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目的 探讨ＡＢＯ配对肝移植预后的影响。方法 回顾分析３例ＡＢＯ血型不合的肝脏移植临床特点及治疗结果。结果 ２例病人出现不可逆性斥反应，分别于术后第１８、２０天死亡，１例病人未出现排斥反应，现已存活１５０天。结论 ＡＢＯ配型不合对肝移植的预后可能有很大影响，目前仅限于在紧急状态下采用。     

皮肤交叉配型在预测肾移植排斥反应中的作用

首次采有回顾性及前瞻性方式对１０５例肾移植患者进行了血管内皮细胞抗体（ＶＥＣ－Ａｂ）的皮肤交叉配型试验。回顾性研究显示８／３８例呈阳性反应者中６例（７５％）发生了严重的早期加速排斥，２／３０例阴性反应者中仅２例发生早期排异，皮肤配型阳性与早期排异的发生有明显关联（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。前瞻性研究显示：经配型重新选择供肾的６７例中仅４例发生早期排异反应（６％），ＶＥＣ－Ａｂ的存在与移植排异反应之间关系     

风湿性心脏病患者体外循环后心肌β受体系统解偶联

目的研究体外循环（ＣＰＢ）对风湿性心脏病患者心肌β受体系统的影响。方法采用放射免疫分析法测定了１２例风湿性心脏病患者ＣＰＢ前后心肌β受体密度、腺苷酸环化酶（ＡＣ）活性、异丙肾上腺素介导的腺苷酸环化酶最大活性（ＩＳＯ－ＡＣ）。结果ＣＰＢ前后β受体密度、腺苷酸环化酶活性均无明显改变；ＣＰＢ后ＩＳＯ－ＡＣ（１０．２９±３．６５ｐｍｏｌｃＡＭＰ／ｍｇｐｒ·ｍｉｎ）较ＣＰＢ前（１５．９８±４．６３ｐｍｏｌｃＡＭＰ／ｍｇｐｒ·ｍｉｎ）明显降低。结论风湿性心脏病患者ＣＰＢ后β受体系统解偶联，对儿茶酚胺反应性降低，这可能是此类患者术后常出现低心排血量的原因之一     

血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体滴度检测对移植肾急性血管排斥的诊断价值

动态观察了４例移植肾急性血管排斥患者经甲基泼尼松龙和环磷酰胺双冲击治疗前后血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ＡＮＣＡ）滴度的动态变化，分析患者治疗前后临床实验室检查和肾组织病理变化。结果：（１）病情处于急性排斥期，血清ＡＮＣＡ滴度升高；（２）治疗后，临床症状减轻，肾功能改善，肾组织病理趋于正常时，ＡＮＣＡ滴度降低；（３）随访半年，移植肾排斥缓解，４例患者血清抗髓过氧化物酶抗体（ＭＰＯ－ＡＮＣＡ）均转为阴性，２例荧光法ＡＮＣＡ（ＩＦ－ＡＮＣＡ）转为阴性。结果表明，血清ＡＮＣＡ滴度的动态变化可以作为监测移植肾急性血管排斥的一项指标，对早期诊断和指导治疗有重要意义     

J—Tc间期延长在急性心肌梗塞中的诊断价值

分析不同受试者的Ｑ－Ｔｃ及Ｊ－Ｔｃ间期的变化，并进行比较，发现陈旧性心肌梗塞（ＯＭＩ）组的Ｑ－Ｔｃ及Ｊ－Ｔｃ间期均与正常组接近；单纯的安全性右束支传导阻滞（ＣＲＢＢＢ）组和ＯＭＩ＋ＣＲＢＢＢ组仅表现Ｑ－Ｔｃ间期延长，Ｊ－Ｔｃ间期与正常组接近；急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）组和ＡＭＩ＋ＣＲＢＢＢ组Ｑ－Ｔｃ及Ｊ－Ｔｃ间期均明显长于正常组，结果提示：Ｊ－Ｔｃ间期较Ｑ－Ｔｃ间期能更好地反映心室肌复极状态，对心室除     

肝脏移植急性排异与慢性排异的临床和病理分析

目的研究肝脏移植急性排异和慢性排异的临床表现及病理改变。方法观察和分析了我院２例肝移植患者术后出现急性和／或慢性排异时的临床表现，实验室检查及病理所见。结果急性排异时．ＡＳＴ和ＡＬＴ升高十分显著，而ＴＢＩＬ相对低，病理学有三个主要特征；而慢性排异时，ＴＢＩＬ。升高非常明显，ＡＳＴ和ＡＬＴ相对低，病理学有两个主要特征。结论实验室检查和病理特征对于鉴别急、慢性排异具有重要意义。     

