荧光示踪法在体实验研究逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流

目的用荧光示踪法研究逆行岛状皮瓣的静脉回流,探讨静脉回流的规律。方法40只新西兰大白兔,每只取耳静脉血各0．1ml,分离红细胞、FITC标记及检测。40只新西兰大白兔后肢建立隐动静脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣模型,每只将一侧后肢随机设定为实验组,对侧即为对照组,对照组制备相同皮瓣,但不注射示踪剂。实验组按照皮瓣制备的时间不同分成A、B、C、D4组,再根据注入示踪剂途径的不同,分为动脉和静脉2个亚组。取标记好的红细胞悬液5μl,在各组分别通过静脉和动脉注入。5s后取下皮瓣立即冷冻,分别自血管蒂的远段、中段和近段,采用连续的3张冰冻切片（5～7μm）,其中2张行HE染色和GENMED神经染色,另1张不染色直接压片。显微镜观察荧光分布。结果FITC标记的红细胞荧光强度均匀,可以用于示踪研究。冰冻切片显示试验组皮瓣蒂部均出现荧光,对照组未见荧光。A、B组荧光分布在动脉内膜、外膜和静脉壁;C组除动脉内膜、外膜和静脉壁有分布外,静脉腔偶有点片荧光;D组动脉内膜、外膜、静脉壁和静脉腔都有荧光分布。结论逆行岛状皮瓣早期静脉血通过动脉内膜、外膜和静脉壁的迷宫途径回流;后期通过动脉内膜、外膜和静脉壁的迷宫途径及经静脉腔的逆瓣膜途径回流。     

荧光示踪剂研究逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流的效果分析

目的:比较研究三种荧光剂在逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流的效果,以寻找最佳的研究方法.方法:分别取15只新西兰兔耳静脉血各0.1ml,分离红细胞、FITC标记及检测.45只新西兰大白兔后肢建立隐动静脉逆行岛状皮瓣模型.每只动物将一侧后肢随机设定为实验侧,对侧生成相同的皮瓣作为对照,对照侧不注入荧光剂.实验动物按照注入的三种荧光剂不同分成三组,再按注入的途径不同分三亚组.分别取三种荧光剂,通过皮瓣近端给入.在体视荧光显微镜下大体观察荧光的扩散,动脉、静脉亚组5s后,皮下亚组10s后,取下皮瓣做连续两张冰冻切片,分析荧光在血管蒂部的分布.结果:FITC标记的红细胞荧光强度均匀,可以用于示踪研究.荧光素钠在血管及其周围组织均匀分布;FITC标记的多聚糖主要分布在蒂部的血管,血管周围组织有弱的荧光分布;FITC标记的红细胞分布在蒂部的血管.结论:FITC标记的红细胞是研究皮瓣静脉回流的最佳选择,荧光剂可选择性的通过动脉、静脉和皮下三种途径注入.     

家兔逆行隐动脉皮瓣中静脉干对静脉回流影响的实验研究

目的通过活体动物实验模型，研究家兔逆行岛状皮瓣中静脉干对皮瓣静脉回流的影响。方法利用家兔隐动静脉模型做成逆行岛状皮瓣的实验模型，实验分为3组：A组静脉干组（皮瓣蒂远端结扎静脉干）；B组无静脉干组（皮瓣近端、远端结扎静脉干）；C组静脉干＋表面渗出组（皮瓣远端结扎静脉），在皮瓣表面作切口引流。观察初始、术后各个时间段静脉干对皮瓣静脉回流的影响。观察指标：皮瓣大体观察；静脉压力测定；血管口径、血流情况观察；组织学检查。结果静脉压测定：A，B，C组皮瓣术后静脉压力均较术前升高（P〈0.05）；A，B组皮瓣的静脉压在术后各时间点的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05），C组与A组无明显差异。微循环观测：三组皮瓣蒂部静脉干的血管口径在术后均有不同程度扩张，B组管径扩张程度较A，C组明显，A，C组血管管径至术后7d时接近术前水平；但B组仍高于初始水平。A，C组皮瓣蒂部静脉干开始血流方向由皮瓣蒂部向皮瓣远端流动，而后血流速度减慢；自术后2h，皮瓣内血液开始直接通过静脉干向皮瓣蒂部逆流。B组皮瓣蒂部静脉干未见静脉中有血液流动。术后12d观察，B组皮瓣中可见新生小血管，皮瓣成活率最低。结论静脉干对逆行岛状皮瓣的静脉回流起促进作用；静脉瓣膜失效机制在逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流过程中起主要作用；单纯依靠迷宫式回流不能保证皮瓣静脉充分回流；增加皮瓣表面渗出在皮瓣静脉回流中未见明显作用。     

