慢性酒中毒患者应付方式与心理健康状况相关性研究

目的探讨慢性酒中毒患者应付方式与心理健康状况的相关性。方法对43名慢性酒中毒患者（研究组）和43名无酗酒史的当地市民（对照组）采用症状自评量表、应付方式问卷进行评定分析。结果研究组症状自评量表各因子分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;应付方式问卷解决问题、合理化因子分显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）,退避、幻想、自责因子分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。研究组应付方式与心理健康状况存在相关性。结论慢性酒中毒患者心理健康状况受其应付方式的影响,成熟的应付方式有助于提高慢性酒精中毒患者的心理健康水平。     

深圳市企业员工心理健康状况与应对方式相关性研究

目的探讨深圳市企业员工的心理健康状况和应对方式及其相关性,为提高其心身健康水平提供依据。方法对914名深圳市企业员工采用症状自评量表和应对方式问卷进行测评分析。结果企业员工症状自评量表阳性症状均分显著低于全国常模（P〈0．01）,总分、总均分、阳性项目数及各因子分均显著高于全国常模（P〈0．01）,采用的压力应对方式依次为解决问题、求助、退避、合理化、幻想和自责。企业员工症状自评量表各因子分与解决问题、求助因子分呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子分呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）;应对方式对心理健康水平的影响从大到小依次为自责、幻想、解决问题、求助、合理化。结论企业员工心理健康水平明显低于普通人群,其心理健康水平与应对方式密切相关。     

精神科护士心理健康与应付方式的相关性研究

目的：研究精神科护士心理健康、应付方式及相关性,为提高精神科护士的心理健康水平提供依据。方法采用随机抽样方法抽取江苏淮安及南京地区精神科156名护士和综合科160名护士,采用应付方式问卷、SCL－90症状自评量表、对护龄在5年以上的精神科和综合科护士分别进行现场调查,两组量表的各因子分比较均采用t检验。结果精神科护士SCL－90各症状因子分均低于综合科护士（ P＜0．05或P＜0．01）;精神科护士应付方式问卷中的自责、幻想、退避、合理化四个因子分均低于综合科护士（ P＜0．05或P＜0．01）,但解决问题因子分却高于综合科护士（ P＜0．05）;精神科护士应付方式与心理健康状况有相关性。结论精神科护士的心理健康水平好于综合科护士,这与精神科护士在遇到问题时采用良好的应付方式有关。     

服刑人员心理健康状况与应对方式的相关性

目的：探讨服刑人员心理健康状况与应对方式的相关性。方法对197名男性服刑人员（研究组）和193名当地男性居民（对照组）采用症状自评量表和应对方式问卷进行测评分析。结果研究组症状自评量表除敌对、恐怖因子外其他各因子分均显著高于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）;应对方式问卷解决问题及求助因子分显著低于对照组（P＜0．01）,自责、幻想、退避因子分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。研究组症状自评量表躯体化、人际关系敏感、偏执因子分与应对方式问卷解决问题因子分呈显著负相关（P＜0．05）,抑郁、焦虑因子分与自责因子分呈显著正相关（P＜0．01）,人际关系敏感因子分与求助因子分呈显著负相关（P＜0．05）,强迫症状、人际关系敏感、恐怖因子分与退避因子分呈显著正相关（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论服刑人员存在不同程度的心理健康问题,心理健康水平与其采取不成熟的应对方式显著相关。     

大学生人际关系应对方式与自我和谐相关性分析

目的：了解大学生人际关系、应对方式与自我和谐的关系,为高校心理健康教育提供依据。方法对137名大学生采用人际关系综合诊断量表、应对方式问卷及自我和谐量表进行测评分析。结果不同性别、年级、专业类别大学生人际关系综合诊断量表、应对方式问卷及自我和谐量表评分比较差异有显著性（ P＜0．05或0．01）;大学生自我和谐量表总分与人际关系综合诊断量表评分及应对方式问卷的自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子分呈显著正相关（P＜0．01）,与解决问题、求助因子分呈显著负相关（P＜0．01）。回归分析显示：人际关系综合诊断量表总分及应对方式问卷的自责、解决问题、合理化、幻想、退避、求助因子分和年级对自我和谐量表总分有较好的预测作用。结论大学生人际关系、应对方式与自我和谐的相关度较高,良好的人际交往能力及积极灵活的应对方式可促进自我和谐,提高心理健康水平。     

家庭护理干预对精神分裂症患者应付方式的影响

目的：探讨家庭护理干预对精神分裂症患者应付方式的影响。方法将120例已出院的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（60例）和对照组（60例），分别在干预前和干预6个月后采用应付方式问卷（CSQ ）对两组进行评定。结果干预前两组精神分裂症患者应付方式的各因子分无明显差异，干预后研究组患者的自责、幻想、退避因子分低于对照组（P＜0．01），求助、解决问题因子分高于对照组（P＜0．01），差异有显著意义（P＜0．01）。结论家庭护理干预能培养患者使用积极的应付方式，减弱或消除患者的不良应付方式，校正患者的认知模式，改善不良的行为习惯。     