同种异体移植肾组织中B7蛋白的表达及其意义

目的观察同种异体移植肾组织中Ｂ７蛋白表达的特点，以期阐明其在急性细胞性排异中可能的致病作用。方法用ＰＡＰ免疫组织化学方法对急性细胞性排异（ＡＣＲ），无急性细胞性排异（Ｎ－ＡＣＲ）和正常对照肾组织中Ｂ７蛋白的表达进行观察，并结合肾间质中浸润淋巴细胞数和肾小管上ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原的表达进行分析。结果ＡＣＲ组肾间质ＣＤ４＋，ＣＤ８＋和Ｂ细胞数较Ｎ－ＡＣＲ组和正常对照明显增高，与此相一致的是肾间质表达Ｂ７－１和Ｂ７－２的细胞也较Ｎ－ＡＣＲ组增高，但Ｂ７－２增加更明显。ＡＣＲ组肾小管上皮细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ及Ｂ７－１的表达较Ｎ－ＡＣＲ组明显增高。结论肾小管上皮细胞有可能通过ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ和Ｂ７－１表达的上调作为抗原提呈细胞主动参与上述免疫反应的发生。     

肾移植患者血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体检测的临床意义

目的：评价在肾移植急性血管性排斥反应诊断中用间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦ）检测血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ＡＮＣＡ）和ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血清抗髓过氧化物酶抗体（ＭＰＯ－ＡＮＣＡ）同步检测的意义。方法：回顾性总结了４１例经肾活检确诊的肾移植排斥反应患者ＡＮＣＡ的检出率,了解ＡＮＣＡ阳性的肾移植排斥反应的种类及其临床病理特点。结果：①４１例肾移植患者有１１例血清ＩＦ－ＡＮＣＡ阳性,有１５例血清ＭＰＯ－ＡＮＣＡ阳性     

辅助性部分肝移植治疗肝功能衰竭的动物实验

作者用四氯化碳腹腔内注射，辅以饮食控制的方法造成狗肝硬变，然后再静脉滴注氨基半乳糖制备狗肝功能衰竭的模型。采用辅助性部分肝移植方法（宿主肝下右结肠旁沟处）对该组动物进行治疗。观察实验动物的生存率，生化指标的变化及病理改变，并与对照组动物进行比较，结果表明移植组生存率为５９．１％，对照组生存率为７．１／（Ｐ＜０．０１），移植组术后血氨、胆红素、凝血酶原时间、血糖等生化指标较对照组有明显改善（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（９９ｍ）￣ＴＣ－ＨＩＤＡ与（９９ｍ）￣ＴＣ－ＤＩＳＤＡ同位素扫描证实移植肝具有摄入及排泄作用。由此证明辅助性部分肝移植对肝功能衰竭的动物有明显的肝功能支持作用。本文对该种肝功能衰竭的动物模型特点，辅助性部分肝移植术式的特点等问题作了初步的探讨。     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体滴度检测对微型多动脉炎肾损害活动性的诊…

目的 研究抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ＡＮＣＡ）滴度的动态变化与微型多动脉炎（ＭＰＡ）肾损害病情活动性的关系。方法 动态观察５例活动性微型多动脉炎肾损害患者经甲基强的松龙和环磷酰胺双冲击治疗前后血清抗髓过氧化物酶抗体（ＭＰＯＡＮＣＡ），荧光法ＡＮＣＡ（ＩＦ－ＡＮＣＡ）滴度的动态变化，分析治疗前后患者临床实验室检查和肾组织病理变化。结果（１）病情处于急性活动期，ＭＰＯ－ＡＮＣＡ，ＩＦ－ＡＮＣ滴度升高，（２     

Analysis of Renal Transplant Protocol Biopsies in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation

Numerous studies have shown that protocol biopsies have predictive power. We retrospectively examined the histologic findings and C4d staining in 89 protocol biopsies from 48 ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) transplant recipients, and compared the results with those of 250 controls from 133 ABO-compatible (ABO-C) transplant recipients given equivalent maintenance immunosuppression. Others have shown that subclinical rejection (borderline and grade I) in ABO-C grafts decreased gradually after transplantation. In our study, however, subclinical rejection in the ABO-I grafts was detected in 10%, 14% and 28% at 1, 3 and 6–12 months, respectively. At 6–12 months, mild tubular atrophy was more common in the ABO-C grafts whereas the incidence of transplant glomerulopathy did not differ between the two groups (ABO-C: 7%; ABO-I: 15%; p = 0.57). In the ABO-I transplants, risk factors for transplant glomerulopathy in univariate analysis were positive panel reactivity (relative risk, 45.0; p < 0.01) and a prior history of antibody-mediated rejection (relative risk, 17.9; p = 0.01). Furthermore, C4d deposition in the peritubular capillaries was detected in 94%, with diffuse staining in 66%. This deposition, however, was not linked to antibody-mediated rejection. We conclude that, in the ABO-I kidney transplantation setting, detection of C4d alone in protocol biopsies might not have any diagnostic or therapeutic relevance.     

