高度近视性黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术方法探讨

【目的】探讨高度近视性黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的最佳治疗方案。【方法】时25例（28只）高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离进行分组手术，A组（7只）：行单纯玻璃体注气术；B组（7只）：玻璃体切割＋环扎硅压＋视网膜激光光凝术；C组（14只＋A组中的2只）：玻璃体切割术。【结果】A组成功病例视力均〉0．05，最好0．4，视网膜脱离复发率42．90％。B组视力最好0．1，〉0．05者占28．60％。视网膜脱离复发率14．30％。C组；视力最好0．25．〉0．05者占50．00％，视网膜脱离复发率12．55％。【结论】高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术方案中，玻璃体切割术视网膜脱离复发率低，视力恢复较好。为最佳手术方案；玻璃体注气术复发率高。但简单、经济，视力恢复最佳可作为少数病人首选。     

米诺环素对视网膜色素变性小鼠光感受器细胞的保护作用

目的观察米诺环素对rd小鼠视网膜色素变性过程的影响。方法将40只新生rd小鼠随机分为10组，5组作为实验组，5组作为对照组，每组4只小鼠。实验组：出生后每日腹腔注射米诺环素22．5mg／kg；对照组：出生后每日腹腔注射生理盐水10ml／kg。在出生后1d、7d、14d、21d、28d各处死一组实验组和对照组小鼠，取眼球做组织学观察并行凋亡细胞检测，并对两组视网膜光感受器细胞数以及凋亡细胞数目进行统计分析。结果①出生后14d、21d、28d实验组光感受器细胞数目多于对照组，两者差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；②出生后7d、14d实验组外核层凋亡细胞数目少于时照组，两组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论米诺环素在rd小鼠视网膜色素变性的早期可以延缓光感受器细胞丢失，但不能完全阻止视网膜色素变性的发生。     

BDNF对视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞生存的影响

目的应用成熟大鼠视神经切断模型研究BDNF对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法应用DiI经双侧上丘逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞后,切断视神经,同时玻璃体腔内注入BDNF,14天后取出视网膜,荧光显微镜计数存活的神经节细胞数,并同正常对照及阴性对照比较。结果单纯视神经切断2周后的视网膜神经节细胞生存数为466±105/mm2。玻璃体内注入BDNF视网膜神经节细胞生存数为1052±173/mm2。切断视神经后玻璃体内注入BDNF实验组和单纯切断视神经组比较存活的RGCs有明显差异(P<0.001)。结论本实验证实了BDNF可维持视网膜神经节细胞的存活。     

玻璃体切割术治疗玻璃体积血临床疗效分析

【目的】观察玻璃体切割术治疗玻璃体积血的疗效。【方法】对因玻璃体积血住院手术的患者45例（47眼）进行回顾性分析,其中糖尿病性视网膜病变17眼,视网膜静脉周围炎12眼,视网膜静脉阻塞9眼,高血压眼底出血4眼,孔源性视网膜脱离4眼,老年性黄斑变性1眼。全部患者均经睫状体平坦部行闭合式巩膜三通道玻璃体切割术,其中36眼联合行视网膜光凝术,15眼联合硅油填充术,18眼行C3F8注气术,12眼联合巩膜外环扎术。【结果】术后随访6个月以上,47眼中有7眼视力无提高,其余40眼术后视力均较术前提高。术中常见并发症为医源性视网膜裂孔,术后常见并发症为复发性玻璃体积血、并发性白内障、继发性青光眼及视网膜脱离。【结论】玻璃体切割术是治疗玻璃体积血的有效方法,但须注意预防术中及术后并发症。     

非外伤性玻璃体积血的病因分析

【目的】分析非外伤性玻璃体积血的病因。【方法】对2008年1月至2011年11月期间住院的96例（100只眼）出现玻璃体积血的非外伤患者的出血原因及治疗情况进行回顾性分析。【结果】本组非外伤性玻璃体积血患者的出血原因为视网膜静脉阻塞（RVO）54只眼（占54％）,增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）18只眼（占18％）,年龄相关性黄斑变（EAMD）10只眼（占10％）,视网膜大动脉瘤破裂6只眼（占6％）,视网膜裂孔或脱离6只眼（占6％）。【结论】RV0、PDR、EAMD是非外伤性玻璃体积血的主要原因。     

