The concentration of adiponectin in breast milk is related to maternal hormonal and inflammatory status during 6 months of lactation

Abstract Background: Varying concentrations of adiponectin are present in human breast milk. This study aimed to determine the relationship between milk adiponectin concentration and the hormonal and inflammatory status of breast-feeding women. Methods: Blood and breast milk samples were collected from 157 breast-feeding women enrolled at 1-180 post-partum lactation days. The milk and serum adiponectin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays. The serum oestradiol, prolactin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, cortisol and insulin concentrations were measured by the chemiluminescent immunometric method. The leptin, resistin and ghrelin concentrations were measured by the immunometric methods. Results: The milk, but not serum, adiponectin concentration increased during the 180-day lactation period and displayed a positive correlation (r=0.748; p<0.001) to the lactation day. The milk adiponectin concentration was positively correlated to the maternal serum ghrelin concentration (r=0.299; p<0.001) and inversely to the maternal serum oestradiol (r=-0.366; p<0.001), prolactin (r=-0.444; p<0.001), thyroxine (r=-0.355; p<0.001), triiodothyronine (r=-0.291; p<0.001), cortisol (r=-0.537; p<0.001), and C-reactive protein (r=-0.483; p<0.001) concentrations. The milk adiponectin concentration was positively correlated to the milk leptin (r=0.344; p<0.001) and ghrelin (r=0.458; p<0.001) concentrations, and inversely to milk resistin concentration (r=-0.518; p<0.001). The serum adiponectin concentration in breastfed infants was positively correlated (r=0.711; p<0.001) to the adiponectin concentration in the consumed breast milk. Conclusions: The adiponectin concentration in breast milk increases over time during lactation and is affected by the maternal hormonal and inflammatory status.     

Association of serum carotenoids with high molecular weight adiponectin and inflammation markers among Japanese subjects

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported that serum concentrations of carotenoids and adiponectin are inversely associated with the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no studies have investigated the association between serum concentrations of adiponectin and carotenoids in the general population.MethodsWe investigated cross-sectionally whether serum carotenoids are associated with serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and some inflammatory markers in 437 Japanese subjects (116 men and 321 women) who attended a health examination.ResultsIn multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors, serum β-carotene concentrations were significantly associated with serum HMW adiponectin concentrations in both sexes (standardized β coefficient = 0.197, p = 0.036 for men; standardized β coefficient = 0.146, p = 0.012 for women). Serum α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations were significantly associated with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in men. In women, there were significant negative associations between serum carotenoids concentrations and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. Additional adjustment for serum concentrations of IL-6 or CRP did not significantly affect the association between carotenoids and HMW adiponectin in non-smoking men as well as in women.ConclusionSerum β-carotene concentrations were positively associated with serum HMW adiponectin concentrations even after adjustment for possible confounding factors including inflammatory markers.     

Relationships between serum adiponectin,leptin concentrations and bone mineral density,and bone biochemical markers in Chinese women

BackgroundAdiponectin and leptin, as the main circulating peptides secreted by adipose tissue, are potential contributors to bone metabolism. However, their association with bone mineral density (BMD) is unknown. We investigated whether these serum adipocytokines concentrations are associated with BMD and bone turnover markers.MethodsSerum adiponectin, leptin concentrations, bone turnover biochemical markers, and BMD were determined in 265 premenopausal and 336 postmenopausal Chinese women.ResultsIn postmenopausal Chinese women, the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that year since menopause, lean mass, estradiol, and adiponectin, but not fat mass, leptin, were independent predictors of BMD in postmenopausal Chinese women. However, in premenopausal Chinese women, adiponectin was not the predictor of BMD. The significant positive correlations between adiponectin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), bone cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX) were found only in postmenopausal women. Serum BAP, and NTX, but not adiponectin, decreased in response to alendronate therapy.ConclusionsAdiponectin was an independent predictor of BMD, and positively correlated with bone turnover biochemical markers in postmenopausal Chinese women, but not premenopausal women. It suggested that adiponectin may exert a negative effect on bone mass by promoting excessive bone resorption associated with bone loss. However, these effects may be mediated by menopausal status.     

