颞下颌关节骨关节病髁突软骨细胞及基质合成代谢特性的研究

目的 探讨颞下颌关节骨关节病(TMJOA)软骨细胞的细胞生物学特性。方法 通过手术切除部分关节盘的方法,制造TMJOA的兔动物模型;从模型动物处于骨关节病病变增殖修复期的髁突软骨组织中获取细胞体外培养,并采用RT-PCR法比较病变软骨细胞与正常对照细胞对软骨基质蛋白、基质胶原酶和内源性生长因子的表达差异。结果 从TMJOA模型的髁突软骨组织中获得细胞经体外培养、鉴定,确认为软骨细胞;骨关节病髁突软骨细胞对软骨基质蛋白的表达不平衡,对内源性基质胶原酶的表达水平和内源性生长因子TGF-β1、IGF-1的表达明显增强。结论 本研究从细胞生物学角度证实了骨关节病早期关节软骨内出现合成代谢活跃的组织学特点,并发现该阶段组织细胞的修复代偿反应可致软骨基质成分合成的不平衡,最终可导致软骨基质环境改变。     

下颌髁突软骨与股骨头软骨体外生长发育的比较研究

目的:比较在体外培养下下颌骨髁突软骨与股骨头软骨的生长发育状况。方法:取新生小鼠的髁突软骨和股骨头软骨进行组织培养,在培养前和培养6周后进行大体观察、HE染色、茜素红染色以及PCNA免疫组化研究。结果:大体观察可以看到髁突软骨培养后,软骨内发生了异常改变,而软骨面积几乎没有变化(P>0.05);HE染色显示部分软骨层结构消失,茜素红染色证实了软骨基质发生了钙化。股骨头软骨培养后,软骨内尚未观察到异常,而软骨面积增大明显(P<0.05);HE染色显示肥大细胞层增厚,茜素红染色显示股骨头软骨基质尚未出现钙化。PCNA免疫组化研究均提示两类软骨在培养后依然具有增殖能力。结论:在体外培养下,髁突软骨基质可以自发钙化。     

软骨细胞外基质在软骨组织工程中的研究进展

软骨组织工程是修复软骨缺损的有效方式,需要理想的支架材料促进干细胞发挥再生性能。软骨细胞外基质（CECM）能够有效地模仿软骨细胞生存环境,不仅对软骨细胞和干细胞具有良好的生物相容性,满足支架材料的基本要求,还能够促进软骨细胞分泌基质和诱导干细胞向软骨细胞分化,是一种极具优势的支架材料。CECM良好的促基质分泌和诱导分化作用与其含有多种软骨相关蛋白有关。在实际应用中,CECM存在力学性能不强和细胞渗透不足等问题,联合其他材料能在一定程度上弥补其不足,因此寻找性能更加优化的复合方式是CECM的应用趋势。本文对CECM材料在软骨组织工程中的研究进展作一综述。     

Bone morphogenetic protein 3 expression pattern in rat condylar cartilage, femoral cartilage and mandibular fracture callus

Mandibular condylar cartilage differs from primary cartilage in morphological organization of the chondrocytes and in responses to biomechanical stress and humoral factors. For the first time, we describe the expression of Bmp3 mRNA in relation to types I, II and X collagen mRNA (as determined by in situ hybridization) in chondrocytes of the rat mandibular condylar cartilage, femoral articular cartilage, femoral growth plate cartilage, and temporal cartilage, which transiently appeared in the reparative response stage of mandibular ramus fracture healing. In all cartilages evaluated, Bmp3 was expressed in proliferating chondrocytes that expressed type I collagen in condylar cartilage, articular cartilage, and temporal cartilage appearing during fracture healing. Bmp3 was also found in hypertrophic chondrocytes that expressed type X collagen mRNA in all cartilages evaluated. Furthermore, in remodeling bone, Bmp3 mRNA was strongly expressed in active osteoblast cells in periosteal reaction layers formed after fracture. These findings suggest that Bmp3 expression in a special layer of typical articular cartilage may be regulated by mechanical stress stimulation. We also found that Bmp3 was expressed in the periosteal layers of the bone segments near the fracture site during fracture healing.     

Growth behaviour of condylar cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage on the different medium of the organ culture.

In order to compare histological differences between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, an organ culture system was employed. Materials from 36 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on three different, chemically defined media (Ham F12, Medium 199, and Eagle's minimum essential medium) with the addition of various concentrations of ascorbic acid, fetal calf serum and NaHCO3. The epiphyseal cartilage was maintained in situ histological and biochemical features better than the condylar cartilage on any of the medium used. The maximum sensitivity to Toluidine Blue staining of the cultured condylar cartilage was observed on Ham F12. For both the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, Ham F12 with the addition of 50 microgram/ml ascorbic acid and higher concentration of NaHCO3 was more effective on the maintenance of cell organization. However, effect of the addition of fetal calf serum to the medium was quite different between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, that is, the former showed better histological features without the addition, but the latter showed features similar to that in situ with 20% addition of fetal calf serum.     

Permanence of diced cartilage, bone dust and diced cartilage/bone dust mixture in experimental design in twelve weeks

Bone dust and diced cartilage are used for contour restoration because their minimal donor site morbidity. The purpose of this study is to investigate permanence of bone dust, diced cartilage and bone dust/diced cartilage mixture in rabbits over 12 weeks. New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. There were three groups in the study: Group I: 1 mL bone dust. Group II: 1 mL diced cartilage. Group III: 0.5 mL bone dust + 0.5 mL diced cartilage mixture. They were placed into subcutaneous tissue of rabbits and removed 12 weeks later. The mean volumes of groups were 0.23 +/- 0.08 mL in group I, 0.60 +/- 0.12 mL in group II and 0.36 +/- 0.10 mL in group III. The differences between groups were found statistically significant. In conclusion, diced cartilage was found more reliable than bone dust aspect of preserving its volume for a long period in this study.     