糖尿病视网膜病变模型的构建及评价方法

【目的】探讨链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病视网膜病变模型的构建及评价方法。【方法】雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为正常组(10只)、模型组(20只)。模型组腹腔注射STZ(65mg/kg)3d后测空腹血糖,选取血糖>14mmol/L10只糖尿病大鼠作为模型组。每隔4周称重、检测空腹血糖,采用视网膜光学相干层析成像(OCT)技术观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管变化情况,并通过HE染色分析糖尿病大鼠的视网膜组织形态变化。【结果】与正常组比较,模型组大鼠建模3d后至20周内空腹血糖水平均升高;OCT成像结果显示:模型组大鼠建模第12周时,其眼底血管弯曲,排列散乱;建模第20周时,可观察到明显异常新生血管形成;病理结果显示:糖尿病大鼠第12~20周视网膜内核层结构排列紊乱,神经纤维层和神经节细胞层水肿,管腔扩张,部分细胞核固缩,视网膜神经节细胞数量显著减少。【结论】采用OCT技术动态监测视网膜病变发展过程和检测空腹血糖,可成功评估糖尿病视网膜病变模型。     

玻璃体切割手术治疗内源性葡萄膜炎

【目的】探讨玻璃体切割手术对内源性葡萄膜炎的治疗效果。【方法134例严重葡萄膜炎患者分别合并有视网膜脱离、玻璃体混浊或积血、黄斑囊样水肿和并发性白内障。34例患者均行标准三切口玻璃体切割术，联合观膜环扎、剥膜、视网膜光凝或巩膜冷凝、膨胀性气体或硅油眼内真充术。根据病情联合行白内障超声乳化或经睫状体平坦部的晶状体切除，术后患者随访6～12个月。【结果】25只（73％）眼术后视力均有不同程度的提高，下降3眼（9％），不变6眼（18％）。其中视力≥0．05者，术前5只眼（14％），术后14只眼（41％）。以矫正视力≥0．05者为脱离盲的标准，术前，术后视力比较差异有显著性（P=0．029）。患者术后全身用药减少，炎症得到控制。【结论】玻璃体手术是治疗内源性葡萄膜炎的有效方法，可以明显提高患者视力，减少全身用药量。     

星状神经节阻滞治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛疗效研究

【目的】评价用盐酸利多卡因注射液及醋酸曲安奈德悬浊液作星状神经节阻滞治疗头颈、肩、上肢、胸背部带状疱疹后遗神经痛的疗效及安全性。【方法】选取79例带状疱疹后遗神经痛患者，采用随机、对照的临床研究方法，试验组（42例）受单次星状神经节阻滞，对照组（37例）口服西米替丁片，消炎痛片、多塞平片治疗，在治疗始及治疗后2个月内对患者的观察指标进行评估。【结果】试验组第d1、d7、d14、d20、d50有效率分别为100％、97．62％、97．62％、97．62％、95．24％，各时间段疗效比较差异无显著性（χ^2=2．0488，P〉0．05）；对照组第d1、d7、d14、d20、d60有效率分别为24．32％、64．86％、59．46％、43．24％、40．54％，各时间段疗效比较差异有显著性（χ^2=11．9955，P〈0．05）。两组间在各时间段疗效比较有明显差异（P〈0．01）。【结论】星状神经节阻滞治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛疗效好，安全性高。     

沃丽汀联合复方血栓通治疗玻璃体积血

【目的】观察沃丽汀联合血栓通在治疗玻璃体积血中的有效性。【方法】对58例玻璃体积血的患者随机分为治疗组和对照纽。治疗组29例用沃丽汀联合复方血栓通治疗。对照组29例用一般活血化淤治疗法,分别观察视力提高情况、玻璃体混浊情况及眼B超好转情况以及副作用。【结果】治疗组显效9例,有效16例,无效4例,有效率为86．2％。对照组显效5例,有效13例,无效11例,有效率为62．0％。两组有效率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。沃丽汀联合复方血栓通治疗组优于对照组。【结论】沃丽汀联合复方血栓通在治疗玻璃体积血方面有明显的疗效且副作用少,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

