创伤骨折血栓人群中的评价效能。结果 单因素分析显示,两组人群吸烟史、受伤至入院时间、麻醉方式、VTE史、血管内皮损伤性疾病(糖尿病、冠心病、高脂血症、脑血管疾病、下肢静脉曲张或动脉硬化闭塞症)、术...     

髋部骨折患者术前静脉血栓栓塞症的预防与治疗

目的 分析髋部骨折患者深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响因素,探讨髋部骨折患者术前静脉血栓栓塞症的预防与治疗.方法 选取2008年6月至2010年6月间收治的531例髋部单发骨折患者,男242例,女289例;平均年龄59.2岁(28～93岁).股骨颈骨折336例,股骨转子间骨折183例,股骨转子下骨折12例.分析不同骨折类型、D-二聚体浓度、性别、年龄及术前制动时间与DVT发生率的关系.对于出现DVT的患者,给予放置下腔静脉滤器同时行骨折内固定术. 结果所有531例髋部骨折患者中,股骨颈骨折患者中21例发生DVT,股骨转子间骨折患者中34例发生DVT,股骨转子下骨折患者中无一例发生DVT.55例患者DVT均发生于术前,发生率为10.4%(55/531).髋部骨折患者年龄、性别对DVT的发生率无影响,差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.347、0.376).D-二聚体浓度、骨折类型和术前制动时间对DVT的发生率有影响,差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.002、0.017、0.037).55例发生DVT的患者均顺利完成手术. 结论对于髋部骨折患者,年龄、性别对DVT的发生不具有临床意义,D-二聚体浓度、骨折类型和术前制动时间对DVT的发生有临床意义.放置下腔静脉滤器可确保骨折内固定手术及术后康复安全顺利进行.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Single center experience in single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children in Turkey

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgery has evolved into single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the recent years. Few reports have addressed the practicality of SILS in children. Our current experience with regard to feasibility and effectiveness of SILS in children is presented.

Methods

A retrospective review of the operative database for patients operated on using SILS in our department from March 2009 to July 2010 was performed. Data regarding the type of the procedure, age, sex, operative performance, hospital stay, and complications were collected.

Main Results

Among 43 patients, cholecystectomy was performed in 11; appendectomy, in 10; unroofing for ovarian cysts, in 5; unroofing for splenic cysts, in 4; oophorectomy, in 6 (ovarian torsion, 2; teratoma, 4); ovary-preserving teratoma excision, in 1; splenectomy, in 1; gonadectomy, in 3; and varicocelectomy, in 2. There were no conversions to standard laparoscopic or open techniques. The only postoperative complication was a wound infection that occurred after an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Although currently more expensive, SILS can be performed in children in almost every pediatric surgical procedure that can be accomplished with conventional laparoscopic techniques. The most significant contribution of SILS procedure is cosmesis. Postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were not improved.