Changes in T Cells After ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation

Purpose: T lymphocytes are an essential component of allograft rejection and tolerance. The aims of the present study are to analyze the characteristics of T-cell subsets between ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation (ABO-I LDLT) and ABO-compatible LDLT (ABO-C LDLT). Materials and Methods: Between April 2013 and June 2014, 61 patients underwent adult LDLT. ABO-I LDLT patients received rituximab and all patients received basiliximab as induction therapy and tacrolimus as maintenance therapy. The distribution of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets pretransplant and 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks post-transplant were serially monitored. Results: Eight patients underwent ABO-I LDLT. Patient characteristics did not vary between the ABO-I and ABO-C groups. Absolute lymphocyte counts and CD4+ T cells in the ABO-I group were lower than those in ABO-C group after LDLT (p =.034 and p =.039, respectively). However, the comparison between the ABO-I and ABO-C groups revealed that the CD8+ T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, Vδ1 cells, Vδ2 cells, γδ T cells, Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio, CD3-CD56+ cells, and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells did not change significantly over time. Conclusions: Absolute lymphocyte counts and CD4+ T cell levels are different between ABO-I and ABO-C groups after LDLT. The present study suggests that T-cell lymphocyte changes in peripheral blood in ABO-I LDLT patients were similar to those in ABO-C LDLT patients.     

B-cell surface marker analysis for improvement of rituximab prophylaxis in ABO-incompatible adult living donor liver transplantation.

Although the effectiveness of rituximab has been reported in ABO blood group (ABO)-incompatible (ABO-I) organ transplantation, the protocol is not yet established. We studied the impact of the timing of rituximab prophylaxis and the humoral immune response of patients undergoing ABO-I living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), focusing on clinicopathological findings and the B-cell subset. From July 2003 to December 2005, 30 adult patients were treated with hepatic artery infusion (HAI) protocol without splenectomy for ABO-I LDLT. A total of 17 patients were treated only with HAI (no prophylaxis), and the other 13 were treated with rituximab prophylaxis at various times prior to transplantation. For B-cell study of the spleen, another 4 patients undergoing ABO-I LDLT both with HAI after prophylaxis and eventual splenectomy, and 3 patients with ABO-compatible LDLT with splenectomy were enrolled. The mortality of the 30 patients with HAI, without splenectomy, and with/without rituximab prophylaxis was 33% and the main cause of death was sepsis. Peripheral blood B cells were completely depleted, anti-donor blood-type antibody titer was lower, and clinical and pathological antibody-mediated rejection was not observed in patients with prophylaxis earlier than 7 days before transplantation (early prophylaxis). Early rituximab prophylaxis significantly depleted B cells and memory B cells in the spleen but not in lymph nodes. On the other hand, B cells and memory B cells increased and memory B cells became dominant during antibody-mediated rejection. In conclusion, early prophylaxis with rituximab depletes B cells, including memory B cells, in the spleen and is associated with a trend toward lower humoral rejection rates and lower peak immunoglobulin (Ig)G titers in ABO-I LDLT patients.     

ABO-incompatible liver transplantation for critically ill adult patients

ABO incompatible (ABO-In) liver transplant remains a controversial solution to acute liver failure in adults. Adult liver recipients with acute liver failure or severely decompensated end-stage disease, intubated and/or in the intensive care unit, were grouped as ABO-In (n = 14), ABO-compatible (n = 29, ABO-C) and ABO-identical (n = 65, ABO-Id). ABO-In received quadruple immunosuppression with antibody-depleting induction agents (except two), calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites and steroids. No significant difference of patient and graft survivals was observed among ABO-In, ABO-C and ABO-Id: graft survivals were 64%, 62% and 67%, respectively, in 1 year and 56%, 54% and 60%, respectively, in 5 years; patient survivals 86%, 69% and 67%, respectively, in 1 year and 77%, 61% and 62%, respectively, in 5 years. Three ABO-In grafts were lost (one hyper-acute rejection and two hepatic artery thrombosis). Surgical and infectious complications were similarly distributed between groups, except the hepatic artery thrombosis, more frequent in ABO-In (2, 14%) than ABO-I (1, 1.5%, P < 0.05). In contrast to previous studies, no significant difference of patient and graft survivals could be observed among all ABO-compatibility settings. Our results suggest that ABO-incompatible transplants should be viewed as an important therapeutic option in adult patients with acute liver failure awaiting an emergency procedure.     