玻璃体切除术治疗后段眼外伤

【目的】探讨玻璃体切除术治疗后段眼外伤及其并发症的临床疗效。【方法】常规平坦部三切口闭合玻璃体切除,联合白内障切除,眼内异物摘除,视网膜复位,眼内光凝,环扎外加压、冷凝,眼内注入C3F8及硅油等多联手术。【结果】41例41眼,其中眼内异物33例,全部一次摘出成功。视网膜脱离29例中24例复住。35例视力均有不同程度提高,≥0．2有11例占31．4％。【结论】玻璃体切除术治疗后段眼外伤及其并发症是较好有效的方法,眼内异物摘出率高,损伤组织小,去除外伤性玻璃体视网膜增生,治疗眼内炎,保存和提高视力的效果较为满意。是为改善严重眼外伤的预后提供了希望。     

卵磷脂络合碘治疗玻璃体出血的临床观察

目的探讨卵磷脂络合碘治疗玻璃体出血的临床疗效。方法分析总结了2009年2月至2009年9月在我院诊断为玻璃体出血并应用卵磷脂络合碘治疗患者43例,所有患者初诊及复诊行视力检查、裂隙灯、间接检眼镜及眼部B超检查。结果43例患者,显效28例（65．1％）,有效12例（27．9％）,无效3例（7．0％）。总有效率为93．0％。结论卵磷脂络合碘是安全有效的治疗玻璃体出血药物。     

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravitreal Caspofungin

Caspofungin exhibits potent antifungal activities against Candida and Aspergillus species. The elimination rate and retinal toxicity of caspofungin were determined in this study to assess its pharmacokinetics and safety in the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis. Intravitreal injections of 50 μg/0.1 ml of caspofungin were administered to rabbits. Levels of caspofungin in the vitreous and aqueous humors were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at selected time intervals (10 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h), and the half-lives were calculated. Eyes were intravitreally injected with caspofungin to obtain concentrations of 10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml. Electroretinograms were recorded 4 weeks after injections, and the injected eyes were examined histologically. The concentrations of intravitreal caspofungin at various time points exhibited an exponential decay with a half-life of 6.28 h. The mean vitreous concentration was 6.06 ± 1.76 μg/ml 1 h after intravitreal injection, and this declined to 0.47 ± 0.15 μg/ml at 24 h. The mean aqueous concentration showed undetectable levels at all time points. There were no statistical differences in scotopic a-wave and b-wave responses between control eyes and caspofungin-injected eyes. No focal necrosis or other abnormality in retinal histology was observed. Intravitreal caspofungin injection may be considered to be an alternative treatment for fungal endophthalmitis based on its antifungal activity, lower retinal toxicity, and lower elimination rate in the vitreous. More clinical data are needed to determine its potential role as primary therapy for fungal endophthalmitis.     

Evaluation of antiproliferative effects of the somatostatin analogue somatuline in a rabbit model of traction retinal detachment*

