肠道菌群与机体疾病及慢性肾脏疾病的研究进展

健康人体中的肠道菌群与机体免疫状态相关,肠道菌群失衡可引发多种疾病。该文从膳食对肠道菌群的影响、肠道菌群与机体疾病、肠道菌群失衡与慢性肾脏疾病等几个方面进行综述。     

肠道菌群与衰老的研究进展

随着人口老龄化的加剧,衰老逐渐成为研究者关注的话题。肠道菌群参与机体正常的生理过程,在维护机体健康方面发挥重要作用。与年轻人相比,老年人肠道菌群的结构和多样性均发生改变,而这些改变将会导致许多疾病。目前为止,肠道菌群与衰老关系的具体机制仍不清楚,需要进一步的探索。许多研究发现肠道菌群与神经退行性疾病、2型糖尿病和衰弱等的发生发展密切相关。本文主要对肠道菌群的结构和功能、肠道菌群与衰老相关疾病以及衰弱的关系进行综述,为促进老年人健康提供新的思路。     

肠道菌群功能及其与运动的相关性研究进展

肠道菌群作为人体内的"微生物器官",具有重要的生理功能,参与调节机体的稳态和健康。运动能够通过促进肠道菌群的组分和结构优化,从而改善机体代谢和免疫调节,甚至影响着"菌群-肠-脑轴"的相互作用。本文就肠道菌群的各项功能对机体的影响以及肠道菌群与运动的相关性进行综述。     

抗生素与肠道微生态的关系

肠道微生态由肠道正常菌群及其所生活的环境共同构成,肠道菌群承担着人体多种生理功能,包括免疫、代谢和内分泌功能等,被视为人体“器官”,在维持人体健康中起着至关重要的作用。抗生素常用于治疗各种感染性疾病,抗生素可消灭患者机体的大多数致病菌,但同时也严重破坏了肠道微生态平衡导致肠道菌群失调和各种急慢性疾病,抗生素对肠道微生物组成和结构的影响,取决于抗生素的种类、剂量和应用时间。本文综述了抗生素与肠道微生态的相互作用关系及其对健康和疾病的影响,以期为临床中使用抗生素的利弊权衡提供参考依据。     

过敏性鼻炎与肠道菌群的关系概述及治疗药物现状研究

近年来研究发现肠道菌群失衡与机体免疫调节、炎症反应等机制的发生关系密切,且呼吸系统疾病患者常伴发炎症性肠病等胃肠道疾病,并认为肠道菌群能通过影响肠道淋巴系统免疫功能而在一定程度上影响呼吸系统。过敏性鼻炎作为免疫细胞介导的鼻部变态反应性疾病,与肠道菌群失调同样存在相关性。益生菌可以通过调节Th1/Th2平衡,纠正患者肠道菌群的紊乱,从而缓解过敏性症状。但是肠道菌群失调与过敏性鼻炎的关系以及菌群调节对过敏性鼻炎的改善效果仍存在争议。本研究就过敏性鼻炎与肠道菌群的关系及过敏性鼻炎国内外药物治疗现状展开论述。     

肠道菌群与心血管疾病的研究进展

随着生活水平的提升以及医疗技术的进步,人们对心血管疾病的认识也逐步加深。除了传统认知中引起心血管疾病的危险因素外,近年来揭示肠道菌群与心血管疾病之间联系的研究也为心血管疾病的发病机制和治疗策略提供了新的思路。肠道菌群被誉为新型的内分泌器官,参与人体代谢和免疫,其有机组成、正常功能及其代谢产物与心血管疾病密切相关。本文就肠道菌群在心血管疾病发生发展中的作用机制、影响关系及治疗前景等方面进行阐述。     

从“心合小肠”探讨中医药调节肠道微生态防治冠心病

很多有关中医药治疗冠心病的研究发现,合理的应用中药可以有效减轻冠心病患者的症状,改善心肌功能,达到降低血脂水平,抑制血小板聚集,抗氧化,抗炎等目的。而肠道菌群的结构改变同样可以影响心血管疾病的发生和发展。这正暗合了中医基础理论中“心与小肠相表里”这一点,通过干预肠道菌群可以作为一种新的潜在的治疗冠心病的方法。很多实验证明中医药可以通过调节肠道菌群来影响冠心病的发病机制,从而达到治疗冠心病的目的。该文综述了既往研究中有关中医药治疗冠心病对肠道菌群的影响,以期为临床提供参考。     

