Duration of orthodontic force affecting initial response of nitric oxide synthase in rat periodontal ligaments

Clinical experience suggests that successful orthodontic tooth movement can be produced with a threshold for force duration at about 6 hours, however, the changes in the periodontal ligaments (PDL) during this period is still unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is a marker of signal transduction relating to bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to observe the initial response of NO synthase (NOS) when PDL equilibrium would be broken against light continuous orthodontic force. Rat maxillary first molars were moved mesially with 2 gf Titanium-Nickel closed coil springs for 1, 3 and 6 hours. The number of NADPH-diaphorase positive cells in PDL was counted for investigating NOS activity. At the control group, NOS activity in the distal area of the PDL was significantly higher than that of the mesial area (P<0.001). The activity of mesial area increased at 1-hour group (P<0.01), while the activity of distal area dropped down at 3- and 6-hour groups (P 3-hour<0.05, P 6-hour<0.001), compared with the control group. These results suggest that 1-3 hours would be the threshold of force duration for tooth movement with light continuous force.     

Clodronate inhibits PGE(2) production in compressed periodontal ligament cells

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play an essential role in orthodontic tooth movement. We recently reported that clodronate, a non-N-containing bisphosphonate, strongly inhibited tooth movement in rats, and thus could be a useful adjunct for orthodontic treatment. However, it is not clear how clodronate affects the responses of PDL cells to orthodontic force. In this study, we hypothesized that clodronate prevents the mechanical stress-induced production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and nitric oxide (NO) in human PDL cells. A compressive stimulus caused a striking increase in PGE(2) production, while the responses of IL-1beta and NO were less marked. Clodronate concentration-dependently inhibited the stress-induced production of PGE(2). Clodronate also strongly inhibited stress-induced gene expression for COX-2 and RANKL. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of clodronate on tooth movement and osteoclasts may be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of COX-2-dependent PGE(2) production and RANKL expression in PDL cells.     

Orthodontic tooth movement in the prednisolone-treated rat

Adverse effects of corticosteroids on bone metabolism raise concerns as to whether steroid treatment may influence orthodontic movement. This study examined the effect of prednisolone on orthodontic movement using an established rat model. The corticosteroid treated group (N = 6) was administered prednisolone (1 mg/kg) daily, for a 12-day induction period; the control group (N = 6) received equivalent volumes of saline. On day 12, an orthodontic appliance was placed which exerted 30 g of mesial force to the maxillary first molar. Animals were sacrificed on day 24 and tooth movement was measured. Sagittal sections of the molars were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. While there were no significant differences in the magnitude of tooth movement between the 2 groups, steroid-treated rats displayed significantly less root resorption on the compression side and fewer TRAP-positive cells within the PDL space on the same side. This suggests steroid treatment suppressed clastic activity.     

正畸牙齿移动过程中iNOS的表达及意义

目的:观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶(induc ib le n itric oxide synthase,iNOS)在大鼠正畸牙齿移动引发牙周组织改建过程中的表达,探讨NO/iNOS在正畸牙齿移动中的作用机制。方法:56只雄性SD大鼠随机分为8组。分别在正畸加力1,3,5,7,14,21,28 d后进行免疫组化染色和图像分析。结果:正畸加力3 d后,牙周组织细胞iNOS表达增强,7 d iNOS表达达到高峰(P<0.01),以后iNOS表达下降。结论:NO/iNOS参与了正畸牙周组织改建过程。     