Summary— As growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) have been suggested to be involved in the development of some proliferative ocular disorders, we investigated the eventual antiproliferative properties of a long acting somatostatin analogue, somatuline or BIM23014 (IPSEN Biotech, France), in an original model of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Two studies were separately done to investigate respective effects of subcutaneously- and intravitreally administered somatuline. Injections of 10⁷ human platelets freshly prepared from a unique normal donor were injected into the vitreous, cavity of pigmented rabbits. The first experiment consisted of evaluating vitreoretinal proliferation in 17 eyes from rabbits receiving subcutaneous injections of 25 μg/kg of BIM23014, given twice a day, from the day after injection for one month. A group of 14 eyes served as non treated controls. The second experiment was conducted in 33 eyes: 10 received intravitreally 1 μg of somatuline given once a week for one month, 10 eyes similarly received 5 μg/week of somatuline, the remaining 13 eyes serving as controls with intravitreal injections of sterile saline. All animals were examined ophthalmoscopically twice a week for one month in a masked manner, and sacrificed at the end of the experiment for histological and immunohistological analyses. In all but two eyes from the subcutaneously treated group, intravitreal and preretinal membranes formed, five to eight days after platelet injection. Intravitreal proliferation progressively increased, resulting in various degrees of vitreoretinal retraction and retinal detachment. Finally, comparison between eyes from animals receiving subcutaneous BIM23014 and non treated control eyes showed significantly fewer retinal detachments in the treated ones (7/17 vs 11/14, p < 0.05) and significantly lower proliferation scores at the end of the experiment (3.79 ± 1.25 vs 2.24 ± 1.78, p = 0.01). In contrast, comparisons between intravitreally treated and untreated control eyes showed no difference, nor protective effect of intraocular somatuline. Histological examination revealed similarly in all groups intravitreal lymphocytes and proliferation of keratin- or vimentin-positive cells forming various patterns of preretinal membranes and retinal retraction. BIM23014 thus showed a significant reduction of vitreoretinal proliferation, but only when given systemically. These results suggest a therapeutic interest in proliferative retinopathies, but additional studies will be necessary to better understand the role of GH, IGF-I and somatostatin in these disorders.     

病理性近视眼底病变的光相干断层扫描病理形态学改变

目的：观察病理性近视眼底病变的光相干断层扫描（OCT）病理形态学改变特征。方法：临床检查确诊为病理性近视患者100例（172眼）行OCT检查。用Macular Thickness Map、Fast Macular Thickness及Line程序扫描黄斑区、视乳头、颞侧大血管弓、色素改变及近视弧等部位。结果：将病理性近视眼底病变按部位不同分为4类，其中，玻璃体视网膜界面病变中89眼（51．7％）可见玻璃体后皮质黏附，黄斑全层裂孔15眼（8．7％），黄斑板层孔2眼（1．2％），黄斑前膜（EMR）11眼（6．4％）。视网膜神经上皮层改变中13眼（7．6％）发生无黄斑裂孔的后极部神经上皮层浅脱离，其中5眼（2．9％）可见后极部视网膜脱离周边部网膜外层劈裂，神经上皮层内层劈裂3眼（1．2％）。33眼（20％）发生视乳头颞侧近视弧处视网膜神经上皮层浅脱离。色素上皮厦脉络膜病变中140眼（81．4％）视网膜色素上皮不均匀萎缩，Fuchs斑10眼（5．7％），近视弧165眼（95．9％），后极部脉络膜广泛萎缩117（68．0％）眼。黄斑区脉络膜新生血管25眼（14．5％）。巩膜改变中后巩膜葡萄肿146眼（84．9％）。结论：OCT可活体观察病理性近视的眼底组织病理学改变，对分析其眼底病变特征及病程观察有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病增殖性视网膜病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对糖尿病增殖性视网膜病变的诊断价值。方法68例（107只眼）糖尿病患者和60例（60只眼）健康对照组,分析其眼声像图特点。结果107只患眼,检出玻璃体出血32只眼,玻璃体机化膜61只眼,玻璃体下出血14只眼,玻璃体后脱离22只眼,视网膜脱离13只眼;视网膜中央动脉收缩末期和舒张末期血流速度较对照组降低（P〈0．05）,超声诊断符合99只眼,误诊7只眼,漏诊1只眼。结论超声在糖尿病增殖性视网膜病变的诊断中具有重要的价值。     

Successful treatment of acute subretinal hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration by combined intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and gas

Subretinal hemorrhage secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has a poor visual prognosis. Surgical drainage of the blood improves visual acuity only in selected patients. We report on two elderly patients with spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage from AMD. In one eye, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA), combined with a long-acting gas (SF6), was injected into the vitreous cavity. The other eye was treated first by gas instillation followed 3 days later by rTPA injection. Both treatments led to nearly complete displacement of the subretinal hemorrhage from the macular region. In both eyes, an inferior exudative retinal detachment reabsorbed spontaneously within 2 weeks. Bilateral vitreous opacities after rTPA injection resolved without further treatment. Postoperative visual acuity increased to 0.3 and 0.4. The combined treatment is a valuable method for management of acute subretinal hemorrhage. Rapid displacement of this abnormality can minimize clot-induced damage of the highly sensitive macula and increase visual acuity.     

