CysC、α1-MG和β2-MG在糖尿病早期肾损伤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C（CysC）、α1微球蛋白（α1-MG）和β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）多指标检测在糖尿病早期肾损伤中的诊断价值.方法 选取糖尿病（DM）患者188例和健康对照者90例,检测各组血CysC、α1-MG、β2-MG、BUN和Cr的含量并作统计分析.结果 单纯DM组血清CysC、α1-MG水平较健康对照组明显升高（P〈0.05）,但两组β2-MG、BUN和Cr水平无明显差异;早期DN组血清CysC、α1-MG和β2-MG水平较单纯DM组显著升高（P〈0.01）,但两组血清BUN、Cr水平无明显差异;188例糖尿病患者血清 CysC、α1-MG和β2-MG均与BUN、Cr水平呈正相关;早期DN组中3个指标的异常率较单纯DM组显著升高;3个指标联合检测早期肾损伤的异常率较单指标检测明显升高;用ROC曲线进行诊断效能评价,以CysC最优.结论 血清CysC、α1-MG和β2-MG联合检测可发现糖尿病病程中的早期肾损伤,有重要的临床应用价值.     

小于胎龄儿尿微量蛋白检测和临床意义

目的 通过检测小于胎龄儿尿微量蛋白（SGA）和血BUN、Cr的变化探讨尿微量蛋白在宫内发育迟缓新生儿肾脏损害早期诊断的意义.方法 小于胎龄儿组新生儿40例（足月小样儿组20例,早产小样儿组20例）,对照组分别为40例足月适于胎龄儿、30例早产适于胎龄儿,于生后48h内留取新鲜尿液检测尿微量蛋白：尿α1微球蛋白（α1-MG）、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）、N-乙酰-β- D-氨基葡萄糖苷酸酶（NAG）、转铁蛋白（TRF）、免疫球蛋白（IgG）;采静脉血检测血BUN、Cr.结果 足月小样儿组与足月适于胎龄儿组比较：尿α1-MG、β2-MG、NAG水平升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈 0.01）;尿TRF、IgG 、血BUN、Cr水平无明显统计学差异（P〉0.05）.早产小样儿组与早产适于胎龄儿组比较：尿α1-MG、β2-MG、NAG、TRF、IgG 、血BUN、Cr水平均显著升高（P〈 0.01）.足月小样儿组与早产小样儿组比较：尿α1-MG、β2-MG、NAG水平均无明显统计学差异（P〉0.05）,尿TRF、IgG和血BUN、Cr水平显著升高（P〈0.01）.结论 小于胎龄儿尿微量蛋白水平有明显变化,可以作为新生儿宫内发育不良肾脏损害早期的判断指标.     

血清胱抑素C测定在窒息新生儿肾损伤中的诊断价值

目的：探讨血清胱抑素C（Cys-C）在窒息新生儿肾损伤中的诊断价值。方法：对90例窒息新生儿和40例健康新生儿测定血清Cys-C、β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、BUN、Cr并进行比较。结果：窒息组患者Cys-C与β2-MG、BUN和Cr水平之间呈正相关（r分别为0.937、0.530、0.513;P〈0.01）;以Cys-C为标准,血清β2-MG、BUN、Scr水平升高的相对敏感性分别为89.7%、42.3%、34.6%。结论：血清Cys-C检测有助于新生儿窒息后肾损伤的早期诊断。     

血清胱抑素C检测对肝硬化患者肾功能损害的诊断价值

目的探讨血清Cys C在肝硬化患者早期肾功能损害中的诊断价值及意义。方法采用免疫比浊法检测118例肝硬化、48例CHB患者及30例健康对照组血清Cys C、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）水平,同时采用酶法测定血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素（Urea）水平。对各组血清Cys C、Scr、Urea及β2-MG水平差异、相关性及异常率进行比较分析。结果肝硬化组、CHB组和对照组的血清Cys C水平分别为（1.29±0.33）mg/L、（0.98±0.21）mg/L和（0.92±0.15）mg/L,肝硬化组显著高于CHB组（P〈0.05）和对照组（P〈0.05）。肝硬化组Scr、Urea和β2-MG水平分别为（69.22±21.21）μmol/L、（5.47±2.16）mmol/L和（2.58±0.88）mg/L,均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。各组血清Cys C与Scr均呈正相关,肝硬化组（r=0.502,P〈0.01）,CHB组（r=0.485,P〈0.01）,对照组（r=0.494,P〈0.01）。肝硬化组血清Cys C异常率（75.4%）显著高于Scr（5.9%）、Urea（17.8%）和β2-MG（22%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论血清Cys C可以作为评价肝硬化早期肾功能损害的标志物,为临床相关疾病的诊断提供参考依据。     