服刑人员应对方式状况调查

目的探讨服刑人员的应对方式状况,为有针对性地开展心理健康教育和指导提供依据。方法将某监狱240名服刑人员设为研究组,抽取同期该监狱160名工作人员设为对照组,对两组采用应对方式问卷进行测评分析。结果研究组应对方式问卷解决问题、合理化因子分显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,自责、幻想、退避因子分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;暴力型罪犯自责、求助因子分显著高于财产型罪犯（P〈0.01）,退避、合理化因子分显著低于财产型罪犯（P〈0．05或0．01）;服刑时间一半及以下者自责、合理化因子分显著高于服刑时间一半及以上者（P〈0．01）。结论服刑人员面对应激事件时常采取退避、幻想等不成熟的应对方式;暴力型罪犯应对特征不稳定,财产型罪犯善于外部归因来维持心理平衡;随着服刑时间的增加,服刑人员倾向于自我说服。     

大学生应对方式与心理健康相关性研究

目的探讨大学生应付方式特征与心理健康状况的相关性。方法采用症状自评量表、应付方式问卷对343名大学生进行测评分析。结果大学生不同性别、是否独生子女简易应对方式问卷的积极应对、消极应对方式评分均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。积极应对方式与症状自评量表总分及各因子分均呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）,消极应对方式与症状自评量表总分及各因子分均呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）;回归分析显示不管是积极应对方式还是消极应对方式都进入回归方程。结论大学生的心理健康与应付方式显著相关,应付方式对心理健康有一定的预测作用。     

中学生的焦虑状况及与自尊和应付方式的关系研究

目的探讨中学生焦虑的状况及与自尊和应付方式之间的关系。方法采用状态一特质焦虑问卷（STAI）、自尊量表（SES）及应付方式问卷，对396名中学生进行测查。所得数据运用SPSS10．0软件包进行统计处理。结果中学生状态焦虑和特质焦虑分高于全国常模，有显著性差异。中学生状态焦虑、特质焦虑分与自尊呈显著负相关。中学生焦虑水平与自责、幻想、逃避和合理化应付因子呈显著正相关。与问题解决、求助应付因子呈显著负相关。自尊对状态焦虑和特质焦虑有较强预测作用；解决问题、自责对状态焦虑和特质焦虑有很强预测作用，求助对特质焦虑有预测作用。高焦虑的中学生自尊水平低，倾向使用消极的应付方式。结论中学生的焦虑水平较高，自尊和应付方式是影响中学生焦虑的重要的内部心理因素。     

高一新生心理应激源及其应付方式调查

目的探讨高中一年级学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用青少年生活事件量表及应付方式问卷对300名高一学生日常生活中的应激源及处理生活事件的应付方式进行调查分析。结果青少年生活事件量表测评:学习压力和人际关系问题是高一学生心理应激的主要来源,87.5%的学生有过考试失败或不理想的经验,75%的学生反映学习负担重。应付方式问卷测评:高一学生对生活的负性事件应付方式依次为积极解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责。不同性别、不同学校,不同出生地学生的心理应激源均无显著性差异(P均>0.05)。男生应付方式自责、合理化因子分显著或极显著高于女生(P<0.05或0.01),重点中学自责、退避因子分显著低于普通中学(P<0.05)。结论学习压力和人际关系问题是高一学生心理应激的主要来源,学校要及时的给予学习和生活方面的指导和支持,科学地开展心理健康教育,保证心理健康教育的针对性和实效性,实现学校和教师的教育与教学理念的根本转变。     

某银行571名职工健康体检结果分析及健康指导

目的了解合肥市某银行职工的健康状况,以便有针对性的制定健康教育对策,积极预防疾病发生。方法 2012年5月～7月对合肥市某银行571名职工集中进行健康体检,将体检结果采用顺位及构比法,按各年龄段主要异常结果检出率、部分异常结果男女检出率进行综合分析。结果571人体检其合格率为18.21%,检出有异常者467人,阳性病征检出率较高的为幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)抗体阳性205人(35.90%),高脂血症137人(23.99%),脂肪肝123人(21.54%),颈椎退行性变117人(20.49%),心电图异常96人(16.81%),甲状腺疾病87人(15.24%),高血压71人(12.43%),肝功能异常60人(10.51%),高尿酸51人(8.93%),胆囊疾病49人(8.58%),血糖升高(包括糖尿病)44人(7.71%),泌尿系结石32人(5.60%)。各年龄段Hp抗体阳性、高脂血症、脂肪肝、高血压、血糖升高的检出率随着年龄的增长而增加。高脂血症、脂肪肝、高血压、高尿酸血症、血糖升高、肝功能异常的检出率男性明显高于女性,而甲状腺疾病的检出率女性高于男性。结论本调查对象的健康状况较差,加强职工的健康教育,指导建立良好的生活方式,对预防疾病发生,改善健康状况,提高生活质量意义重大。     

