Self-reported exercise behavior and interpretations of exercise in older adults

Prior exercise experiences may influence interpretations of exercise, ultimately affecting exercise behavior. This study examines differences in interpretations of exercise in older adults based on prior exercise behavior. Older adults who report more exercise behavior were hypothesized to score more positively on measures of interpretations of exercise than older adults reporting less exercise behavior. Two hundred fifteen older adults reported prior-year exercise behavior, and within a 2-week exercise training program reported their episode-specific and general interpretations of exercise. High exercisers reported higher perceptions of energy (p = .021), life enhancement (p = .023), and overall psychological outlook (p = .003) than low exercisers. Several gender differences were also noted. These results support earlier findings that older adults' beliefs and interpretations of exercise activity influence exercise behavior.     

大强度离心运动大鼠不同时相骨骼肌结构及血白细胞介素6、肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶的变化

背景:运动预处理可在一定程度上减轻运动性骨骼肌微损伤,从而避免延迟性肌肉酸痛的发生.目前应用白细胞介素6和CK-MM评定骨骼肌微细损伤还较缺少实验性研究.目的:观察运动预处理对大鼠大强度离心运动后不同时相骨骼肌结构损伤及血液白细胞介素6、肌酸激酶和CK-MM变化的影响.设计、时间及地点:随机对照动物实验,2006/2007在成都体育学院动物实验室完成.材料:成年健康雌性SD大鼠80只,体质量(231.3±12.44)g.每组义随机分别分为运动前和运动后即刻、运动后24,48,72 h 5个亚组,每组8只.方法:无预处理组:除对运动前组外其他大鼠进行一次速度19～21 m/min,坡度为-16°的90 min的跑台运动.运动预处理组:进行2周离心跑台训练,2周后,除运动前组外,其他大鼠进行一次性跑台运动,运动方式同无预处理组.主要观察指标:一次性离心运动后即刻、24,48和72 h观察比目鱼肌结构及血液白细胞介素6、肌酸激酶、CK-MM的变化.结果:运动后两组大鼠比目鱼肌均出现损伤性改变,尤以无预处理组更为明显,且以运动后24～48 h较为严重.无预处理组运动后即刻血浆白细胞介素6显著增高,随后逐渐下降,72 h再次显著增高.运动预处理组运动后即刻略降低,随后逐渐升高,于48 h达峰值.运动后运动预处理组血浆白细胞介素6水平低于无预处理组.运动前运动预处理组肌酸激酶和CK-MM均低于无预处理组.运动后无预处理组、运动预处理组两组肌酸激酶和CK-MM先升后降,除运动后72 h外.运动预处理组CK和CK-MM水平及变化幅度低于无预处理组.结论:运动预处理有助于减轻离心运动导致的骨骼肌超微结构损伤及运动应激所引起的相关血液指标变化.肌酸激酶和CK-MM活性水平的个体差异较大,更适用于个体自身的纵向比较.     

运动与分岔血管剪切力及血液流变指标的变化

背景：运动后血液流变的异常是产生运动疲劳的原因之一,也是运动诱发心血管疾病的危险因素之一。目的：分析运动方式对血液流变指标和血管动力学的变化规律。方法：建立血管模型并采用有限元法分析一次性力竭运动和系统运动两种运动模式下分叉血管剪切力分布,检测30名健康大学生志愿者血液流变指标。在查阅文献的基础上,通过实验和理论分析运动方式对血液流变性的影响,及运动方式与血管剪切力之间的相关关系。结果与结论：一次性力竭运动能使机体血液流变性明显发生不良变化,而长期规律的系统运动后明显改变血液流变性均有向好方向发展的趋势。一次性力竭运动后,分叉血管剪切力在分岔处小于0.6 Pa;系统运动后,血管处剪切力为0.6-1 Pa。因此,一次性力竭运动后易诱发血管疾病;系统运动起到预防血管疾病的作用。     