尿NAG、β2-MG变化与儿童过敏性紫癜肾炎肾功能损害的关系

目的探讨过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿尿N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)的水平变化及其意义。方法选取我院2016年3月-2017年10月收治的160例过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿,根据尿蛋白水平分为A组(孤立性血尿)56例、B组(轻度蛋白尿)43例、C组(中度蛋白尿)32例、D组(肾病水平蛋白尿)29例。对比四组患儿尿NAG、β2-MG水平,分析过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿尿NAG、β2-MG水平与血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)的关系。结果(1)4组研究对象尿NAG、β2-MG水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),D组尿NAG、β2-MG水平显著高于A组、B组、C组(P0.05),C组尿NAG、β2-MG水平显著高于A组、B组(P0.05),B组尿NAG、β2-MG水平显著高于A组(P0.05)。(2)4组研究对象血清BUN、Cr水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),D组血清BUN、Cr水平显著高于A、B、C三组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿尿NAG、β2-MG水平与血清BUN、Cr水平呈显著正相关系(P0.01)。结论过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿尿NAG、β2-MG水平与肾功能损害程度具有一定的相关性。     

多发性骨髓瘤病人血清sgp130与IL-6变化及意义

目的探讨多发性骨髓瘤（MM）病人血清可溶性糖蛋白130（sgp130）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）的动态变化及临床意义。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法,检测60例MM病人和20例健康体检者（对照组）血清sgp130及IL-6的水平,并观察二者与血清β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）水平的相关性。结果 MM病人血清sgp130、IL-6水平均明显升高,与对照组比较差异有显著性（t=5.51、8.29,P〈0.01）,并随MM临床分期增加、病情加重而逐渐升高（F=23.21、21.86,P〈0.05）,但不同免疫亚型间差异无显著性（F=7.37、4.12,P〉0.05）。血清sgp130、IL-6水平的变化与化疗效果有关,化疗有效病人血清sgp130、IL-6水平均明显下降,其中BD组（硼替佐米＋地塞米松）下降程度明显大于VAD组（长春地辛＋表柔比星＋地塞米松）,差异有显著性（t=11.77、5.31,P〈0.05）。血清sgp130、IL-6水平与血清β2-MG水平呈正相关（r=0.683、0.549,P〈0.01）。结论血清sgp130及IL-6水平变化与MM的肿瘤负荷和化疗效果有关,可作为评估病情变化和治疗效果的有效指标。     

β2-微球蛋白在诊断早期肾功能损害中的临床意义

目的探讨高血压、糖尿病患者血清及尿液中的β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）含量,对诊断其早期肾功能损害的价值。方法测定75例高血压患者（高血压组）和72例糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）血清、尿β2-MG,血肌酐（Cr）和尿素氮（BUN）含量,并与68例正常人（对照组）进行比较。结果高血压、糖尿病2组患者血清、尿β2-MG含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,而Cr、BUN含量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论动态监测血清、尿β2-MG对于发现高血压、糖尿病患者早期肾功能损害有重要的临床意义。     

血清胱抑素C与尿α_1-微球蛋白对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素C（CysC）和尿α1-微球蛋白（α1-MG）在糖尿病肾病（DN）早期诊断中的价值。方法将524例2型糖尿病患者按尿微量清蛋白（mAlb）水平分为3组,mAlb正常组0～30mg/L,mAlb 31～100mg/L组和mAlb〉100mg/L组。定量测定各组患者血清中CysC、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）、α1-MG的浓度。结果 mAlb正常组与健康对照组比较,BUN、Cr差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;3组糖尿病患者的血CysC和尿α1-MG水平较健康对照组均显著升高（P〈0.05）,并随着mAlb的上升而升高。血CysC和尿α1-MG的阳性检出率在3组糖尿病患者中均高于BUN和Cr（P〈0.05）。血CysC和尿α1-MG联合检测,其阳性检出率在mAlb正常组中明显高于单项指标检出率,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在肾功能早期病变（患者mAlb〈100mg/L）的糖尿病患者中,各指标的阳性检出率由高到低为血CysC联合尿α1-MG〉尿α1-MG〉血CysC〉BUN〉Cr。结论血CysC和尿α1-MG对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断较Cr和BUN更有意义,联合检测血CysC和尿α1-MG可显著提高糖尿病早期肾损害的阳性检出率。     

血清肌红蛋白和β2-微球蛋白测定对原发性高血压患者肾功能损害的评价

肌红蛋白（Myoglobin，Mb）是肾功能损害、心肌损伤的一个较为敏感的指标，β2-微球蛋白（beta-2-microglobulin，β2-MG）是肾小球滤过率下降，肾功能损害的重要指标之一。作者于2000年1月至2005年12月测定了160例原发性高血压（EH）患者和60例对照组血清Mb和β2-MG水平，血肌酐（Cr）和尿素氮（BUN）水平，以期对血清Mb和β2-MG在原发性高血压患者肾功能损害的临床意义作一评价。     

血胱抑素C对窒息新生儿肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血胱抑素C（cys C）水平对窒息新生儿肾功能损伤的诊断价值。方法对重度窒息20例,轻度窒息25例和对照组22例无窒息新生儿做血cys C、尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐（Cr）的检测,并比较分析。结果轻度窒息组和重度窒息组血清cys C均较对照组有显著升高（P〈0.01）;重度窒息组血清cys C较轻度窒息组显著升高（P〈0.01）。轻度窒息组血清cys C的异常率显著高于BUN和Cr的异常率（均P〈0.01）;重度窒息组血清cys C的异常率显著高于BUN和Cr的异常率（均P〈0.05）。结论血清cys C可作为窒息新生儿肾功能损伤的早期诊断指标,而且敏感性高于血BUN和Cr。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.