多发性脑梗死与血管性痴呆MRI表现分析

目的：探讨皮质下缺血性脑血管病MRI表现与血管性痴呆之间的关系。方法：对比分析了皮质下多发梗死27例痴呆患者和32例非痴呆患者的MRI表现。结果：痴呆组中顶叶皮质下、内囊膝部和丘脑的梗死发生率,顶叶皮质下、侧脑室体旁前部、内囊膝部和丘脑平均梗死数目均明显大于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆与丘脑梗死的数目密切相关。     

血管性痴呆与皮质下缺血性脑梗死CT表现的相关研究

背景皮质下缺血性脑梗死在脑血管病中最为常见,但其具体的影像学表现与血管性痴呆的关系目前仍存在较大争议.目的探讨皮质下缺血性脑梗死CT表现与血管性痴呆之间的关系.设计以诊断为依据,在双肓情况下采用完全随机相互对照的横断面、回顾性病例对照研究.地点和对象研究对象为1999-10/2002-01来西安交通大学第二医院就诊的128例CT证实有皮质下多发脑梗死患者,其中女68例,男60例,年龄54-89岁.方法对比分析皮质下多发性脑梗死有痴呆和无痴呆患者的CT表现.主要观察指标皮质下脑梗死的发生部位、体积及数目;伴随脑白质疏松的程度及脑萎缩指标的测量.结果痴呆组中额叶皮质下、内囊前肢、尾状核、半卵圆中心前部、侧脑室体旁前部白质及丘脑梗死发生率、平均梗死灶数目及平均梗死体积均大于对照组(P＜0.05);3级(3.%,18/60)、4级(32%,19/60)脑白质疏松出现率显著高于对照组(15%,10/68;7%,5/68;x2=4.81,12.22,P＜0.05);脑萎缩指数测量值明显大于对照组(P＜0.05).非条件Logistic回归分析额叶皮质下及丘脑梗死灶数目、侧脑室旁前部白质梗死灶体积、脑白质疏松以及脑皮层萎缩的程度与血管性痴呆的发生显著相关.结论皮质下多发脑梗死性痴呆与梗死灶的部位、数目、体积和脑白质疏松及皮质萎缩的程度密切相关.     

血管性痴呆与皮质下缺血性脑梗死CT表现的相关研究

背景：皮质下缺血性脑梗死在脑血管病中最为常见，但其具体的影像学表现与血管性痴呆的关系目前仍存在较大争议。目的：探讨皮质下缺血性脑梗死CT表现与血管性痴呆之间的关系。设计：以诊断为依据，在双盲情况下采用完全随机相互对照的横断面、回顾性病例对照研究。地点和对象：研究对象为1999-10／2002-01来西安交通大学第二医院就诊的128例CT证实有皮质下多发脑梗死患者，其中女68例，男60例，年龄54—89岁。方法：对比分析皮质下多发性脑梗死有痴呆和无痴呆患者的CT表现。主要观察指标：皮质下脑梗死的发生部位、体积及数目；伴随脑白质疏松的程度及脑萎缩指标的测量。结果：痴呆组中额叶皮质下、内囊前肢、尾状核、半卵圆中心前部、侧脑室体旁前部白质及丘脑梗死发生率、平均梗死灶数目及平均梗死体积均大于对照组(P&;lt;0．05)；3级(3．％，18／60)、4级(32％，19／60)脑白质疏松出现率显著高于对照组(15％，10／68；7％，5／68；x^2=4．81，12．22，P&;lt;0．05)；脑萎缩指数测量值明显大于对照组(P&;lt;0．05)。非条件Logistic回归分析额叶皮质下及丘脑梗死灶数目、侧脑室旁前部白质梗死灶体积、脑白质疏松以及脑皮层萎缩的程度与血管性痴呆的发生显著相关。结论：皮质下多发脑梗死性痴呆与梗死灶的部位、数目、体积和脑白质疏松及皮质萎缩的程度密切相关。     

针灸治疗血管性痴呆

现代医学认为，血管性痴呆是因脑血管病变引起的认知障碍。它可以由腔隙状态、多灶性脑梗死、有关部位的单一病灶（如额叶、颞叶）脑梗死、皮层下脑病等缺血性或出血性脑血管病引起。     

血管性痴呆左侧额叶的磁共振波谱研究

目的：利用质子磁共振波谱（1H-MRS）探讨血管性痴呆（VD）患者左侧额叶代谢信息变化。方法：运用激励回波探测法（STEAM），对14例VD患者和18例年龄匹配正常对照组成员的左侧大脑额中回灰质区、额中回皮层下白质区进行单体素1H-MRS分析。结果：VD组的左侧大脑额中回皮层灰质区及皮层下白质区NAA/Cr低于对照组（P＜0.05），Cho/Cr与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。VD组的MMSE评分与NAA/Cr正相关（P＜0.05），与Cho/Cr无明显相关性（P＞0.05）。结论：VD患者左侧额中回灰质区及皮层下白质区NAA/Cr的降低可作为代谢依据，为VD早期诊断、鉴别诊断提高参考。     