The role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in second messenger formation, osteoblast and osteoclast function, and pulpal blood flow. This raises the question of whether or not altered NO production interferes with orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) by influencing the bone remodeling cycle. To investigate the role of NO in OTM, a rat model was established and 48 rats were divided into four study groups of 12 rats each. A 5 mm nickel-titanium closed-coil spring was ligated between the right maxillary incisor and first molar of each rat to deliver an initial force of 60 g. A saline group received subperiosteal injections of normal saline (50 microL/kg), an L-arginine (L-arg) group received L-arginine (NO precursor) injections (200 mg/kg), and a, L-NAME group received N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor)(10 mg/kg) injections. All injections were given in the upper right first molar mucosa from the first through the 11th day of force application at 48-hour intervals. A control group received no injections. Tooth movement measurements were done at the time of injections. Animals were sacrificed 13 days after appliance insertion and final OTMs were measured at the time of sacrifice. From the third day till the end of the experiment, the L-arg group showed a significant increase in tooth movements, whereas the L-NAME group showed a significant decrease in tooth movements compared to the control and saline group (P < .001). Histopathologic studies revealed that the number of osteoclasts was significantly higher in the L-arg group smears, while the number of osteoclasts in the L-NAME group was significantly lower as compared to the control group (P < .001). Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the force-induced root resorption in the L-arg group was less than the control group. This study suggests a role for NO in the bone remodeling cycle.     

Effects of PGI2 and TxA2 analogs and inhibitors in orthodontic tooth movement

This study evaluates the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) in orthodontic tooth movement and osteoclastic activity in rats. The study sample consisted of 150 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into five equal groups, and each group was again equally divided into three subgroups (SGs). Twenty grams of reciprocal force was applied to maxillary incisors of the rats with a spring bent from 0.35 mm stainless steel wire, except for the rats in the last SG. Iloprost (PGI2 analog), indomethacin (PGI2 inhibitor), U 46619 (TxA2 analog), and imidazole (TxA2 inhibitor) were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (saline solution), and each material was prepared in three different concentrations (10(-4), 10(-5), and 10(-6) M/L). Iloprost was administered (20 microL/12 hours) in the first three SGs with the sequence of 10(-4), 10(-5), and 10(-6) M/L. Indomethacin, U 46619, and imidazole were administered in the next nine SGs with the same sequence and dose. In SG 13, 0.9% NaCl solution was administered (20 microL/ 12 hours) to the rats together with orthodontic force. Only orthodontic force was not used in SG 14, and neither any solution nor orthodontic force was used in the last SG. The rats were sacrificed on the fifth day of the experiment, premaxillae were dissected, and cross samples were taken. The results showed that PGI2 and TxA2 analogs increased the number of multinuclear osteoclasts, osteoclastic bone resorption, and rate of orthodontic tooth movement.     

增龄因素对鼠正畸牙牙周组织骨保护素及其配体表达的影响

目的:比较幼年鼠和成年鼠在正畸牙移动中牙周组织骨保护素(OPG)及其配体(OPGL)表达的不同比值,探讨增龄因素对正畸骨改建影响的分子机制。方法:制备大鼠正畸牙齿移动模型,于牙齿移动1d、3d、5d、7d、10d、14d及14d后去除正畸力1周后取材,免疫组化检测牙周组织OPG和OPGL的表达。结果:①.牙齿移动3d时,幼年鼠压力侧OPGL的表达明显增强;而成年鼠此时OPGL的表达没有幼年鼠明显。②.牙齿移动5d和7d时,幼年鼠和成年鼠OPGL的表达均成强阳性,破骨细胞多。③.牙齿移动10d、14d时,幼年鼠和成年鼠OPGL的表达逐渐减弱。④.14d时去除正畸力至21d时发现幼年鼠和成年鼠OPGL均已成弱阳性表达,幼年鼠可见部分成骨细胞。结论:在正畸力的作用下,OPGL与OPG的表达比值与年龄关系密切,增龄因素引起的牙周组织内OPGL/OPG表达变化可能是导致成年正畸特点的分子机制之一。     