Impact of a transtheoretical model on the psychosocial factors affecting exercise among workers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intervention on improvement of perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise barrier, and exercise self-efficacy. A quasi- experimental design was utilized and purposive sampling was conducted at a telecom worksite in southern Taiwan. One hundred and ninety-three subjects were assigned to an experimental and a control group. The experimental group, which consisted of 133 subjects, participated in a program of exercise intervention. The intervention program applied a transtheoretical model to aid subjects in developing effective approaches within different stages of the exercise change. It included written materials and teaching activities for the different stages of exercise. The control group, which consisted of 60 subjects, had no treatment. All subjects completed a structured questionnaire, including perceived exercise benefits, perceived exercise barriers, exercise self-efficacy, and stages of exercise, pre-test and post-test. Statistical analyses included Chi-square test, paired t-test, analysis of covariance, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe's post hoc comparison. After the exercise intervention, the results post-test of the experimental group showed that (1) perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise barriers, and exercise self-efficacy improved significantly, and (2) perceived exercise benefit and exercise self-efficacy were significantly higher than those of the control group post-test while perceived exercise barriers were significantly lower than those of the control group post-test.     

Establishment of a predictive model of serum glucose changes under different exercise intensities and durations among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Regular exercise is regarded as one of necessary elements in treating diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different exercise intensities and durations on serum glucose changes after exercise in type 2 DM patients and to establish a predictive model of changes in serum glucose under different exercise intensities and durations. Thirty-seven type 2 DM patients were recruited from four teaching hospitals. A total of 12 exercise sessions were scheduled according to the results of a graded treadmill exercise test. The 12 exercise sessions were designed on the basis of different exercise intensities (40%, 60%, and 80% maximal workload) and exercise durations (10, 20, 30, and 40 min). Serum glucose level was measured before and after exercise. The findings indicate that the main effect of exercise intensity and duration was significant, but there was no interaction effect. All four variables, including exercise intensity, exercise duration, pre-exercise serum glucose levels, and gender, explained 37% of the variance in serum glucose changes after exercise. In conclusion, a dose-response relationship between exercise amount and serum glucose changes was demonstrated. This is helpful for health professionals to teach type 2 DM patients how to predict serum glucose response in different exercise situations.     

Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults with chronic disease

The purpose of this study was to test seven constructs (prior experience of exercise, perceived health status, exercise benefits, exercise barriers, exercise self-efficacy, social support for exercise, and options for exercise) from the health promotion model (HPM) as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise in a sample of 400 Korean adults with chronic disease. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we found that all fit indices indicated a good fit. The final model accounted for 54% of the variance in commitment to a plan for exercise. Prior experience with exercise and exercise benefits were the factors most highly related. Health professionals can assess prior experience and emphasize personally relevant benefits of exercise in designing intervention programs to help Korean adults with chronic disease become more physically active.     

Effects of arm exercise on serum glucose response in type 2 DM patients

The aims of the study were to examine the influence of upper extremity exercise on glucose response and to establish a predictive model of changes in serum glucose under different exercise intensities and durations. Thirty-three type 2 DM patients who met the selection criteria were selected. An arm cycle ergometer exercise test was conducted, and then 12 arm exercise sessions were arranged based on different exercise intensities (40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal workload) and exercise durations (10, 20, 30, and 40 min). Serum glucose levels were measured before and after each exercise session. Serum glucose levels significantly decreased after arm exercise regardless of different intensities or durations. However, no interaction effect (intensity x duration) or main effect in exercise intensity was observed, but a significant main effect in exercise duration was observed (F = 11.756, p <.0001). Also exercise duration was a significant predictor of serum glucose changes after arm exercise. These results suggest that arm exercise can play a useful role in glycemic control for type 2 DM patients and exercise duration is a key factor in determining serum glucose response under upper-extremity exercise.     

Effect of Exercise on a Speed Feedback Therapy System in Elderly Persons

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine if a speed feedback therapy system exercise with an ergometer would be more effective than only the ergometer exercise in increasing frontal cerebral blood flow. Nineteen elderly persons residing in the community participated in an ergometer exercise program and speed feedback exercise program, and the blood oxy-hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration of their frontal cerebral area was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during exercise and at rest. The results showed that the peak Oxy-Hb concentration during speed feedback system exercise was significantly higher than during ergometer exercise. And, both the mean Oxy-Hb concentration 3 minutes after the speed feedback system exercise and the peak Oxy-Hb concentration after the speed feedback system exercise were significantly higher than after ergometer exercise. The results suggested that speed feedback system exercise effectively increased frontal cerebral blood flow.     

