1例朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症患儿的护理

朗格汉斯细胞组织细胸增多症（LCH）是以大量朗格汉斯细胞增生、浸润和肉芽肿形成导致器官功能障碍为特征的一组疾病。朗格汉斯细胞表达朗格汉斯细胞浆S-100蛋白和细胞表面CD1a,胞浆可见Birbeck颗粒。该病包括累-赛病（LSD）、汉-许-克病（HSC）、嗜酸性肉芽肿（EG）、先天性自愈性组织细胞增生症（HPD）。LCH是一组表现为温和、     

骨朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症22例临床病理分析

目的 探讨骨朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（LCH）的临床病理和免疫组化特征，分析需要进行鉴别诊断的疾病。方法 收集22例组织学证实为骨LCH的病例，分析总结其临床及病理学特征，并进行免疫组化染色观察。结果 本组患者年龄2～37岁，儿童比成人多见。任何部位的骨组织均可受累。临床以局部疼痛及肿胀为主要表现，X线表现不一。组织病理学检查示受累骨组织可见形态特殊的组织细胞，即朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞呈不同程度增生，同时伴有数量不等的嗜酸细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及破骨样巨细胞。免疫组化染色CD1a和S-100（＋），部分CD68（＋）。结论 骨LCH的病因尚未明确，其组织病理学上具有特征性表现。需要与骨髓炎、骨肿瘤以及其他组织细胞增生性疾病鉴别，免疫组化染色CD1a、S-100和CD68等标记对确诊有帮助。多数孤立性骨LCH患者预后良好，但可有少数病例复发。     

腰腿部Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症

<正>朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(Langerhans cell histiocytosis,LCH)是一种少见疾病,又称嗜酸性肉芽肿、Langerhans细胞肉芽肿和组织细胞增生。它是由树突细胞家族中的Langerhans细胞单克隆肿瘤性增生所致,肿瘤细胞表达CD1a和S-100,临床表现包括三种变异型:孤立性嗜酸性肉芽肿,Hand-Schulle-r Christian病和Letterer-Siwe病。由     

先天性自愈性朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症临床病理分析

目的 国内首次报道先天性自愈性朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症（CSHLCH）1例，也被称为先天性自愈性网状组织细胞增生症（CSHRH），结合文献探讨其性质、命名、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法 对该病例进行临床病理分析及免疫组化观察。结果患者为1个半月的婴儿，出生时发现右下睑一结节性病变，镜下示炎症背景，有淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞等炎细胞浸润，其间可见聚集成堆的单核样组织细胞，胞质丰富，淡伊红或泡沫状，核圆，较大，居中或略偏位，核分裂偶见；免疫表型S-100、CD1a（＋）。结论 本病少见，易被误诊、漏诊。需与Letterer-Siwe病、肉芽肿性病变等区别。需长期随访。     

30例原发性小肠淋巴瘤病理分析

目的：研究原发性小肠淋巴瘤（PSIL）的病理特点。方法：对30例PSIL患者的组织标本行苏木精-伊红（HE）染色、免疫组化检查,其中2例行基因重排检查,并结合文献进行分析。结果：30例PSIL患者的病理诊断均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）,其中B细胞来源23例（76.7%）、T细胞来源7例（23.3%）。其组织学类型分别为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤16例（53.3%）、黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT型）B细胞淋巴瘤7例（23.3%）、外周T细胞淋巴瘤6例（20.0%）、自然杀伤（NK）/T细胞淋巴瘤1例（3.4%）。免疫组化结果示,30例PSIL均表达CD45,AE1/AE3均阴性,4例B细胞淋巴瘤EMA弱阳性。23例B细胞淋巴瘤均表达CD20和CD79α,7例T细胞淋巴瘤均表达CD3和CD45RO。NK/T细胞淋巴瘤还表达CD56和TIA-1。16例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤有6例（37.5%）表达Bcl-2蛋白,10例（62.5%）表达MIB-1。7例MALT型B细胞淋巴瘤中有5例（71.4%）表达Bcl-2,1例（14.3%）表达MIB-1。基因重排结果示,2例B细胞淋巴瘤均呈Fr2A、Fr3A阳性,TcR阴性。结论：PSIL大多为B细胞来源的NHL,最常见的组织学类型是弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。Bcl-2、MIB-1的阳性率与肿瘤病理分型相关。     