利用浅筋膜蒂改善逆行岛状皮瓣的静脉回流

逆行岛状皮瓣是以知名动脉及其伴行静脉为蒂（如桡动脉、胫后动脉、甚至皮神经营养动脉）而形成的岛状皮瓣，皮瓣利用远端的动脉吻合支、动脉弓或动脉环而逆行供血。皮瓣的存活受动脉血供和静脉回流两个因素影响，静脉回流尤为重要。临床上，静脉危象常是造成皮瓣失败的主要原因。近几年，我们通过术中保留逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部浅层的条形筋膜，皮瓣通过血管蒂动脉逆行供血后，经过浅筋膜内的浅静脉及动脉伴行的深静脉两套静脉回流，改善皮瓣的静脉回流，从而提高皮瓣的成活率。     

指动脉岛状皮瓣的设计类型和临床应用

设计１０种以指动脉为轴型血管的岛状皮瓣，为修复指部不同创面提供合适术式。方法；用顺行，逆行带蒡，三角皮瓣推移及游离移植４种指固有神经血管岛状皮瓣，修复１５例，顺行，逆行带蒂，逆行桥式交叉转移３种指固有神经背侧支岛状皮瓣，修复８例；顺行，逆行带蒡，逆行桥式转移３种指动脉岛状皮瓣，修复５例。     

吻合浅静脉的掌背动脉岛状皮瓣

目的：采用吻合皮瓣浅静脉方法，解决掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流不畅，疗效满意。方法：在切取掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣时，保留皮瓣远端一段轴行掌背浅静脉，随皮瓣逆行翻转后将静脉反折吻合于掌背静脉网上。结果：自１９９０年８月～１９９５年１月，共治疗１２例。术后皮瓣全部成活，仅３例皮瓣发生张力性水泡。结论：本术式有效地解决了掌背皮瓣逆行翻转后静脉回流不畅的问题。     

浅筋膜蒂及轴行血管蒂在逆行皮瓣中的联合应用

临床上带蒂皮瓣可以是血管蒂，也可以是筋膜蒂。血管蒂皮瓣常存在静脉回流问题，而筋膜皮瓣由于没有知名血管，切取的面积有限。逆行岛状皮瓣是以知名动脉及其伴行静脉为蒂（如桡动脉、胫后动脉，甚至皮神经营养动脉）而形成的岛状皮瓣，皮瓣利用远端的动脉吻合支、动脉弓或动脉环而逆行供血。皮瓣的存活受动脉血供和静脉回流两个因素影响，静脉回流尤为重要。临床上，     

逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用失败原因分析及技术改进

目的分析逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用失败的原因并提出改进的方法。方法1994年7月至2003年5月，临床应用逆行岛状皮瓣160例对其中15例于术失败者进行了分析。结果静脉回流障碍是引起逆行岛状皮瓣手术失败的主要原因(9例)，其中，发瓣完全坏死5例，皮瓣远端部分坏死4例；皮瓣的蒂部扭转或受压是术后皮瓣坏死的另一重要原因(3例)。结论吻合皮瓣远端浅静脉可改善逆行皮瓣的静脉同流，切断并结扎皮瓣蒂部浅静脉是手术成功的关键。仅依靠逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部的两条伴行静脉能够保证皮瓣的静脉回流。     

皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮辩吻合浅静脉的临床应用效果

目的：报道皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣吻合浅静脉的临床应用效果。方法：用吻合头静脉的前臂外侧皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复手背部软组织缺损4例，吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复胫前区、踝周及足背部软组织缺损8例。结果：12例皮瓣全部皮活，超声多普勒检查显示静脉通畅。随访3－26个月，皮瓣质地优良，外观及功能良好。结论：吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠，转移范围大，切取容易，损伤小，不牺牲主干动脉，较好地解决了同类皮瓣静脉回流障碍的问题，是修复四肢软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