运动对大鼠肌细胞丝裂素活化蛋白酶信号传导系统的调节作用

目的：观察运动对心肌和骨骼肌细胞应激激活蛋白激酶（JNK）信号通道活性的影响，为运动处方的制定提供分子生物学依据。方法：12周龄、体重200－230克的SD大鼠18只，随机分为对照组（n=6)、急性运动组（n=6)和运动训练组（n=6).采用活动平板，坡度10％，速度20m/min，运动时间20分／次。急性运动组仅运动20min；运动训练组，每日1次，每周5次，运动三周；对照组不参与运动。运用化学发光测定心肌和骨骼肌JNK活性。结果：骨骼肌JNK活性在急性运动组和运动训练组分别是非运动组的4．1倍和11．1倍，且运动训练组较急性运动组增高2．71倍。心肌JNK活性在急性运动组和运动训练组分别是非运动组的3．5倍和2．16倍，且急性运动组较运动训练组增高1．62倍。结论：运动可以激活心肌和骨骼肌JNK信号转导通道，不同的运动时间和频率影响着心肌和骨骼肌JNK的活性程度。     

2型糖尿病患者锻炼自我效能与体育锻炼的相关性研究

目的描述2型糖尿病患者的锻炼自我效能,探讨锻炼自我效能与体育锻炼的相关性。方法采用锻炼自我效能量表和业余体育活动问卷,用方便抽样方法调查117例2型糖尿病患者。结果2型糖尿病患者锻炼自我效能均分为（52．42±18．30）分,患者锻炼自我效能与过去1年平均每周体育锻炼时间呈正相关（r=0．415,P〈0．01）,与过去1年平均每周体育锻炼能量支出呈正相关（r=0．452,P〈0．01）。结论2型糖尿病患者锻炼自我效能处于中等水平,2型糖尿病患者锻炼自我效能越高,过去1年平均每周体育锻炼时间越多,体育锻炼能量支出越多。     

Exercise and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have abnormal respiratory mechanics, respiratory muscle function, gas exchange, and cardiovascular function during exercise. Their impaired exercise tolerance is at least partly due to altered respiratory mechanics, but factors that increase ventilation during exercise indirectly contribute to exercise limitation. Clinical exercise testing is a very important tool in the assessment of exercise capacity, assessment of factors that contribute to exercise limitation, and differential diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease.     

壳聚糖对无氧训练大鼠肝脏自由基代谢的影响

背景:壳聚糖具有清除自由基的功能。目的:观察补充壳聚糖对以糖酵解供能为主间歇性周期游泳训练大鼠肝脏功能的影响。方法:将64只成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、训练组、服药组、服药训练组,每组16只。训练组与服药训练组进行以糖酵解供能为主的间歇性周期训练,于训练第12天两组随机取8只大鼠进行相对大运动量游泳运动(即定量负荷运动),对照组与服药组未进行间歇性周期训练,但也于相同时间点进行定量负荷运动,即各组均分定量负荷前与定量负荷运动后两亚组。服药训练组每次训练前30min灌服壳聚糖0.3g/kg,服药组于相同时间点灌服壳聚糖0.3g/kg,对照组与训练组灌以等量生理盐水。结果与结论:与定量负荷运动前比较,各组定量负荷运动后超氧化物歧化酶活性明显降低(P<0.01),丙二醛水平明显升高(P<0.01)。且各组定量负荷运动后超氧化物歧化酶活性均明显低于定量负荷运动前对照组(P<0.01)。与定量负荷运动后对照组比较,定量负荷运动后训练及服药训练组超氧化物歧化酶活性明显升高(P<0.01),丙二醛水平明显降低(P<0.01)。与定量负荷运动后训练组比较,定量负荷运动后服药组超氧化物歧化酶活性降低(P<0.05),丙二醛水平升高(P<0.05);定量负荷运动后训练组超氧化物歧化酶活性升高(P<0.05),丙二醛水平降低(P<0.05)。表明服用壳聚糖配合运动训练可有效提高机体抗氧化能力,改善自由基代谢。     