Relationships between serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin levels and bone mineral density, and bone biochemical markers in Chinese men

BACKGROUND: Adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin, as the main circulating peptides secreted by adipose tissue, are potential contributors to bone metabolism. We investigated whether these serum adipocytokines levels are associated with BMD and bone turnover biochemical markers in 232 Chinese men (20-80 y). METHODS: Serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Leptin had a positively correlation with fat mass, and remained significant after adjustment for age and BMI. There was a significant negative weak correlation between adiponectin and fat mass, and disappear after adjustment for age and BMI. Resistin and visfatin were not significantly correlated with fat mass. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, lean mass and adiponectin, but not leptin, resistin and visfatin, were independent predictors of BMD. The significant positive correlations between adiponectin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), bone cross-linked N-telopeptides of type collagen (NTX) were found, and remained significant after adjustment for age and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Adiponectin was an independent predictor of BMD in Chinese men, and positively correlated with bone turnover biochemical markers. It suggested that adiponectin exert a negative effect on bone mass in men.     

乳腺癌患者血清抵抗素、脂联素和瘦素水平及其临床意义

目的了解乳腺癌患者血清中抵抗素、脂联素、瘦素及血脂变化及临床意义。方法测定90例乳腺癌患者（48例未绝经,42例已绝经）及50名健康对照者血清抵抗素、脂联素、瘦素、空腹血糖（FBG）及血脂。结果乳腺癌患者脂联素及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）显著低于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,抵抗素、瘦素、FBG及三酰甘油（TG）均明显增加（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。但抵抗素、脂联素及瘦素在未绝经乳腺癌患者与健康对照组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者抵抗素、脂联素及瘦素水平与无淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。逐步回归分析,脂联素及HDL-C的降低,瘦素和抵抗素的升高将会增加罹患乳腺癌的风险。血清脂联素降低和瘦素的增加与乳腺癌患者淋巴结的转移呈现相关性。结论血清脂联素水平的降低和抵抗素及瘦素水平的升高是患乳腺癌的危险因素。血清中较低的脂联素和较高的瘦素水平是乳腺癌转移的危险因素。     

Plasma resistin levels are associated with homocysteine,endothelial activation,and nitrosative stress in obese youths

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether serum resistin levels are related to cardiovascular risk in obese children.Design and methodsCross-sectional study of 110 children (40 normal weight and 70 severely obese). Clinical and biochemical parameters, including lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin, and homocysteine, were determined. The levels of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin), markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)), endothelial activation (serum concentrations of soluble intercellular and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1)), and oxidative/nitrosative stress (malondialdehyde and urinary nitrate/nitrite) were measured.ResultsA partial correlation adjusted by gender, Tanner stage, and body mass index in obese children showed that resistin was significantly related to central obesity (p < 0.002), insulin resistance (p < 0.005), and homocysteine (p < 0.001). No association was found with other metabolic risk factors or hs-CRP levels. Malondialdehyde (p < 0.043) and sVCAM-1 (p < 0.002) were positively correlated whereas urinary nitrate/nitrite was negatively correlated (p < 0.007). In multiple regression analysis homocysteine, sVCAM-1, and urinary nitrate/nitrite remained independent determinants of resistin levels (R² adjusted = 0.347, p = 0.000).ConclusionsResistin could be considered as a promising marker for future cardiovascular disease in obese children.     

急性冠脉综合征患者血清抵抗素和脂联素水平的研究

【目的】研究急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者血清抵抗素和脂联素水平的变化及其病理生理意义。【方法】酶联免疫法测定76例ACS患者的血清抵抗素、脂联素及超敏C反应蛋白水平,其中急性心肌梗死组46例,不稳定性心绞痛组30例,并选取24例健康体检者为正常对照组。【结果】与正常对照组相比,ACS患者血清抵抗素、超敏C反应蛋白水平升高（均P〈0．01）,脂联素水平降低（P〈0．01）;另外与不稳定性心绞痛组相比较,急性心肌梗死组血清抵抗素（P〈0．05）、超敏C反应蛋白（P〈0．01）和脂联素（P〈0．01）水平差异均有统计学意义。在各指标之间的相关性分析中,血清抵抗素与超敏C反应蛋白（r=0．536,P〈0．01）呈正相关,脂联素与超敏C反应蛋白（r=-0．446,P〈0．01）呈负相关。[结论]ACS患者血清抵抗素水平升高,脂联素水平降低,与超敏C反应蛋白具有相关性,提示了脂肪细胞分泌的血清抵抗素和脂联素与动脉粥样硬化的形成和ACS的发病有关。     