骨折及骨折合并感染患者粪便菌群分析

肠道菌群是人体最大和最复杂的微生态系统,是肠黏膜屏障的重要组成部分,对抵抗病原菌感染具有重要意义。肠道菌群微生态平衡的维持受机体营养情况、免疫机能以及肠道局部物理、化学等环境因素影响。当机体遭受创伤应激时,可能导致肠道菌群失调。本文对骨折、骨折合并感染患者进行粪便菌群分析,初步探讨骨折、骨折合并感染与肠道微生态的关系。     

氧化三甲胺与心血管疾病关系研究进展

肠道微生物及其代谢产物在心力衰竭、高血压、冠心病、心房颤动等心血管疾病的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,其中肠源性菌群相关代谢产物氧化三甲胺可通过影响炎性反应、脂质代谢、自主神经系统、心室重构等途径促进心血管疾病发生.本文就氧化三甲胺与心血管疾病的关系及相关治疗的研究进展作一综述.     

系统性硬化症与肠道菌群的关系

肠道菌群对人类健康和疾病有着深远影响。不仅肠道菌群能影响宿主免疫系统发育, 免疫系统本身也能改变肠道菌群。目前发现肠道菌群参与了多种自身免疫性疾病。研究发现, 系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis, SSc)患者肠道菌群紊乱较常见, 胃肠道易受累, 且其中一些特定菌属与SSc患者胃肠道受累严重程度相关。本文对SSc患者肠道菌群变化特点、肠道菌群与SSc消化系统运动障碍和纤维化的关系以及治疗方案等方面进行系统阐述。     

Gut microbiome interventions in human health and diseases

Ongoing studies have determined that the gut microbiota is a major factor influencing both health and disease. Host genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to differences in gut microbiota composition and function. Intestinal dysbiosis is a cause or a contributory cause for diseases in multiple body systems, ranging from the digestive system to the immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and even nervous system. Investigation of pathogenesis has identified specific species or strains, bacterial genes, and metabolites that play roles in certain diseases and represent potential drug targets. As research progresses, gut microbiome–based diagnosis and therapy are proposed and applied, which might lead to considerable progress in precision medicine. We further discuss the limitations of current studies and potential solutions.     

肠道微生态与血流动力学

肠道微生态是由原核微生物(细菌)、真核微生物(包括真菌以及原生动物)和病毒构成的强大“器官”,在机体营养代谢、维持肠道黏膜上皮屏障的完整性、免疫调节中发挥至关重要的作用。已有研究表明,肠道微生态与多种疾病的发病机制相关,如神经精神性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、癌症以及慢性代谢性疾病等。近年来的研究发现,肠道微生态能够通过氧化三甲胺和短链脂肪酸及其受体途径对血流动力学发挥调控作用; 同时,肠道微生态失调、易位激活机体炎症反应可影响机体血流动力学的稳定。本文梳理二者之间的关系,以期为进一步开展相关研究提供借鉴。     

人体肠道微生物组与疾病研究:现状、机遇与挑战

微生物组是人体的第二基因组,能够决定人的健康状态。微生物组研究促进了人类对微生物群体与人体、生态环境关系的新认识。对人体肠道微生物组的组成和功能进行系统研究,解析相关核心菌群的互作关系和调控机制,将为解决人类面临的健康问题带来革命性的理论创新,由此产生颠覆性的技术革新,有望为微生物组研究提供更好的解决方案。     

Gut microbiota and COVID-19: An intriguing pediatric perspective

Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement has been reported in approximately 50% of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is due to the pathogenic role of inflammation and the intestinal function of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its receptor. Accumulating adult data has pointed out that gut dysbiosis might occur in these patients with a potential impact on the severity of the disease, however the role of gut microbiota in susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 disease in children is still poorly known. During the last decades, the crosstalk between gut and lung has been largely recognized resulting in the concept of “gut-lung axis” as a central player in modulating the development of several diseases. Both organs are involved in the common mucosal immune system (including bronchus-associated and gut-associated lymphoid tissues) and their homeostasis is crucial for human health. In this framework, it has been found that the role of GI dysbiosis is affecting the homeostasis of the gut-liver axis. Of note, a gut microbiome imbalance has been linked to COVID-19 severity in adult subjects, but it remains to be clarified. Based on the increased risk of inflammatory diseases in children with COVID-19, the potential correlation between gut microbiota dysfunction and COVID-19 needs to be studied in this population. We aimed to summarize the most recent evidence on this striking aspect of COVID-19 in childhood.     