Determinants of exercise in adults with cerebral palsy

This study examined the impact of environmental factors and caregiver attitudes on exercise participation in adults with cerebral palsy using a social-cognitive model. The sample included 83 adults with cerebral palsy (47.0% males and 53.0% females). Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with exercise frequency as the dependent variable. Independent variables included personal characteristics of persons with cerebral palsy (age, level of mental retardation, health status, mobility, and arm/hand limitation), type of residence, exercise facility access, and caregiver-perceived benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy. The significant determinants of exercise participation were the caregiver's perceived benefits of exercise for persons with cerebral palsy and the type of residence. When caregivers perceived greater benefits of exercise, adults with cerebral palsy were likely to exercise more frequently. Non-nursing home residents were more likely to exercise than nursing home residents. This difference was related to differences in the caregivers' perceived benefits of exercise and not because of the personal characteristics of the residents or access to the exercise facility. Results of this study point to the need to inform and educate caregivers about the benefits and importance of exercise for adults with cerebral palsy.     

Exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

This study compared perceived exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits, exercise barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise between Korean women with a diagnosis of either osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. The influence of exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers on commitment to a plan for exercise was also assessed in each group. Participants in the study were 154 Korean women over 40 years of age who were recruited from hospitals, health centers or a nursing home. The two groups differed on commitment to a plan for exercise with commitment greater among women with osteoporosis. Exercise self-efficacy was the most influential variable on commitment to a plan for exercise accounting for 27% of the variance in commitment among osteoporosis patients and 53% of the variance among osteoarthritis patients. This study generated information relevant to tailoring exercise interventions to the differing needs and perceptions of Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.     

Effect of physical exercise on the digoxin concentrations in skeletal muscle and serum in man

Summary. Seven healthy men performed an exercise on a bicycle ergometer during one hour after 2 weeks intake of digoxin and with the last dose taken 24 hours before the exercise. Blood samples and skeletal muscle biopsies (m. quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis) were taken before and after the exercise for analysis of serum and skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations. A percutaneous needle biopsy technique was used for muscle sampling and digoxin was analysed by radioimmunoassay. One minute after completion of the exercise a significantly higher digoxin concentration was found in the thigh muscle than before exercise, indicating an increased digoxin binding in this muscle. Serum digoxin concentration decreased significantly during exercise. After exercise serum digoxin concentration increased again but was still, 30 min after exercise, significantly lower than before exercise.     

Exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory response to exercise before and after the Fontan operation

To determine the effect of the Fontan operation on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory response to exercise, we compared the preoperative and postoperative responses to graded exercise to maximal effort in 20 patients who underwent a modified Fontan procedure. The mean interval between preoperative and postoperative exercise testing was 1.8 years. Postoperatively, total work performed, duration of exercise, and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly increased. Although cardiac output increased during exercise, the response was subnormal, and stroke volume was unchanged. The heart rate and systolic blood pressure during maximal exercise were not significantly changed from preoperative values, but the diastolic blood pressures during rest and maximal exercise were significantly increased postoperatively. Systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation increased after the modified Fontan operation, but during exercise, a mild but significant desaturation occurred (93% compared with 90%). The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen decreased toward normal during exercise. The respiratory rate and oxygen consumption during resting remained unchanged from preoperative values. For this subset of patients, these data indicate that exercise tolerance improves, cardiac output and stroke volume responses to exercise are subnormal, and ventilatory response to exercise decreases toward normal after the modified Fontan operation.     

康复锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者心肺运动能力的影响

目的对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者进行康复锻炼,旨在检验康复锻炼能能够提高患者心肺运动能力的假设。方法患者接受为期12周的康复锻炼,每周训练4次,共48次。锻炼结束前进行15min的放松训练。每次锻炼时间约为1.5h。锻炼安排在晨练时间进行。锻炼计划实施前组织患者参加呼吸疾病健康教育,内容包括呼吸技术训练和呼吸肌锻炼。锻炼开始前和结束后分别对患者进行心肺运动能力评定。指标包括最大运动能力、无氧阈、最大摄氧量和6min步行试验(6MD)。结果康复锻炼后与锻炼前比较,患者最大运动能力(t=2.820,P=0.009)、无氧阈(t=2.278,P=0.038)、最大摄氧量(t=2.189,P=0.041)和6min步行试验(t=2.834,P=0.009)差异有显著性或非常显著性意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),心肺运动能力百分数变化差异也有显著意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论康复锻炼可显著提高COPD患者心肺运动能力。     

