用喹诺酮诱导铜绿假单胞菌获得耐药质粒的研究

目的探讨对喹诺酮敏感的铜绿假单胞菌经诱变后耐药质粒基因的变化。方法收集该院2011年1月至2013年12月从各种合格临床标本培养出的铜绿假单胞菌共31例,将其中16例用K-B药敏试验证明对喹诺酮敏感的细菌作为研究对象。挑选环丙沙星药敏纸片敏感圈外生长的铜绿假单胞菌进行连续转种诱变,直至铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮产生耐药。对新产生耐药性的铜绿假单胞菌进行质粒转化、提取质粒并确定其耐药质粒的存在,通过PCR扩增、基因序列分析,确定获得的耐药质粒类型。结果 16例对喹诺酮敏感的铜绿假单胞菌在喹诺酮诱变下连续转种第9次以后有2例发生突变产生qnrS耐药质粒。结论抗菌药物在抑菌浓度附近使用,细菌容易突变产生耐药质粒基因。     

铜绿假单胞菌mexA基因的克隆及其序列分析

目的克隆铜绿假单胞菌临床菌株mexA基因并进行序列分析。方法从临床分离多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌抽提DNA,经PCR扩增出mexA基因与PUC18克隆载体连接,对重组质粒进行测序验证。结果成功地克隆了mexA基因,重组质粒(PUC/mexA)经测序与Genebank检索的mexA基因序列进行对比证实为99.9%同源。结论所构建的铜绿假单胞菌临床菌株mexA基因克隆适于进一步的克隆表达。     

国内铜绿假单胞茵对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制的Meta分析

目的 系统评价我国铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的相关耐药机制。 方法 计算机检索CNKI、WanFang Data、CBM、VIP、PubMed、EMbase和The Cochrane Library数据库,检索时限均从建库至2012年12月,查找来自中国的有关铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制研究的相关文献。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入19篇文献,合计723株耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌。统计分析结果显示：gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因检出率在淮河以北地区分别为88.0%、13.3%、31.4%和16.7%;在淮河以南地区分别为64.6%、50.0%、35.4%和11.5%。质粒介导的耐药基因aac（6’）-Ib-cr淮河以北地区检出率为0（0/66）,淮河以南地区检出率则为39%（25/64）,主动泵出系统表达率为68.1%。 结论 在我国,铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的机制以gyrA基因突变为主,其主动泵出系统是重要的耐药机制,而DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的异常及质粒介导的耐药是次要机制。     

运用PCR-RFLP技术研究耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因的突变

目的 研究临床分离的耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa.PA)gyrA基因突变情况.方法 以铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因序列为靶序列,用PCR-RFLP、DNA测序等方法,对铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因突变进行研究.结果 在57株耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌中,有35株(61.4%)菌gyrA基因的83位出现突变,其突变方式为Thr83(ACC)→Ile(ATC),其余22株(38.6%)耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌未发现基因位点突变.33株喹诺酮类敏感临床分离铜绿假单胞菌菌株未发现上述突变.gyrA基因的PCR扩增产物Sac Ⅱ酶切片段与它们测序结果一致.结论 gyrA基因83位氨基酸密码子突变(Thr-83→Ile)是临床分离铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一.     

2012～2014年534株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率及变迁

目的：了解分析铜绿假单胞菌的耐药谱,为我院临床用药提供参考依据。方法用WHONET软件对分离的534株铜绿假单胞菌的药敏试验结果进行统计学分析。结果铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药性呈现逐年上升的趋势,头孢曲松和头孢唑肟一直处于高耐药状态,喹诺酮类药物上升不很明显,米诺环素、哌拉西林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素和氨曲南上升较快,炭青霉烯类对铜绿假单胞菌一直保持高度敏感性,达到了85％以上,阿米卡星的敏感性也达86．9％,多黏菌素对铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性也保持93％以上。结论铜绿假单胞菌耐药日趋严重,医院应加强对铜绿假单胞菌的耐药监测,临床也应依据药敏结果合理用药。     

480株铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的了解我院铜绿假瞥胞菌的耐药现状，为临床用药提供依据。方法将我院分离的铜绿假单胞菌的药敏试验结果，应用WHONET5．3软件进行统计学分析。结果铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的敏感性逐年下降，三代头孢和喹诺酮类药物下降明湿。亚胺培南对铜绿假单胞菌仍保持着98．2％的敏感率，多粘菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌也保持着95．0％的敏感率。结论铜绿假单胞菌耐药严蓖，医院应加强对铜绿假单胞菌的监测，临床要依据药敏试验结果合理用药．     

呼吸科抗菌药物的使用与铜绿假单胞菌耐药率的宏观量化关系研究

目的探讨某三甲医院呼吸科2005～2009年抗菌药物使用与铜绿假单胞菌耐药水平变化之间的关系。方法统计呼吸科2005～2009年每半年的药物"类"和药物"种"的消耗情况,并监测铜绿假单胞菌临床耐药率,然后对两者进行相关分析。结果头孢三代药物使用2005～2009年呈整体下降趋势,且和铜绿假单胞菌对主要抗菌药物的耐药率呈正相关;喹诺酮类药物的使用2005～2009年呈整体上升趋势,且和铜绿假单胞菌对主要抗菌药物的耐药率呈负相关;加酶抑制剂类(包括头孢三代加酶抑制剂类和青霉素加酶抑制剂类等)药物的使用,均与铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药率无正相关关系。结论在用药结构中,适当减少头孢三代抗菌药物的比例,适当增加喹诺酮类、加酶抑制剂类抗菌药物的比例,有利于减少铜绿假单胞菌耐药性产生。     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及氟喹诺酮类耐药相关基因的研究

目的 了解医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况及氟喹诺酮类相关耐药基因存在状况.方法 用BD Phoenix100全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测parC、gyrA两种氟喹诺酮类耐药相关基因.结果 70株铜绿假单胞菌呈现多重耐药,对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为51.4%、50.0%,其余11种的耐药率在10.0%～100.0%.在70株铜绿假单胞菌中,39（55.7%）株分离菌检出parC基因,18（25.7%）株分离菌检出gyrA基因.结论 临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药严重,携带parC和gyrA基因是本组试验菌株对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药的重要机制.     

50株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及耐药基因分析

目的分析铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及其耐药基因类型,指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法收集广州中医药大学第一附属医院临床送检标本中分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,用K-B纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验;筛选出20株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,采用聚合酶链反应检测β-内酰胺酶基因类型。结果铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗生素存在不同程度的耐药现象,其中最常用的亚胺培南耐药率达96%,20株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中检出TEM(40%)、OXA-2群(5%)、OXA-10群(5%)、CARB(30%)4种β-内酰胺酶基因,未检出质粒型AmpC酶和金属β-内酰胺酶基因。膜孔蛋白编码基因oprD2均为缺失型。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药现象严重,其原因可能与铜绿假单胞菌多耐药基因表达有关。     

绍兴地区铜绿假单胞菌质粒型AmpC酶DHA基因的检测

目的 探讨浙江绍兴地区铜绿假单胞菌是否存在质粒型AmpC酶基因。方法 收集浙江绍兴市多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌进行质粒型AmpC酶DHA基因检测。结果 39株铜绿假单胞菌中3株检出DHA基因。结论 浙江绍兴地区铜绿假单胞菌已携带质粒型AmpC酶基因。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.