拔牙区骨改建对邻牙移动速度的影响

目的　本研究通过对拔牙创的骨改建进程及矫治力对牙齿移动的影响进行研究,为临床医生选择理想的矫治力和牙齿移动时机,缩短矫治时间提供依据。方法　取SD大鼠36只,随机分为3组,全麻下拔除一侧上颌第一磨牙,3月后拔除另一侧上颌第一磨牙。在拔牙后不同的时间制作口内矫治器,分别以0·30、0·60、1·36 N的力牵上颌第二磨牙向拔牙区移动,分别在施力前及施力后的第1、3、5、7、10、14天拍摄X线片,利用图像处理技术, 测量牙齿移动距离,以置入的拔髓针校正放大率。结果　①牙齿向新鲜拔牙区移动的速度明显大于向已愈合拔牙区移动的速度。②无论向新鲜拔牙区移动还是向已经愈合的拔牙区移动,0·30 N力组牙齿移动的距离在各时间点与0·60 N、1·36 N力组牙齿移动的距离之间存在显著的统计学差异;而0·60 N与1·36 N力组牙齿移动的距离之间基本上从第5天开始差别不大。③加力后牙齿移动周期一般包括三个阶段:瞬时运动;迟滞期;后期移动阶段。大约在第14天时,由于矫治力衰减,牙齿停止移动。结论　①牙齿向新鲜拔牙区移动速度快,而向已经愈合的拔牙区移动速度慢。②在矫治过程中,中等力较为合适;即使使用较大的力,也不一定引起较大的牙齿移动。     

不同浓度1,25-二羟基维生素D3对大鼠正畸牙移动速度的影响

目的 研究牙周局部注射3种浓度的1,25-二羟基维生素D3[1,25-(OH)2D3]对大鼠正畸牙移动速度的影响.方法 成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠96只,随机分为对照组、A组、B组和C组,每组24只.在大鼠上颌左侧第一磨牙与上颌中切牙之间安放加力装置,每隔3 d注射药物10 μL.对照组注射生理盐水,A组注射10-10 mol/L的1,25-(OH)2D3,B组注射10-8 mol/L的1,25-(OH)2D3,C组注射10-6 mol/L的1,25-(OH)2D3,分别于加力后的第1、 3、 7和14天各组处死6只大鼠.制取标本后测量第一磨牙移动距离.结果 对照组、A组和C组大鼠在正畸牙移动过程中均存在明显的正畸牙移动减慢时期,B组大鼠观察到持续的牙移动而没有移动减慢时期.结论 在大鼠正畸牙移动过程中,应用一定浓度的1,25-(OH)2D3能促进正畸牙的移动. 10-8 mol/L的1,25-(OH)2D3能更有效地促进大鼠正畸牙的移动,避免正畸牙移动过程中缓慢时相的发生.     

Leukotrienes in orthodontic tooth movement

Prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) are products of arachidonic acid conversion. PGs have an established role in mediating orthodontic tooth movement. The role of LTs in modulating or mediating orthodontic tooth movement was investigated in this study. One hundred thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were used; the animals weighed 300 to 400 gm with equal numbers of male and female rats. They were divided into five main groups of 24 animals each and a sham group of 12 animals. An orthodontic appliance was placed and activated on all the animals except the sham group; in this group the appliances were not active. Each main group was given one of the following treatments daily: distilled water, 5% gum arabic solution, PG synthesis inhibitor indomethacin, LT synthesis inhibitor AA861, and a combination of both drugs. Each group was divided into six subgroups of four animals; the animals were killed at either 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, or 14 days, and tooth movement measured. The three sham subgroups received distilled water and were killed at 1, 7, or 10 days. The first maxillary molar (the moved tooth) and surrounding tissues were removed from all animals in the sham group and the subgroups killed at 1, 7, and 10 days in the gum arabic solution group and the LT synthesis inhibitor group. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were extracted, measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA), and standardized per milligram of protein in the sample. A significant inhibition of tooth movement occurred beginning on day 7 in the indomethacin, AA861, and combination groups; there was no significant difference among these groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of a static magnetic field on orthodontic tooth movement in the rat