Older women and exercise: theory of planned behavior beliefs

Despite well-documented benefits of exercise, aging women remain largely sedentary. Further understanding of beliefs associated with exercise could result in more-effective public health interventions to increase exercise in this vulnerable population. This study examined the relationships between theory of planned behavior constructs and exercise behavior and exercise intention in older women. Constructs from the theory of planned behavior (behavioral beliefs, perceived control beliefs, and normative beliefs) were examined in a sample of 225 women aged 65 and older. Exercise was measured with the Baecke Physical Activity Scale. All women were interviewed, to prevent literacy and vision problems from hampering participation. Significant predictors of exercise behavior were perceived control beliefs and behavioral beliefs. Significant predictors of exercise intentions were perceived control beliefs, behavioral beliefs, and normative beliefs. Specific belief items predicting exercise behavior were that exercise is good for health and that exercise is difficult because of tiredness, as well as the lack of commitment and time. These findings provide partial support for the application of the theory of planned behavior to exercise in older women. The findings suggest that interventions should focus on increasing women's confidence that they can overcome barriers to exercise.     

规律耐力运动对乳癌病人术前血压的作用

目的 探讨耐力运动对乳癌病人稳定术前血压的效果。方法 30例乳癌病人，每天进行慢跑运动，锻炼强度为每次运动后心率增加值不超过20min^-1，每天锻炼1次，每周锻炼3～4次，每次30min，连续锻炼2个月。用焦虑症状自评量表监测运动前后心理状态；比较病人运动前1d、运动后第20、40、60天血压、心率（HR）的变化。结果 运动后病人收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）显著降低，HR升高，差异有显著性（F=14．03～253．84，q=16．19～49．03，P〈0．05）；运动后第20、40、60天血压改善者不断增多（χ^2=20．00～40．00，P〈0．05）；运动后焦虑症状较运动前有显著改善。结论 耐力运动能改善乳癌病人焦虑状态，稳定术前血压。     

一次力竭性离心运动损伤模型大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白的表达

背景：由于不同学者采用的实验方法不同,对离心运动后细胞骨架蛋白的变化仍有争议。 目的：构建一次力竭性离心运动损伤大鼠模型,观察不同时刻骨骼肌细胞骨架波形蛋白表达的变化。 方法：雄性48只 SD 大鼠建立下坡跑运动损伤模型,按运动时间分为安静对照组、运动后即刻组、运动后12 h组、运动后24 h组、运动后48 h组和运动后72 h组,每组8只。各运动组大鼠以速度16 m/min,坡度-16°进行跑台运动,运动100 min后,休息5 min,然后再运动100 min;安静对照组不做运动。应用抗波形蛋白抗体对大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白进行免疫组化染色,通过观察其目标面积百分比的变化反映在一次力竭性离心运动后不同时刻大鼠骨骼肌细胞骨架波形蛋白的表达水平。 结果与结论：大鼠骨骼肌细胞骨架波形蛋白目标面积百分比结果显示,安静对照组和运动后即刻组两组间差异无显著性意义（P ＞0.05）;与运动后即刻组相比,运动后12 h组目标面积百分比略有增加,但差异无显著性意义（P ＞0.05）;与运动后12 h组相比,运动后24 h组目标面积百分比略有增加,但差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）;与安静对照组和运动后即刻组相比,运动后24 h组目标面积百分比有所增加（P＜0.05）;与运动后即刻组和运动后12 h组相比,运动后48 h组目标面积百分比明显增加（P＜0.01）;与运动后48 h组相比,运动后72 h组目标面积百分比有所下降（P＜0.05）,但没有恢复到安静时水平。提示一次力竭性离心运动后,大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白出现不同程度的表达,在运动后12 h逐渐增加,运动后48 h达峰值,随后波形蛋白表达开始减少。