玻璃体切除术治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病变并发玻璃体积血的疗效

  目的  探讨玻璃体切除术治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, PCV)并发玻璃体积血的临床疗效。  方法  回顾性分析2007年7月至2012年8月北京协和医院收治的29例(29只眼)首诊为玻璃体积血, 玻璃体切除术后确诊为PCV患者的临床资料, 其中男性18例, 女性11例; 年龄40~84岁, 平均(61.5±11.5)岁。术前视力:光感者5只眼, 手动者17只眼, 眼前数指者3只眼, < 0.1者3只眼, ≥ 0.1者1只眼。29只眼均给予玻璃体切除术, 其中13只眼给予C₃F₈填充, 14只眼给予硅油填充。14只眼合并白内障行摘除术。术后随访1~84周, 平均33周。  结果  术后23只眼视力提高, 占79.3%;6只眼视力不变, 占20.7%。末次随诊, 视力≥ 0.3者4只眼, ≥ 0.1者6只眼, ≥ 0.01者9只眼, 眼前手动与眼前数指者各5只眼。术前与术后视力比较, 差异具有统计学意义(t=6.032, P < 0.05)。术后视网膜在位28只眼, 其中8只眼为硅油填充下视网膜在位; 视网膜脱离1只眼。29只眼手术中均见视网膜下大量出血。术后视网膜下出血均有不同程度吸收, 其中7只眼积血完全吸收, 仅见色素紊乱及机化膜。  结论  玻璃体切除术可以有效治疗继发于PCV的玻璃体积血, 提高患者视力; 合并视网膜脱离时联合硅油或惰性气体填充可使大部分患者获得视网膜解剖复位及视力改善。     

Somatostatin molecular variants in the vitreous fluid: a comparative study between diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nondiabetic control subjects

OBJECTIVE: There is growing evidence to indicate that somatostatin could be added to the list of natural antiangiogenic factors that exist in the vitreous fluid. In addition, a deficit of intravitreous somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) has been found in diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In the present study, we have determined the main molecular variants of somatostatin (somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28) in the vitreous fluid and plasma of nondiabetic control subjects and diabetic patients with PDR. In addition, the contribution of cortistatin, a neuropeptide with strong structural similarities to somatostatin, to SLI and its levels in vitreous and plasma in both nondiabetic and diabetic patients has also been measured. RESERCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma and vitreous fluid from 22 diabetic patients with PDR and 22 nondiabetic control subjects were analyzed. Somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28 and cortistatin were measured by radioimmunoassay but separation by high-performance liquid chromatography was required to measure somatostatin-14. RESULTS: The predominant molecular form of somatostatin within the vitreous fluid was somatostatin-28 (fivefold higher than somatostatin-14 in control subjects and threefold higher in patients with PDR). Cortistatin significantly contributed to SLI and its intravitreous levels were higher than those detected in plasma (nondiabetic control subjects: 147 [102-837] vs. 78 [24-32] pg/ml; patients with PDR: 187 [87-998] vs. 62 [24-472] pg/ml; P = 0.01 for both). Intravitreous somatostatin-14 was similar in both subjects with PDR and the control group (P = 0.87). By contrast, somatostatin-28 concentration was lower in patients with PDR than in nondiabetic control subjects (350 +/- 32 vs. 595 +/- 66 pg/ml; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Somatostatin-28 is the main molecular variant in the vitreous fluid. The intravitreous SLI deficit detected in patients with PDR is mainly due to somatostatin-28. Cortistatin is abundant in the vitreous fluid and significantly contributes to SLI. These findings could open up new strategies for PDR treatment.