Successful ABO-incompatible pediatric liver transplantation utilizing standard immunosuppression with selective postoperative plasmapheresis.

Transplanting blood group A, B, or O (ABO)-incompatible (ABO-I) liver grafts has resulted in lower patient and graft survival with an increased incidence of vascular and biliary complications and rejection. We report that, without modification of our standard immunosuppression protocol, crossing blood groups is an acceptable option for children requiring liver transplantation. In our study, ABO-I liver grafts -- regardless of recipient age -- have comparable long-term survival (mean follow-up of 3.25 yr) with ABO-compatible grafts without any difference in rejection, vascular or biliary complications. From January 1, 1999 to October 1, 2005, we studied 138 liver transplants in 121 children: 16 (13.2%) received an ABO incompatible liver allograft. One-year actuarial patient survival for ABO-matched grafts vs. ABO-I grafts was 93.0% and 100%, respectively, whereas graft survival was 83.4% and 92.3%. Additionally, 6 of 16 (37.5%) ABO-I transplanted children had 8 rejection episodes, whereas 47 patients (44.8%) had 121 rejection episodes in the ABO-compatible group. There were no vascular complications and 2 biliary strictures in the ABO-I group. Plasmapheresis was not used for pretransplantation desensitization and was only required in 1 posttransplantation recipient. No child was splenectomized. Six of the 16 children were older than 13 yr of age, suggesting the possibility of successfully expanding this technique to an older population. In conclusion, our outcomes may support the concept of using ABO-I grafts in a more elective setting associated with split and living donor liver transplants.     

Increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection of reduced-size liver allografts

Because of the shortage of liver allografts in children, transplantation of reduced-size liver allografts from adult cadaveric donors or living, related donors is being done more frequently. Reduced-size liver allografts may be used in cases of ABO incompatibility and T-cell warm cross-match positivity. This experimental study in inbred rats was undertaken to determine if reduced-size liver allografts are more sensitive to antibody-mediated rejection than full-size liver allografts. Brown-Norway (BN) (RT1(n)) rats were sensitized by three successive skin grafts at 10-day intervals. Then orthotopic Lewis (LEW) (RT1(1)) liver grafts were transplanted into these BN rats. Full-size liver allografts were compared with reduced-size liver allografts (70% of donor liver). Control groups were composed of full-size and/or reduced-size isografts. Titers of specific antibodies were assayed using a complement-dependent assay before and after orthotopic liver transplantation. Histological and immunofluorescence studies (IgG, IgM, C(3), and fibrinogen deposits) were assessed. Recipients of reduced-size liver allografts died of hyperacute rejection at 36.6 +/- 4.1 h, significantly earlier than recipients receiving full-size liver allografts, which died of accelerated acute rejection at 259.2 +/- 25.2 h (P < 0.001). Either full-size or reduced-size isograft recipients survived indefinitely. A decrease in the titers of donor-specific antibodies was observed in both groups of animals. Slight deposits of IgG, IgM, C(3), and fibrinogen were observed in recipients of reduced-size liver allografts, whereas larger deposits were observed in recipients of full-size liver allografts. Our data demonstrate that there is an increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection of reduced-size liver allografts in sensitized recipients. This may have important clinical implications for partial liver grafting in cases of ABO incompatibility and T-cell warm cross-match positivity.     

Chronic antibody-mediated rejection is reduced by targeting B-cell immunity during an introductory period

Transplantation across blood group antigen and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) barriers are immunologically high risk. Both splenectomy and rituximab injection were developed to overcome those immunological barriers. The idea behind these treatments is to control B-cell immunity before and after renal transplantation and antibody production. Between January 2001 and December 2004, recipients underwent pretransplant double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) and splenectomy at the time of transplantation in the ABO-incompatible group (ABO-I-SPX; n= 45). From January 2005 to June 2009, a low dose of rituximab was given as an alternative to splenectomy (ABO-I-RIT; n = 57). As a control group, we selected 83 cases of ABO-C living-donor kidney transplantation between January 2001 and December 2007 (ABO-C). We compared the graft survival rate and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (C-AMR) rate between ABO-C and ABO-I kidney transplantation with induction treatment. C-AMR rates 2 years after the operation were 8.8, 3.5 and 28.9%, and de novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSHA) positive rates were 2.2, 1.7 and 18.1% in the ABO-I-SPX, ABO-I-RIT and ABO-C groups, respectively. The ABO-C group showed the highest rate of C-AMR and de novo DSHA. B-cell depletion protocols, such as splenectomy or rituximab administration, reduced C-AMR after kidney transplantation.     