远端蒂皮神经浅静脉筋膜岛状皮瓣的模型建立

目的建立新西兰大白兔腓肠神经小隐静脉筋膜岛状皮瓣实验模型。方法对5只新西兰大白兔解剖，观察小隐静脉和腓肠神经的伴行情况、小隐静脉走行、小隐静脉瓣膜及逆行测压，并进行远近双蒂小隐静脉腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣成活的预实验。结果小隐静脉和腓肠神经位于后肢的后外侧面，无明显动脉伴行。小隐静脉出深筋膜后即分为前后2支，腓肠神经也同样分为前后2支伴静脉而行。对小隐静脉主干进行逆向插管灌注墨水，主干及前支有5～6个瓣膜，最强的1个位于前支汇入主干的远侧，可对抗60～100cm水柱逆向压力。切取双蒂皮瓣做预实验，皮瓣均完全成活。说明该模型的动脉血供和静脉回流充足。结论兔小隐静脉腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣是研究远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流的良好模型。     

Venous drainage in retrograde island flap: An experimental study using fluorescence tracing technique

The pathway of venous drainage in retrograde island flaps was investigated by fluorescence tracing technique using the saphenous fasciocutaneous flap in New Zealand White rabbits. Forty animals were allocated into four groups according to the different times at 30 minutes (I), 24 hours (II), 72 hours (III), and 7 days (IV) after the operation. According to the different routes to give tracer, each group was further allocated into two subgroups of the artery injection and vein injection. For each animal, one hindlimb was assigned as the experimental side, the contralateral side as control without giving tracer. The erythrocytes were separated, labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), detected, and injected into the artery or vein. Subsequently, the flaps were harvested 5 seconds after injection and immediately frozen, sectioned, and observed under microscope. In group I and II, the fluorescence was observed mainly around the vessel adventitia of the vein and artery and tunica intima of the artery. In group III, there was weak fluorescence observed in the lumen of vein. In group IV, fluorescence was distributed principally in the lumen of the vein. In addition, fluorescence was not observed in the saphenous nerve in group I and there was mild fluorescence in the saphenous nerve in groups II, III, and IV. These findings suggest that the venous return is through “bypass route” in earlier period. In later period, the venous retrograde return is through “bypass route” and “incompetent valves route;” however, “incompetent valves route” becomes the main route. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2010.     

Creating two independent fasciocutaneous free flaps from a single radial forearm donor site

The authors describe the creation of two independent fasciocutaneous free flap units from a single radial forearm donor site. After the radial forearm flap is elevated in the standard manner, based on the entire length of the radial artery, the individual flap units are developed as island flaps based on the proximal and the distal radial artery respectively by transecting the radial artery, its accompanying veins, and the cephalic vein. Thus, two independent radial forearm free flaps are created from a single donor site: The proximal one has antegrade flow and the distal one has retrograde flow. The individual free flap units were transferred, and microvascular anastomoses were performed simultaneously by two surgical teams. This technique was used in 2 patients presenting with bilateral foot defects that required reconstruction with a thin, reliable flap such as the radial forearm flap.     

Comparison of venous drainage in reverse-flow island flaps: an experimental study of the rabbit saphenous fasciocutaneous flap

The mechanism of venous drainage in reverse-flow island flaps was investigated using the saphenous fasciocutaneous flap in New Zealand White rabbits. Ten animals were allocated into two groups of 10 flaps. In group I (left limb), the distal vascular pedicle (one saphenous artery and two venae comitantes) was not disturbed, maintaining the communicating and collateral branches intact. In group II (right limb), it was separated microsurgically from each other for 3 cm. Intravenous pressure was measured at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after tourniquet release. The values of group II at 30 and 60 minutes were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those of group I. Ten days after flap elevation, the mean survival area of group I (95%) and group II (100%) was not significantly different. Histological examination of the vascular pedicle showed the saphenous veins in group II were more dilated than those of group I. These findings suggest that venous retrograde return in reverse-flow island flaps can be achieved more easily through a "direct incompetent valves route" than through a "circuitous communicating and collateral bypass route."     