Resistin is present in human breast milk and it correlates with maternal hormonal status and serum level of C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND: The main objectives of our study were to determine whether resistin was present in human breast milk and to assess resistin status in breast milk and serum in breastfeeding women for up to 180 days post-partum. METHODS: Blood and breast milk samples were collected from 160 breastfeeding women enrolled on 1-3, 4-14, 15-30, 31-90 or 91-180 post-partum days. Blood samples were collected from 48 breast-fed infants at 8-24 days after birth. Milk and serum resistin levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Serum and breast milk resistin concentrations were highest (5800+/-1100 and 1710+/-68 pg/mL, respectively) at 1-3 post-partum days and decreased to 1645+/-210 and 1130+/-115 pg/mL, 1600+/-105 and 710+/-25 pg/mL, 1980+/-155 and 595+/-20 pg/mL and to 2060+/-300 and 670+/-18 pg/mL at 4-14, 15-30, 31-90 and 91-180 post-partum days, respectively. Serum resistin concentrations were correlated with those of milk (r=0.822, p<0.001). Both milk and serum resistin concentrations were correlated positively with maternal serum estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, cortisol, leptin and C-reactive protein concentrations. Serum resistin concentration in breast-fed infants (4915+/-340 pg/mL) was higher than that observed in their consumed breast milk (1745+/-70 pg/mL, p<0.001) or in serum of their breastfeeding mothers (3760+/-360 pg/mL, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Resistin is present in human breast milk and its concentration in breast milk decreases with time during lactation. Its concentrations in breast milk and serum are correlated with circulating levels of various reproductive and metabolic hormones and with those of the general inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein.     

乳腺癌患者血清抵抗素、脂联素和瘦素水平及其临床意义

目的了解乳腺癌患者血清中抵抗素、脂联素、瘦素及血脂变化及临床意义。方法测定90例乳腺癌患者(48例未绝经,42例已绝经)及50名健康对照者血清抵抗素、脂联素、瘦素、空腹血糖(FBG)及血脂。结果乳腺癌患者脂联素及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著低于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),抵抗素、瘦素、FBG及三酰甘油(TG)均明显增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。但抵抗素、脂联素及瘦素在未绝经乳腺癌患者与健康对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者抵抗素、脂联素及瘦素水平与无淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。逐步回归分析,脂联素及HDL-C的降低,瘦素和抵抗素的升高将会增加罹患乳腺癌的风险。血清脂联素降低和瘦素的增加与乳腺癌患者淋巴结的转移呈现相关性。结论血清脂联素水平的降低和抵抗素及瘦素水平的升高是患乳腺癌的危险因素。血清中较低的脂联素和较高的瘦素水平是乳腺癌转移的危险因素。     

The relationships between leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk of mothers and term infants

BackgroundLeptin in breast milk play a significant role in metabolic programming.ObjectiveThe aim of this study to evaluate the relationship between leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk, and certain anthropometric measurements of infants and mothers.MethodsThis study was conducted with 65 females and term infants. Anthropometric measurements of the mothers and the infants were obtained on the first, third, and sixth months, and leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk were measured.ResultsIn this study, leptin levels in breast milk were positively correlated with leptin levels in maternal serum while the leptin levels in breast milk were lower than the serum leptin levels. It was also determined that mothers’ body weights, BMI values, waist and hip circumferences were increased in a statistically significant way in terms of the months (p < .001). It was discovered that all the anthropometric measurements of the mothers were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum in all the months (p < .001). Furthermore, it was determined that the body weights of the infants in certain months were negatively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum while the lengths of the infants were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum (p < .05).ConclusionsThis study was determined that leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum were related to anthropometric measurements of both mothers and infants. Future studies with larger populations are needed to understand the long-term consequences of leptin metabolism comprehensively.

Key messages

• This study was determined that breast milk leptin level and maternal serum leptin level demonstrated a positive correlation, and breast milk leptin level was lower than maternal serum leptin level.
• Mothers'' anthropometric measurements were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum in all the months.
• There was mostly a negative correlation between breast milk leptin level and infant body weight.