Health promoting hospitals: the role and function of nursing

Background. In 1986, the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion sought to create a framework that conveyed the notion of capacity building, related to specific settings, and a structured process for health promotion action. It provided the platform from which the health promoting hospital movement was later launched. Nearly two decades on, the health promoting hospital (HPH) movement has grown considerably and continues to expand, against the backdrop of having to adapt to the changing needs and demands of clients and the evolving social context of their communities. Many nurses, it is argued here, are often unaware of health promoting hospitals concepts or, when they are, do little to contribute to them. Method. A critical review of the available health promoting hospital and related literature has been conducted for discussion. Findings. The literature revealed that hospitals are being urged to reject practices based purely on health‐limiting and limited biomedical frameworks, in favour of moving towards models based on health promoting hospitals and public health‐orientated hospitals. This requires radical reform that focuses on the social and health policy context of organizations, the socio‐political empowerment of its employers and clients, and the personal/collective positive health and welfare of its employers and clients. Many health service agencies are beginning to emphasize population health within communities as part of a concerted move away from an original primary focus on acute inpatient hospital‐based service provision. Conclusion. Hospitals need to adapt and expand their efforts to focus on health promotion activities, in collaboration with the ever‐widening community networks of health and social agencies. This requires the commitment of all health care professional groups. Nurses who practice in the hospital setting should be aiming to initiate and promote radical health promotion reform as set out in the health promoting hospital movement. This paper argues that nursing per se could be making much larger inroads and efforts to affect and implement wide‐ranging health promotion activities in hospital organizations. Nurses should view the HPH movement as another opportunity truly to embrace evolving broad‐based health promotion concepts, as a means to forge and own their own health agenda, and also as a means to move beyond the traditional reliance of a limited health education role. Relevance to clinical practice. Hospitals and their employees must be seen to advocate, support and implement wide‐reaching social and community‐based reform, as part of a necessary commitment to ‘seamless’ health care provision. The health promoting hospital movement represents a collective vehicle for enabling such activities. If nurses wish to be at the forefront of current health service strategies they must be seen to embrace the radical health promotion reforms that are emerging from the current literature and put forward in this article.     

Predictors of self-assessed physical and mental health of Icelandic nurses: results from a national survey

Background

Recent health care organizational changes have been associated with stress and musculoskeletal disorders in nurses. However, studies are lacking on what factors are the most important predictors of poor self-assessed health among nurses.

Objectives

To describe and identify the self-assessed predictors of physical and mental health of nurses.

Participants and design

A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 394 nurses, drawn from the registry of the Icelandic Nurses’ Association, representing 17% of the workforce of Icelandic nurses.

Methods

Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire, addressing symptoms, illness and treatment, lifestyle and sleep, work and working environment, family and quality of family life. Data were analysed according to nurses’ assessment of their physical and mental health (very good/good; poor/very poor) by use of analysis of variance, chi-square and stepwise multiple linear regression.

Results

21.7% of participants assessed their physical health as poor or very poor and 14.3% assessed their mental health as such. Those who assess their physical or mental health poor/very poor, as compared to the others, reported more symptoms in general, less regular exercise, as well as more use of medication, more visits to physicians, trouble with sleeping, conflicts between work and family life, work absence, and they experience their work as more strenuous. Experiencing symptoms is an important predictor of both physical and mental health of nurses.

Conclusion

Various factors, including work-, family- and socio-cultural environment, play a role in how nurses assesses their health. During our present time of nurse shortage it is imperative that the authorities take special measures in order to improve the work environment of nurses.     

Development of the Rural-Urban Demand Indicator (RUDI)

In this article we describe development of RUDI (Rural-Urban Demand Indicator), a multivariate interval level measure of demand for health services. RUDI ranks counties by population and purchasing power and was developed for use in a wide variety of health-related research and for policy analyses. RUDI is based on microeconomic theory and Grossman's (1972) extension of the theory, that the family produces health and that the family's demand for health services is derived from the demand for health. Two factors define RUDI: DEMOS (demographics) and EWB (economic well-being). These two factors accounted for 66.2% of the variance observed in 1990 census data. A variety of other analyses offer evidence of known- groups, convergent, factorial, and predictive validity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 21: 453–466, 1998     

Assessment and measurement of health literacy: An integrative review of the literature

Research linking health literacy to health knowledge, health behaviors, health outcomes, health disparity, health status, and increasing health-care costs is prevalent around the globe. Given the importance of health literacy, it is prudent to examine the tools available to assure that patients are health-literate. This article provides an integrative review in order to investigate what has been developed to evaluate health literacy in the health-care setting. The research questions considered include: (i) Which instruments or screening tools are available to assess or measure health literacy in the clinical setting?; and (ii) What are the psychometric properties, advantages, and limitations of the identified tools? A number of databases are utilized to locate research specific to this topic. The research is analyzed, the findings are summarized, and the limitations are mentioned. The implications, recommendations, and the need for future research are discussed.