成人泛发性朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症多系统受累临床及病理特征分析

目的探讨成人朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis,LCH）多系统受累临床病理特征。方法报道1例LCH累及结肠和肝脏病案,并回顾相关文献,总结LCH的发病机制、诊断标准及治疗方案。结果该病例在临床表现的基础上通过免疫组化CD1a（＋）、S-100（＋）以及病理检查电镜发现Birbeck颗粒得以证实,达到了三度确诊标准。结论LCH是一组临床表现不同的疾病,单核巨噬细胞在不同器官和组织中异常反应性增殖。     

Burkitt淋巴瘤11例临床病理分析

目的探讨Burkitt淋巴瘤（BL）的临床病理特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法收集11例BL和10例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）,采用免疫组化EnVision二步法检测肿瘤细胞免疫表型,标记抗体为CD20、PAX-5、CD3、CD7、CD10、bcl-2、bcl-6、MUM-1、Ki-67;采用EBER原位杂交方法检测肿瘤细胞的EBV感染情况。结果根据细胞形态BL分为3种类型：经典型8例,浆样分化型1例,非典型性BL/BL样型2例。BL和DLBCL的所有病例CD20和PAX-5（＋）。BL中bcl-2和MUM-1的表达率明显低于DLBCL（P〈0.01）,而同时表达CD10（＋）/bcl-2（-）/bcl-6（＋）和Ki-67≥95%的病例明显多于DLBCL（P〈0.01）。结论BL是一种高度恶性的B细胞淋巴瘤,免疫组化在BL的诊断及鉴别诊断中有重要作用。BL的倍增时间短,宜采取短疗程、高强度化疗方案。     

细针穿刺诊断甲状腺朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症细胞病理学探讨

目的探讨细针穿刺诊断甲状腺朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)的细胞病理学特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法对4例甲状腺LCH的细针穿刺进行常规涂片并观察细胞学特点、沉渣包埋及免疫组化标记,对其中3例行BRAF V600E突变检测。结果 4例均为男性,发病年龄8~40岁,均为系统性LCH累及甲状腺,其中1例合并甲状腺乳头状癌。涂片见大量单个散在或松散聚集的组织细胞,细胞核略增大,核膜不规则,可见明显纵行核沟,核仁不明显,核分裂象少见。背景中嗜酸性粒细胞数量不等。免疫组化示肿瘤细胞S-100、CD1a和CD68(+),TTF-1和AE1/AE3(-)。基因突变检测BRAF V600E突变(-)。结论甲状腺LCH少见,临床表现不典型,细胞学形态易混淆,术前诊断难度高。诊断与鉴别诊断的关键在于对该疾病的认识及免疫组化的应用。     

成人肺朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症的临床病理观察

目的阐明成人肺朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症（LCH）的临床病理特征,提高对其临床及病理表现的认识。方法报道3例成人肺LCH的临床和病理改变,进行常规HE染色及免疫组化法染色、Masson三色染色、Weigert间苯二酚-品红染色及电镜检查,并结合文献对该疾病的临床表现及病理学特征进行讨论。结果3例均可见明显的肺朗格汉斯组织细胞性肉芽肿改变,免疫组化染色S-100、CD1a和CD68（＋）。3例患者均有长期大量吸烟史,其中1例患有肺动脉高压,其肺活检组织中可见小动脉和小静脉内膜纤维性增厚,血管腔狭窄。结论开胸肺活检或电视胸腔镜肺活检组织的病理学检查对肺LCH的确诊有重要作用;免疫组化S-100和CD1a对诊断和鉴别诊断有重要意义;该病的发病与吸烟关系密切,晚期患者应警惕肺动脉高压的可能性。     

木村病38年伴发皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤一例

木村病（Kimura’disease）可演变为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤，但尚未见木村病演变为皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤的报告，我们对1例木村病38年后伴发皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤进行了长期观察，并对皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤诊断与鉴别诊断进行了讨论。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."