     

Serum concentrations of cortisol, interleukin 6, leptin and adiponectin predict stress induced insulin resistance in acute inflammatory reactions

Introduction

Inflammatory stimuli are causative for insulin resistance in obesity as well as in acute inflammatory reactions. Ongoing research has identified a variety of secreted proteins that are released from immune cells and adipocytes as mediators of insulin resistance; however, knowledge about their relevance for acute inflammatory insulin resistance remains limited. In this study we aimed for a clarification of the relevance of different insulin resistance mediating factors in an acute inflammatory situation.

Methods

Insulin resistance was measured in a cohort of 37 non-diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery by assessment of insulin requirement to maintain euglycaemia and repeated measurements of an insulin glycaemic index. The kinetics of cortisol, interleukin 6 (IL6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), resistin, leptin and adiponectin were assessed by repeated measurements in a period of 48 h.

Results

Insulin resistance increased during the observation period and peaked 22 h after the beginning of the operation. IL6 and TNFα displayed an early increase with peak concentrations at the 4-h time point. Serum levels of cortisol, resistin and leptin increased more slowly and peaked at the 22-h time point, while adiponectin declined, reaching a base at the 22-h time point. Model assessment identified cortisol as the best predictor of insulin resistance, followed by IL6, leptin and adiponectin. No additional information was gained by modelling for TNFα, resistin, catecholamine infusion rate, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), operation time or medication.

Conclusions

Serum cortisol levels are the best predictor for inflammatory insulin resistance followed by IL6, leptin and adiponectin. TNFα, and resistin have minor relevance as predictors of stress dependent insulin resistance.     

Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and the adipokines adiponectin, resistin and leptin in coronary patients with predominantly normal or mildly impaired renal function

BACKGROUND: Due to their molecular weight, it is possible that the adipokines adiponectin, resistin and leptin accumulate when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased. In reduced renal clearance, altered serum concentrations of these proteins might affect cardiovascular risk. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between adipokine concentrations and GFR. METHODS: The association between GFR, as determined by the abbreviated MDRD equation, and the concentrations of the adipokines adiponectin, resistin and leptin was assessed in a cohort of coronary patients (n=538; 363 male, 165 female). After calculation of correlations between GFR and adipokine concentrations, the association was further assessed by analysis of covariance following adjustment for age, gender, BMI, presence of type 2 diabetes, presence of hypertension, history of smoking as well as for serum lipid concentrations. RESULTS: Mean GFR in our study population was 68.74+/-15.27 ml/min/1.73 m(2). 74.3% of the patients had a GFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), 24% of the patients had a GFR between 30 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and 1.7% of the patients had a GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2). There were significant inverse correlations between adiponectin (r=-0.372; p<0.001), resistin (r=-0.227; p<0.001) and leptin (r=-0.151; p=0.009) concentrations and GFR. After multivariate adjustment, the associations remained significant for adiponectin and resistin. Subgroup analysis in patients with GFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) showed a significant correlation between GFR and adiponectin as well as leptin concentrations. However, after adjustment, these associations no longer were significant. CONCLUSIONS: There is an independent association between GFR and the serum concentrations of adiponectin and resistin. However, this association is not present at GFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). This finding suggests that adipokine concentrations in mildly impaired and normal renal function are influenced by factors other than GFR.     

婴儿抚触对早产儿血瘦素、IGF-1及骨SOS的影响

目的探讨抚触对早产儿血清瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子（IGF）-1及骨声波速度（SOS）的影响。方法比较分析抚触组、非抚触组（各20例）早产儿组出生3d及纠正胎龄40周时体重、身长、血瘦素、IGF-1及超声测定左胫骨SOS的结果。结果出生3d时早产儿抚触组与非抚触组的体重、身长、骨SOS、血清瘦素及IGF—1比较,差异均无统计学意义（t分别=0．38、0．37、0．42、1．28、0．76,P均〉0．05）。纠正胎龄满40周时,抚触组的体重、骨SOS及血清瘦素明显高于非抚触组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2．06、7．69、3．37,P均〈0．05）;而抚触组的身长和IGF—1与非抚触组比较,差异均无统计学意义（t分别=1．82、2．27,P均〉0．05）。结论抚触能够减缓早产儿出生以后骨SOS的下降、促进体重增加和血清瘦素水平提高。     

Variations in leptin and insulin levels within one swimming season in non-obese female cold water swimmers

Aim: We examined whether cold water swimming for seven consecutive months changes basal leptin and insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in healthy non-obese women.