Fourteen Successful Consecutive Cases of ABO-Incompatible Living Donor Liver Transplantation: New Simplified Intravenous Immunoglobulin Protocol Without Local Infusion Therapy

Since various innovative strategies including local infusion therapy and rituximab have been introduced, the survivals and outcomes of recipients in ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have remarkably improved. Thus, ABO-I LDLT can be a feasible therapeutic option for the patient with end-stage liver disease if an ABO-compatible donor is not available. Although most ABO-I protocols are based on rituximab, plasma exchange, and local infusion therapy, treatment strategies have been changing according to a center's preference or their results. Nonetheless, the consensus of the ABO-I LDLT protocol remains undetermined. Herein, we present our experience with new simple ABO-I LDLT protocol and the excellent results for 14 patients from January 2011 to May 2013. All patients were administrated a single dose of rituximab over 7 days before transplantation followed by plasma exchange to lower anti-ABO antibody titer ≤32. The basic immunosuppression protocol consisted of tacrolimus and steroids with mycophenolate mofetil starting 3 days before transplantation. Splenectomy was not performed routinely and local infusion therapy was not applied at the postoperative period. Instead, the patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) after LDLT on days 1, 3, and 5. Neither antibody-mediated rejection nor biliary stricture were encountered in the patients, with a mean follow-up of 16.27 ± 9.4 months. This new simplified ABO-I LDLT protocol seems to prevent antibody-mediated rejection and could be considered as the safe and effective modality to overcome the ABO blood-type barrier in LDLT.     

An approach to ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in children.

Survival in ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) liver transplantation has been reported to be between 40% and 60%. Management techniques have included routine immunosuppression as well as prophylactic antilymphoblast globulin, pre- and posttransplant plasmapheresis (PLPH), and splenectomy. Over a 6-year period, 155 orthotopic liver transplants were performed in 139 pediatric patients. Seven children received an ABO-I allograft. In the latter transplants, immunosuppression consisted of triple-drug therapy (cyclosporine A, prednisone, and azathioprine) along with prospective double-volume PLPH for ABO titers (IgA and IgM) greater than or equal to 1:8. Splenectomy was not performed on any patient. One patient was refractory to PLPH and was treated with a hemofiltration system using an immunoadsorption cartridge with synthetic A group antigen. The overall survival for patients receiving ABO-I allografts was 57% (4/7), with a 67% (4/6) graft survival in those patients treated with PLPH. The graft survival for patients treated with prospective PLPH and MALG was 60% (3/5). There was a 60% incidence of rejection in those patients treated with prospective PLPH and these episodes were all mild (steroid bolus only). While ABO-I transplantation is a reasonable option in the emergency setting, further study is necessary before it should be routinely used to increase the general donor organ pool in pediatric liver transplantation.     

ABO-mismatch adult living donor liver transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and quadruple immunosuppression without splenectomy.

ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) liver transplantation is a controversial issue because of the generally less favorable outcome as compared to compatible transplants. Encouraging results have been shown by the introduction of new strategies to reduce posttransplant-specific hemagglutinin (HA) titers with plasmapheresis, reinforced immunosuppression (IS), and the use of splenectomy. We describe a new protocol consisting of daclizumab (DAC) induction, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)/tacrolimus (TAC)/steroids without splenectomy. Five recipients (mean age of 47 +/- 14 yr) undergoing ABO-I living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) were included in this protocol. Immunoadsorbent columns (Glycosorb ABO) were used for antigen-specific immunoadsorption (ASI). The median follow-up was 18.5 +/- 10.5 months. ASI was very efficient in lowering HA titers (mean log(2) immunoglobulin [Ig] M [IgM] and IgG values before and after ASI were 5.9 +/- 2.8 and 1.2 +/- 1.4 [P= 0.0038] and 6.5 +/- 2.3 and 1.1+/- 1.9, respectively [P= 0.0001]). Persisting low HA titers were observed over time. No sepsis nor cytomegalovirus infection episodes were recorded. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) occurred in 1 recipient responding to steroid pulse therapy. Two grafts were lost in 2 patients due to technical failure during the first postoperative month. We conclude that ASI using Glycosorb ABO, quadruple immunosuppression including DAC and MMF provide high efficiency to lower HA titers over time, avoiding the need for splenectomy. ABO-I LDLT can be performed with this adapted IS protocol.