Fine structure of cartilage elastic system fibers, in particular those of the mandibular condyle

Light microscopy of the mandibular joint tissues from fetal mice show a distribution of fibrillar structures in the articular fibrous capsule covering the condylar head. Further SEM and TEM studies were conducted on autoclaved xiphoid and mandibular condylar processes of the fetuses for observation of the elastic system fibers in these cartilaginous tissues. SEM showed that non-collaginous fibers branched and united to form a complicated network in the cartilage. A fine structure study on diameter distribution of the fibers indicated elastogenesis in the differentiating cell layer and fiber maturation in the articular surfaces and calcification layer, thus suggesting a sequential development, growth, and degeneration of the cellular and fibrillar components in the cartilage, as well as bidirectional cell differentiation in the growing mandibular joint. A further TEM study on these autoclaved connective tissues showed the elastic system fibers in the network to be composed of fine microfibrils and amorphous elastin. The elastic fibers in the condylar cartilage were a loose network having many tortuous main and oblique elastic fibers, and coiling oxytalan fibers.     

甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白mRNA在髁突软骨与生长板软骨发育早期的表达变化

目的研究甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(parathyroid hormone-related protein,PTHrP)mRNA在髁突软骨与生长板软骨发育早期的表达变化,初步探讨PTHrP在软骨内成骨中的作用。方法选用胚胎SD大鼠的髁突软骨与生长板软骨作为研究对象,采用原位杂交染色法检测发育早期两种软骨内PTHrP mRNA表达,以图像分析仪进行图像分析。结果胎龄14～19 d,随着软骨发育的成熟,PTHrP mRNA在生长板软骨和髁突软骨中的表达越来越广泛并呈现一定的时空变化,但PTHrP mRNA在两种软骨中的表达部位存在一定的差异。在髁突软骨中,PTHrP mRNA在增殖层和前肥大层强表达;在生长板软骨中,其主要表达在软骨膜细胞和关节周围的软骨细胞,前肥大层中也有较强的表达,增殖层弱表达或不表达。结论 PTHrP mRNA在生长板软骨和髁突软骨中表达部位不同,但均呈现一定的时空变化,提示PTHrP对不同分化阶段的软骨细胞具有一定的调节作用。     

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髁突软骨和生长板软骨是不同部位的两种软骨,其发育过程均为软骨内成骨。下颌髁突软骨是继发性软骨,由纤维软骨构成;生长板软骨为原发性软骨,由透明软骨构成。二者行使的生理功能不同,在胚胎发生、生长特性、组织结构、软骨细胞的终末方式及对生长因子的反应等方面存在差异。本文就此差异对比做一综述。     

Hyaline articular cartilage

Hyaline articular cartilage forms an important component of synovial joints, the integrity of which is crucial for normal function. Knowledge of its composition and dynamics is important for a better understanding of joint diseases pathophysiology and management. This article describes the basic characters of hyaline cartilage, its biochemical and biomechanical properties and reviews the current concepts of cartilage diseases.     

Dynamic compressive properties of the mandibular condylar cartilage

The mandibular condylar cartilage plays an important role as a stress absorber during function. However, relatively little information is available on its dynamic properties under compression. We hypothesized that these properties are region-specific and depend on loading frequency. To characterize the viscoelastic properties of the condylar cartilage, we performed dynamic indentation tests over a wide range of loading frequencies. Ten porcine mandibular condyles were used; the articular surface was divided into 4 regions, anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral. The dynamic complex, storage, and loss moduli increased with frequency, and these values were the highest in the anteromedial region. Loss tangent decreased with frequency from 0.68 to 0.17, but a regional difference was not found. The present results suggest that the dynamic compressive modulus is region-specific and is dependent on the loading frequency, which might have important implications for the transmission of load in the temporomandibular joint.     

纤维软骨和透明软骨不同染色方法的对比研究

目的 研究不同软骨染色方法在髁突软骨、股骨软骨和生长板软骨中的染色差异。方法 取健康雌性新西兰大白兔颞下颌关节髁突、膝关节股骨,分别进行苏木精-伊红（HE）染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、阿利新蓝染色、番红O 阿利新蓝染色、番红O染色、番红O 快绿染色,光学显微镜下观察分析各软骨组织结构。结果 HE染色髁突纤维软骨各层结构清晰,关节软骨基质呈嗜碱性蓝染,骨组织呈嗜酸性红染;甲苯胺蓝染色关节软骨基质呈蓝紫色,骨组织不着色;阿利新蓝染色软骨基质呈淡蓝色,骨组织不着色;番红O 阿利新蓝染色关节软骨呈浅蓝色,骨组织呈淡红色,但是髁突软骨纤维层和增殖层红染;番红O染色中髁突软骨基质呈红色,股骨软骨和生长板软骨呈橘黄色,骨组织呈淡红色;番红O 快绿染色关节软骨基质呈红色,骨组织呈绿色,在髁突纤维软骨中纤维层呈明显绿染。结论 不同的染色方法可以特异性展现软骨组织结构。在今后透明软骨和纤维软骨的研究中,因根据研究对象、研究目的等选用适合的染色方法,以期最佳的反映研究部位的形态结构。