Materials and methods: Fourteen recreational female swimmers aged 45?±?8.7 years, regularly swimming outdoors during winter months were exposed to cold water at least twice a week. Fasting blood samples were collected in October, January and April. Serum leptin, insulin and glucose concentrations were tested and insulin sensitivity was calculated using updated model HOMA2.

Results: Repeated cold water baths significantly increased insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin and leptin concentrations (p?=?0.006, p?=?0.032, p?=?0.042, respectively). Leptin concentration positively correlated with body-mass index (BMI) and insulin level (r?=?0.412, r?=?0.868, respectively). Insulin level inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity and positively with glucose (r = ?0.893, r?=?0.166, respectively). No associations between leptin and insulin sensitivity were found.

Conclusion: Regular cold water swimming may stimulate metabolic changes suggesting that leptin and insulin participate in adaptive metabolic mechanisms triggered by repeated cold exposure accompanied by mild exercise in healthy non-obese women.     

Hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia are associated with gallstone disease

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease has been regarded as an obesity-related disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin and adiponectin, mainly produced by adipose tissue, may play roles in gallstone disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The RIA method was used to analyze serum leptin and adiponectin levels of 90 gallstone patients and 91 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Our results showed that BMI, fasting glucose, serum AST and ALT, and leptin were significantly increased in the gallstone patients as compared with the healthy subjects (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.013, respectively). Intriguingly, serum adiponectin was the only variable to be significantly decreased in the gallstone patients (P = 0.002). Furthermore, serum AST, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly associated with gallstone disease (P < 0.001, P = 0.021, and P = 0.006, respectively). Overweight (BMI >or= 25 kg m(-2)), but not normal-weight, gallstone patients had an increased serum leptin and a decreased serum adiponectin level as compared with matched healthy subjects (P < 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively). In addition, serum leptin was positively correlated with BMI and serum cholesterol, while serum adiponectin was inversely correlated with serum triglyceride in the gallstone patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia might be involved in the occurrence of gallstone disease. However, the causal relationship of hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia with gallstone disease might require further investigation.     

The relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 and metabolic syndrome, independent of adiponectin

BackgroundInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with obesity and aging, and was recently linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance. However, little is known about the relationship between IGF-1 and adiponectin (adiponectin), another marker of MetS.MethodsWe measured the plasma IGF-1 and adiponectin levels of 3099 subjects (1869 males, 55.9 ± 10.8 y). We applied the Korean-modified International Diabetes Foundation (k-IDF) criteria for determination of, and risk assessment for, MetS.ResultsK-IDF criteria-based MetS occurred in 37.0% (n = 1146) of patients. IGF-1 (91.5 vs. 97.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and adiponectin (3.95 vs. 4.23 μg/ml, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in MetS patients than without MetS. Lower IGF-1 was associated with increasing numbers of MetS abnormalities, independent of adiponectin (p for trend < 0.001, F = 12.615, p < 0.001 in ANCOVA). MetS prevalence in individuals with both high IGF-1 and adiponectin levels (6.7%, n = 206) was significantly lower than in other groups. Both high IGF-1 and adiponectin group was associated with reduced MetS risk after adjusting for other confounding factors (OR 0.694, 95% CI 0.493–0.977, p = 0.036).ConclusionsIGF-1 was associated with MetS independent of adiponectin in our study. The independent relationship between IGF-1 and MetS provides insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of MetS.     