肠道菌群在自身免疫性疾病治疗中的前景

肠道菌群对于维持人体免疫稳态不可或缺。肠道菌群失调、易位及菌群代谢物异常见于多种自身免疫性疾病,通过诱导免疫失衡、分子模拟、旁观者激活、表位扩展等机制参与自身免疫耐受破坏和过度炎症反应,促进自身免疫性疾病的发生发展,并通过干扰药物在肠道的转化影响免疫治疗药物的疗效和毒性。基于肠道菌群的干预措施或可为自身免疫性疾病的防治提供新策略。本文回顾近年来肠道菌群在系统性自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展,并对基于菌群的干预措施在自身免疫性疾病中的应用前景予以展望。     

Connecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity

The gut microbiota has a vast influence on human health and its role in initiating, aggravating, or ameliorating diseases is beginning to emerge. Recently, its contribution to heterogeneous toxicological responses is also gaining attention, especially in drug-induced toxicity. Whether they are orally administered or not, drugs may interact with the gut microbiota directly or indirectly, which leads to altered toxicity. Present studies focus more on the unidirectional influence of how xenobiotics disturb intestinal microbial composition and functions, and thus induce altered homeostasis. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and xenobiotics are bidirectional and the impact of the gut microbiota on xenobiotics, especially on drugs, should not be neglected. Thus, in this review, we focus on how the gut microbiota modulates drug toxicity by highlighting the microbiome, microbial enzyme, and microbial metabolites. We connect the dots between drugs, the microbiome, microbial enzymes or metabolites, drug metabolites, and host toxicological responses to facilitate the discovery of microbial targets and mechanisms associated with drug toxicity. Besides this, current mainstream strategies to manipulate drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome are summarized and discussed. The review provides technical reference for the evaluation of medicinal properties in the research and development of innovative drugs, and for the future exploitation of strategies to reduce drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome.     

胃肠道疾病与菌群治疗

肠道菌群通过其代谢物、分泌物或细胞成分参与调节宿主代谢和免疫,并保护宿主抵抗病原微生物入侵。环境、营养、生活习惯改变以及抗生素滥用等原因均可导致肠道微生态结构和功能失调,进而导致多种疾病。与此同时,肠道菌群亦成为极具潜力的疾病治疗手段。本文将对胃肠道疾病(包括胃肠道感染性疾病、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征等)与菌群的关系以及基于肠道菌群治疗该类疾病的最新研究成果进行总结,并对肠道菌群在未来疾病预防和干预中的前景作出展望。     

The Gut Microbiome,Mental Health,and Cognitive and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Scoping Review

BackgroundNurse practitioners encounter many patients with concerns related to mental health, cognitive disorders, or neurodevelopmental disorders. Marketing of supplements and foods geared toward the gut microbiome and mental health has increased, despite limited evidence of efficacy.MethodsA scoping review of the literature published through November 2021 was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley framework to map the findings. Thirty-two articles ultimately met inclusion criteria.ResultsFindings were mapped to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the gut microbiome, mental health, and cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders as well as clinical implications for the nurse practitioner. The relationship between the gut microbiome and mental health appears bidirectional. Currently, there is limited evidence for probiotic supplements for mental or cognitive health. Of the 32 articles surveyed, 12 related to probiotic interventions, with 9 demonstrating benefit to mental or cognitive health related outcomes, and 5 specifically demonstrating benefit in depression. There is evidence to support interventions such as diet changes, physical activity, and stress management as ways to support a healthy gut microbiome, which may in turn benefit mental or cognitive health.ConclusionResearch on the gut microbiome, mental health, and cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to evolve. At present, nurse practitioners can provide evidence-based counsel regarding lifestyle factors to improve physical and mental health, which may also influence the gut microbiome.     

A Clinician's Primer on the Role of the Microbiome in Human Health and Disease

The importance of the commensal microbiota that colonizes the skin, gut, and mucosal surfaces of the human body is being increasingly recognized through a rapidly expanding body of science studying the human microbiome. Although, at first glance, these discoveries may seem esoteric, the clinical implications of the microbiome in human health and disease are becoming clear. As such, it will soon be important for practicing clinicians to have an understanding of the basic concepts of the human microbiome and its relation to human health and disease. In this Concise Review, we provide a brief introduction to clinicians of the concepts underlying this burgeoning scientific field and briefly explore specific disease states for which the potential role of the human microbiome is becoming increasingly evident, including Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms, obesity, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neuropsychiatric illnesses, and we also discuss current and future roles of microbiome restorative therapies.