指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复同指指腹皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨一种新的筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复指腹皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法。方法 于指背形成筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣并移转至指腹创面。结果 临床已应用6例，皮瓣全部成活。结论 指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣可以安全、简便地修复同指指腹的创面。     

Reconstruction of distal forefoot burn defect with retrograde medial plantar flap

Burn reconstruction of forefoot remains as a difficult challenge, because the local flap alternatives are limited. We evaluated the efficiency of distally based medial plantar fasciocutaneous island flap in the coverage of forefoot defects resulting from release of toe contracture and burn debridement. Four patients with toe contractures and two patients with third degree burn in forefoot were treated between June 2004 and February 2006. The mean follow-up period was 10.4 months. The flaps were elevated as with a fasciocutaneous base on the distal medial plantar artery. The dimensions of the flaps ranged from 4cmx3cm to 5cmx4cm. The skin over the pedicle was included as a part of flap in three cases. Concomitant vein of the pedicle was anastomosed with the first plantar digital vein in four cases. In the early postoperative period, one flap used to cover third degree burn due to high-voltage electric injury was lost completely. We concluded that this flap was an appropriate alternative reconstructive option for the forefoot defect. Including skin and subcutaneous tissue over the pedicle to flap protects the pedicle against kinking and compression. Venous supercharging of the flap improves venous drainage.     

Distally based radial forearm flap with preservation of the radial artery: anatomic,experimental, and clinical studies

In this article we report on the anatomical, experimental, and clinical investigations of the distally adipofascial pedicled radial forearm flap based on the small perforators around the radial styloid process. There are about 10 small perforators (0.3-0.5 mm in diameter) from the distal radial artery around the radial styloid process. The longitudinal chain-linked vascular plexuses (suprafascial, paraneural, and perivenous) formed by the forearm ascending and descending branches of septofasciocutaneous perforators meet and cross over with the transverse carpal vascular plexuses around the radial styloid region. Based on these directional-oriented plexuses, distally based adipofascial pedicled radial forearm fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps were designed and successfully applied in 34 clinical cases. The pivot point was located at 1-2 cm above the radial styloid. The skin island plus adipofascial pedicle measured between 9-18 cm in length, with the adipofascial pedicle 3-4 cm in width. The length-to-width ratio is 3-5:1. The venous drainage of this distally based flap was investigated anatomically and experimentally. The cephalic vein has no positive role for venous drainage in distally based flaps. The difference between distally based flaps and reverse-flow flaps, clinical selection of fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps, advantages and disadvantages, and technical tips for operative success are discussed.     

”︁Plasmatic imbibition„ in the rat musculocutaneous pedicled venous flap: Enzymatic proof using horseradish peroxidase

To determine the reason for survival of a pedicled venous flap in which only a draining vein is preserved, it is important to clarify what kind of blood flow is present in the preserved draining vein. Pedicled venous flaps were prepared on the dorsum of the rat and histologically evaluated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied between the flap and recipient bed in one group. In the other group, HRP was injected into the femoral vein after the flap was turned over (to prevent contact with the recipient bed). The flaps in these HRP-treated groups were compared with untreated control groups. HRP applied between the flap and recipient bed was imbibed into the flap and subsequently transferred into the preserved draining vein. HRP that was injected into the femoral vein was also found in the draining vein of the flap. These results suggest that (1) plasmatic imbibition occurs in pedicled venous flaps; and (2) antegrade and retrograde blood flow are present in the draining Vein. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

带指掌侧静脉的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

介绍一种新的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣。１９９３年１０月～１９９６年１２月，采用指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复１３例１７指皮肤缺损，并对皮瓣带或不带指掌侧静脉进行了对比性研究。结果表明，本组１７块皮瓣均成活。在术后早期并发症中，不带指掌侧静脉皮瓣的静脉危象发生率为８７．５％（７／８），带指掌侧静脉的皮瓣仅为１１．１％（１／９）。认为，带指掌侧静脉的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣，可明显减少该皮瓣静脉危象的发生，提高皮瓣成活率