肥胖结肠癌患者血清脂肪因子与细胞因子水平的相关性分析

目的：探讨肥胖结肠癌患者血清脂肪因子与细胞因子水平相关性分析。方法选择2011年1至2013年6月收治的肥胖结肠癌患者53例为观察组,同时选择非肥胖的结肠癌患者51例为对照组,采用 Duke 分期标准对患者进行分期。对两组患者的 TNF-α、IGF-1、VEGF 及脂肪因子水平进行测定。结果观察组 A～B 期及 C～D 期与对照组同期相比,IGF-1较对照组同期均出现显著性升高（P ＜0．05）。观察组内 C～D 期较 A～B 期 TNF-α、IGF-1、VEGF 显著升高（P ＜0．05）,对照组 C～D 期较A～B 期 TNF-α、VEGF 显著升高（P ＜0．05）。观察组 A～B 期与对照组同期相比,内脂素、瘦素较对照组同期均出现显著性升高（P ＜0．05）,C～D 期与对照组同期相比,内脂素、抵抗素、瘦素较对照组同期均出现显著性升高（P ＜0．05）。内脂素与 IGF-1、VEGF 呈显著正相关（P ＜0．05）,抵抗素与 IGF-1呈显著正相关（P ＜0．05）,瘦素与 TNF-α、IGF-1、VEGF 呈显著正相关（P ＜0．05）。结论肥胖结肠癌存在明显的脂代谢及细胞因子紊乱,其水平紊乱可能促进结肠癌进展。     

Prognostic significance of adipocytokines and extracellular matrix activity in heart failure patients with high B-type natriuretic peptide

ObjectivesTo perform risk stratification by serum adipocytokines and serum markers of extracellular matrix in heart failure patients with high b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).MethodsPatients with heart failure were enrolled in this study. Serum adipocytokines and serum markers of extracellular matrix were analyzed.ResultsIn total, 131 patients were enrolled and followed-up for 240 ± 174 days. Mortality was significantly associated with adiponectin, resistin, type III amioterminal propeptide of procollagen (PIIINP), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and serum creatinine. Heart failure-related admission was significantly associated with apelin, and PIIINP. Cox regression analysis identified that mortality and heart failure-related admissions were significantly associated with MMP-2 (P = 0.008) and PIIINP (P = 0.011), respectively.ConclusionsSerum markers of extracellular matrix rather than adipocytokines may warrant further risk stratification for impacting the prognosis of patients with heart failure with high BNP.     

Adiponectin as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory response in smoker patients with stable and exacerbation phases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background and objective. Adiponectin is an adipose tissue‐derived specific protein that has a role in energy homeostasis, that has a protective role against the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis and that exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties. We investigated serum adiponectin as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory response and its relation with leptin, C‐reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and nitric oxide (NO) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Material and methods. We studied 36 male patients with COPD (15 stable and 21 exacerbated) and 17 age and sex‐matched healthy subjects. The adiponectin and leptin levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Serum CRP levels were measured using the nephelometric method. ESR was determined using the Westergren method and NO by the cadmium reduction method. Results. Adiponectin levels in COPD patients were significantly higher than those in control subjects (p<0.001), whereas there were no differences in leptin or NO levels. Serum levels of CRP, ESR and adiponectin were significantly higher in the exacerbated COPD patients compared to the stable group (p<0.001, p = 0.033 and p = 0.024, respectively), whereas the differences in leptin and NO levels were not significant. Serum levels of adiponectin were not correlated with FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, dyspnoea score, BMI or other inflammatory parameters in the stable COPD group. CRP and ESR correlated negatively with FEV₁ in the stable COPD group. Conclusions. Adiponectin may be a marker of low‐grade systemic inflammatory response in COPD. A further rise in serum adiponectin in the exacerbation period denotes that this may also be a biomarker of the exacerbation phase as well as CRP and ESR.     

Serum adipocyte fatty acid binding proteins and adiponectin in patients with coronary artery disease: The significance of A-FABP/adiponectin ratio

BackgroundAdipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and adiponectin have been shown to play important roles in atherosclerosis. We investigated serum A-FABP, adiponectin and A-FABP/adiponectin ratio in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsA total of 340 subjects who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) were classified into CAD group (n = 211) and non-CAD group (n = 129) according to the CAG. Serum A-FABP and adiponectin concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsCAD patients tend to have higher A-FABP concentrations than non-CAD subjects, the difference is significant only between female CAD patients and controls [22.8 (18.6–25.7) ng/ml vs 18.1 (15.6–21.8) ng/ml, P = 0.008]. Serum A-FABP concentration was independently associated with Gensini scores in female subjects (P = 0.018). CAD patients have significant higher serum A-FABP/adiponectin ratio [1.51 ± 0.05 vs 0.89 ± 0.03 ng/μg, P < 0.01] than controls in both genders.ConclusionsSerum A-FABP is associated with CAD more closely in female than in male. The A-FABP/adiponectin ratio may be a more useful indicator for CAD than A-FABP or adiponectin alone.