DTI检查在轻型创伤性脑损伤患者诊断中的应用价值

目的:观察扩散张量成像(DTI)检查在轻型创伤性脑损伤(MTBI)患者诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择我院MTBI患者52例作为疾病组,另选同期健康志愿者52例作为对照组,两组均行DTI扫描检测,观察两组胼胝体、内囊、额叶白质、颞叶白质4个部分感兴趣区各向异性分数(FA)及表观扩散系数(ADC)。结果:疾病组胼胝体、内囊、额叶白质、颞叶白质各感兴趣区FA值较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组胼胝体、内囊、额叶白质、颞叶白质各感兴趣区ADC值对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:FA值可作为DTI检查MTBI临床诊断的主要指标,DTI检查能为MTBI患者的临床诊断提供有效依据。     

显性遗传性脑血管病伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病

显性遗传性脑血管病伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病 (cerebralautosomaldominantarteriopathywithsubcorticalinfarctsandleukoencephalopathy ,CADASIL)是 1993年Tournier Lasserve等人提出的一个新的脑血管病诊断名称[1] ,用于取代 1977年Sourander[2、3 ] 以及其他作者报道的遗传性多发性脑梗死性痴呆和此后其他研究者提出的慢性家族性血管性脑病、家族性皮层下痴呆伴动脉性白质脑病、家族性疾病伴皮层下缺血发作和白质脑病以及家族性Binswanger病。此病具有显性遗传的特点 ,临床表现为偏头痛、中年出现反复发作性脑梗死导致假性球麻痹以及…     

合成MRI定量评估妊娠高血压孕妇子代脑发育异常

目的 探讨合成MRI （SyMRI）定量评估妊娠高血压（GH）孕妇子代脑发育异常的价值。方法 选取25例GH孕妇分娩的早产儿为观察组,以33例无高危围产因素孕妇分娩的早产儿为对照组。行颅脑SyMRI,对比组间胼胝体压部、内囊后肢、额叶白质、枕叶白质、顶叶白质、半卵圆中心白质、丘脑腹外侧核、尾状核、豆状核及小脑的T1、T2值,观察其与纠正胎龄（PMA）的相关性;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,评估各脑区T1、T2值诊断GH早产儿脑发育异常的效能。结果 观察组内囊后肢、顶叶白质、半卵圆中心白质、丘脑腹外侧核、尾状核及小脑T1、T2值均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。观察组内,除胼胝体压部、豆状核及小脑外,各脑区T1值均与PMA呈负相关;除额叶白质及小脑外,各脑区T2值均与PMA呈负相关（P均<0.05）。对照组内,除胼胝体压部外,各脑区T1值均与PMA呈负相关,各脑区T2值均与PMA呈负相关（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,顶叶白质、丘脑腹外侧核T1、T2值及胼胝体压部T2值诊断GH早产儿脑发育异常的曲线下面积（AUC）均>0.70。结论 SyMRI有助于早期发现GH子代脑发育异常。     

青年抑郁症患者额叶三维氢质子波谱和扩散张量成像研究

目的 应用MR三维氢质子波谱（3D1^H MRS）和扩散张量成像（DTI）技术，探讨青年抑郁症患者额叶可能存在的神经生化异常。方法 对54例青年抑郁症患者（抑郁症组）和50例年龄和性别匹配的志愿者（正常对照组）进行3D1^H MRS和DTI研究，测量双侧额叶背外侧白质和前部扣带回皮质的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）、胆碱复合物（Cho）、肌醇（mI）和肌酸（Cr）的绝对值，计算NAA、Cho、mI与Cr的比值，以及双侧额叶白质的表观弥散系数（ADC）和各向异性分数（FA），并对两组进行对比分析。结果 ①抑郁症组患者前额叶扣带回皮质Cho、mI的绝对值及Cho/Cr、mI/Cr比值明显高于对照组，P〈0.01;而NAA绝对值、NAA/Cr比值两组间差异无统计学意义，P〉0.05。②抑郁症组前额叶背外侧白质内NAA、Cho、mI的绝对值以及与Cr的比值与对照组比较，均无统计学意义，P值均〉0.05。③抑郁症组患者前额叶白质的ADC值明显高于对照组，FA值明显低于对照组P值均〈0.01）。结论 前额叶扣带回皮质的Cho、mI值及Cho/Cr、mI/Cr比值增高、以及前额叶白质的ADC值增高和FA值降低可能构成了青年抑郁症患者发病的神经生物学基础。     

皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆患者的弥散张量改变

目的 应用弥散张量成像技术探讨皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆(subcortical ischemic vascular dementia,SIVD)患者脑白质弥散张量变化的特点.方法 对45例SIVD患者和45例年龄匹配的正常非痴呆对照者,测量感兴趣区各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)值和表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值,比较其脑白质的弥散张量改变.结果 在SIVD患者中左额叶前部皮质下白质的FA值小于右侧,而ADC值大于右侧.与对照组比较,SIVD患者在双侧额叶前部皮质下白质、侧脑室前后角区白质和胼胀体膝部弥散张量改变.双侧额叶前部皮质下白质的FA值与MMSE评分正相关.结论 不同脑区的FA、ADC等弥散张量参数变化特点可能为SIVD患者的诊断提供依据.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.