Orthodontic tooth movement may be enhanced by the application of a magnetic field. Bone remodelling necessary for orthodontic tooth movement involves clastic cells, which are tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive and which may also be regulated by growth hormone (GH) via its receptor (GHR). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on orthodontic tooth movement in the rat. Thirty-two male Wistar rats, 9 weeks old, were fitted with an orthodontic appliance directing a mesial force of 30 g on the left maxillary first molar. The appliance incorporated a weight (NM) or a magnet (M). The animals were killed at 1, 3, 7, or 14 days post-appliance insertion, and the maxillae processed to paraffin. Sagittal sections of the first molar were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), for TRAP activity or immunohistochemically for GHR. The percentage body weight loss/gain, magnetic flux density, tooth movement, width of the periodontal ligament (PDL), length of root resorption lacunae, and hyalinized zone were measured. TRAP and GHR-positive cells along the alveolar bone, root surface, and in the PDL space were counted. The incorporation of a SMF (100-170 Gauss) into an orthodontic appliance did not enhance tooth movement, nor greatly alter the histological appearance of the PDL during tooth movement. However significantly greater root resorption (P = 0.016), increased width of the PDL (P = 0.017) and greater TRAP activity (P = 0.001) were observed for group M at day 7 on the compression side. At day 14 no differences were observed between the appliance groups.     

大鼠牙齿移动过程中Piezo1对压力侧牙周组织中RIP3及MLKL的影响

目的 探究大鼠牙移动过程中,在不同时间点Piezo1对压力侧牙周组织中坏死性凋亡标志物受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3,RIP3)、混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL)的影响。方法 选用雄性SD大鼠75只,随机分为对照组(A组),加力组(B组),加力+抑制剂组(C组)。构建大鼠上颌第一磨牙移动的正畸模型,通过游标卡尺测量正畸牙向近中移动的距离,应用苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察压力侧牙周组织变化,免疫组化法检测RIP3、MLKL表达量的变化。结果 与A组相比较,B组和C组牙周组织中RIP3、MLKL表达均呈先增加后下降的趋势(P<0.05),其中RIP3表达量增加至5 d时达到高峰,MLKL表达量增加至3 d时达到高峰;与B组相比较,C组牙周组织中RIP3、MLKL表达整体下降(P<0.05),表达趋势变化与B组一致。结论 Piezo1通道在正畸牙齿移动过程中可能起着机械转导的作用,阻断Piezo1通道可下调压力侧牙周组织中RIP3和MLKL的表达,减少坏死性凋亡的发生,减慢正畸牙齿移动的速度。     

大鼠正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织NGF的表达变化

目的了解大鼠正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织内神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)的变化,探讨NGF在正畸牙移动过程中的作用。方法将85只雄性SD大鼠随机分为17组,其中空白对照组(0d组)、实验加力和对照不加力组各6h、12h、24h、3d、5d、7d、14d、21d组。选择左上第一磨牙作为实验牙,制备大鼠正畸牙移动不同时间牙周组织切片,进行免疫组织化学研究。结果正畸牙移动过程中,牙周组织内NGF表达发生改变。NGF表达量在正畸模型加载后迅速上调,实验组和对照组分别于5d、1d时表达水平达到最高,所有观察区域牙周膜内NGF表达显著增加,且实验组明显高于对照组。结论NGF在正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织改建的多个阶段起作用,参与了牙周膜早期的炎症反应及修复和晚期的改建。     

坏死性凋亡在大鼠牙移动过程中对牙周组织改建的影响

[摘要]　目的　观察在大鼠牙齿移动过程中坏死性凋亡对牙齿移动及牙周组织中核因子κB受体活化因子配体（receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL）、骨保护素（osteoprotegerin,OPG）表达的影响。方法　建立大鼠上颌牙齿移动正畸模型,根据坏死性凋亡抑制剂Necrostatin-1（Nec-1）的使用情况,将大鼠随机分为对照组（A组）、抑制剂组（B组）、加力组（C组）、加力+抑制剂组（D组）。游标卡尺测量上颌第一磨牙前移距离,HE染色观察压力侧玻璃样变情况,免疫组化检测第1、3、7、10、14天压力侧牙周组织中RANKL、OPG的表达变化。结果　A组和B组中大鼠牙齿无移动,压力侧未出现玻璃样变区域,同时RANKL与OPG表达较少。C组与D组牙齿出现移动,在第3、7、10、14天时两组移动距离具有统计学差异（P<0.05）;C组第7天时RANKL表达达到顶峰,出现大面积玻璃样变区域,OPG在加力后第10天表达达到顶峰;D组中RANKL与OPG表达趋势变化与C组一致,在第7、10天时表达量均小于C组,大量玻璃样变区域在第10天中出现。结论　坏死性凋亡在正畸牙齿移动某一过程中可以促进牙齿移动,Nec-1减少牙周组织中RANKL与OPG表达,抑制破骨细胞分化成熟,阻碍牙齿移动。     

MMP-3及TIMP-1在正畸牙周组织改建过程中的表达

目的：探讨大鼠正畸牙周组织改建过程中基质金属蛋白酶－３（ＭＭＰ－３）和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子－１（ＴＩＭＰ－１）与正畸牙齿移动的关系。方法：在ＳＤ成年大鼠上颌左侧第一磨牙上颌切牙之间安置正畸装置,建立大鼠上移动实验模型。于牙齿移动１、３、５、７、１４ｄ后取材分别进行免疫组化染色,图像分析,观察ＭＭＰ－３和ＴＩＭＰ－１表达的变化。结果：牙齿移动１ｄ后,牙周组织细胞ＭＭＰ－３表达增强,５ｄ后ＭＭＰ－３     

大鼠正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织内转化生长因子β1的变化

目的 了解大鼠正畸牙移动过程中转化生长因子β１（ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｆａｃｔｏｒβ１,ＴＧＦ－β１）在牙周组织内的变化,探讨ＴＧＦ－β１在正畸牙移动过程中的作用。方法 对大习正畸牙移动不同阶段的牙及牙周组织联合切片,进行免疫组织化学研究。结果 正畸牙移动过程中,牙周膜内ＴＧＦ－β１表达增加。强力第５～１０天,张力区ＴＧＦ－β１表达增加的幅度明显大于压力区。结论 ＴＧＦ－β１在正     

人龈沟液中MMP-2及TIMP-2在牙移动过程中表达的研究

目的 观察龈沟液中基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2（TIMP-2）的含量随作用于人体牙齿正畸力大小的变化,探讨在牙移动过程中,MMP-2 和TIMP-2的作用与正畸力的关系。 方法 收集患者24例并随机分3组:对照组（0 N）,轻力组(0.5 N),中度力组(1.5 N)。分别牵引上颌尖牙向远中加力0,7,14,21,28 d,收集龈沟液,应用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）测量龈沟液中MMP-2与TIMP-2含量的变化。 结果 实验组中MMP-2、TIMP-2的含量呈波动性变化,并存在〖JP2〗有时间依赖性,各组间差异有显著性（ P< 0.05）。 结论 轻、中度力下,MMP-2和TIMP-2的表达水平呈显著的波动性变化,并有一定的时间依赖性;MMP-2与TIMP-2参与牙周组织改建过程,二者的动态平衡对牙移动有重要作用。     

大鼠牙移动过程中牙周组织MMP-2、9/TIMP-2水平变化的研究

目的 观察大鼠牙正畸移动过程中MMP-2、9及其抑制剂TIMP-2在牙周组织中的表达和分布。方法 ASD大鼠30只,分为空白对照组、牙齿移动1、2、3、和4周组。加力将上颌第一磨牙向近中移动,于1、2、3、4周将动物处死,制作石蜡包埋切片,用免疫组化染色观察并比较各组中第一磨牙牙周组织中MMP-2、9及其抑制剂TIMP-2的表达和分布。进行统计学分析。结果 MMP-2、9在受力牙齿压力侧牙周组织的破骨细胞和张力侧牙周组织的成骨细胞以及成纤维细胞中的阳性表达上调,并随受力时间变化而波动。TIMP-2随着时间变化逐渐轻度上升。结论 牙齿移动过程中MMP-2、9上调可造成MMPs/TIMPs的失衡,并且这种上调可能参与了正畸牙齿移动过程中牙周组织的改建。?