B等位基因新突变导致AB弱表型

目的对血清学血型鉴定困难的患者进行ABO基因分型。方法采用Diagnostic Grifols,S.A公司的DG Gel Confirm卡、Neutral卡、Coombs卡以及WADiana/8XT Compact Analyzer全自动系统进行血清学血型鉴定、抗球蛋白试验和抗体筛查,采用聚合酶链反应结合直接测序法检测该患者ABO基因的增强子、启动子、第1-7外显子及其邻近内含子序列。结果患者红细胞与抗B反应为弱阳性表型,即在凝胶卡中呈双群(DP),试管中呈混合视野(MF);而与抗A反应均为强阳性。DNA测序发现患者ABO基因存在9个变异,第6外显子的297AG杂合突变,第7外显子的467CT、526CG、657CT、703GA、796CA、803GC、829GT、930GA8处杂合突变,其中829GT为新变异。根据Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database数据库,该患者为A102/B101血型弱表达。结论 B等位基因的新变异是造成A102/B101基因型中B弱表达的主要原因,血清学和分子生物学检测有助于深入了解血型表型和基因型的特点,为正确制定临床输血策略提供依据。     

A×B亚型1例报道

目的通过对1例A×B亚型的鉴定,说明血型鉴定中正反定型及ABO亚型对输血的重要性。方法按照试剂所提供的操作方法进行血型血清学检测,进行ABO血型正反定型,抗人球蛋白检测。结果血清学试验表明,被检者的红细胞与A抗体发生凝集,与B抗体不发生凝集,与抗-AB发生凝集,被检者的血清与A1型红细胞、B型红细胞、O型红细胞不发生凝集,初步判定为A×B亚型。结论 ABO亚型是ABO抗原以外的抗原性较弱的亚型或变异,主要是由糖基转移酶基因突变或单碱基因缺失等原因导致A抗原或B抗原表达减弱,是导致正反定型不符,血型误判及配血不合的主要原因,给血型鉴定及患者输血带来困难。在临床工作中,应重视ABO血型亚型的存在,提高输血安全性。     

ABO血型基因测序在正反定型不符血型鉴定中应用

目的对比血清学方法和基因学方法在ABO血型正反定型不符中血型鉴定的应用。方法对1例ABO正反定型不符患者血液进行不规则抗体筛选实验,吸收放散实验,唾液血型物质中和抑制试验。以及ABO基因外显子6、7扩增与测序实验。结果患者唾液中检出A、H血型物质;吸收放散实验表明患者红细胞可吸收放散人源抗-A;基因测序显示外显子6c.261G未发生缺失,c.297A未发生点突变,外显子7存在c.467CA的杂合点突变。结论该患者ABO血型可定型为A型,正反定型不符由抗体减弱引起,基因测序可准确鉴定ABO血型。     

ABO血型基因变异体引起正反定型不合1例

目的采用分子生物学技术分析ABO血型鉴定正反定型不合1例,为保障患者的输血安全提供依据。方法 ABO血型血清学鉴定采用微柱凝胶法。提取全血DNA,用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)进行ABO基因分型;用PCR法扩增ABO基因1~7号外显子进行直接测序,测序结果与A101序列进行比较。结果患者血型表现为正反定型不符,正向鉴定为O型,反向鉴定仅发现有抗-B凝集素,结果为A型。患者红细胞和抗-AB单克隆抗体有微弱的凝集。ABO PCRSSP基因分型表明患者为杂合O1/A基因型,进一步对外显子扩增测序发现ABO第6外显子存在248AG误义突变,导致糖基转移酶83位天冬氨酸被甘氨酸替代(Asp83Gly)。用自行设计的引物采用PCR-SSP法对350例献血者进行248AG突变频率调查,未发现阳性。结论 ABO基因248AG变异体和缺乏抗-A凝集素以及A抗原极低水平表达相关。     

ABO等位基因调控区突变致抗原弱表达原因分析

目的对1例ABO血型血清学鉴定困难的患儿进行基因分型,查找突变基因,分析血型鉴定困难的原因。方法采用微柱凝胶法对患儿进行血清学鉴定,分别选用ABO-Rh血型确认卡(DG GelConfirm卡)、中性卡(DG GelNeutral卡)及抗球蛋白卡(DG GelCoombs卡)进行血清学血型鉴定、抗球蛋白试验和抗体筛查试验,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)结合直接测序方法检测患儿ABO基因增强子、启动子、第1～7号外显子及其相邻的内含子区域,寻找变异位点。结果患儿红细胞与抗A反应为弱凝集(++)、与抗B不凝集,血清与A1细胞和B细胞反应均为强凝集(++++)、与O细胞不凝集,其表型为Aweak,抗球蛋白试验和抗体筛查试验均为阴性。A基因增强子CBF/NF-Y微卫星出现4个43 bp串联,比正常情况多3个串联。结论患儿A等位基因增强子出现的4个43 bp串联是引起其A抗原弱表达的原因。     

B(A)02亚型分子生物学鉴定1例

目的采用分子生物学方法进行疑难血型鉴定及其遗传发生机制分析,探究分子生物学在红细胞血型分型技术中的必要性和可行性。方法使用血清学和分子生物学方法,对1例二次献血时血型与首次记录不符且ABO正反定不符的献血者,进行血型鉴定。结果献血者血清学:与抗-A血清反应呈弱阳性(2+),与抗-B及抗-H血清反应均为强阳性(4+);与A1型红细胞呈弱阳性(2+),但与B和O型红细胞不反应;直接、间接抗球蛋白试验结果均为阴性、血清抗体筛查结果为阴性。献血者分子生物学:ABO基因第6、7外显子区存在9处变异,与A101等位基因进行比对,确定血型为B(A)02。结论分子生物学方法可以避免血清学疑难血型鉴定中的诸多影响因素,及时准确地鉴定B(A)亚型。     

2个新的ABO血型等位基因的发现和序列分析

目的 探讨4例ABO血型正反定型不符标本的遗传背景。方法 采用血型血清学方法对ABO正反定型不符标本进行亚型鉴定;采用PCR方法扩增ABO基因的7个外显子;采用测序方法对7个外显子进行直接测序。结果 血型血清学试验证实4例标本为ABO亚型,分别为:Bx(1例);ABx(1例);Ax(2例)。基因直接测序发现Bx和ABx在ABO~*B.01基础上1～6外显子未发生改变,仅在B等位基因第7外显子发生了449位核苷酸AG的突变;2例Ax在ABO~*A1.01基础上1～6外显子未发生改变,仅在A等位基因第7外显子发生了467位核苷酸CT的突变和798位插入了一个碱基T,以上的基因位点改变均导致了ABO血型的血清学表型变化,表现为ABO亚型。结论 研究揭示了4例ABO亚型的分子遗传背景。发现2个新的ABO血型等位基因,即:c.449AG单基因位点突变,c.467CT的突变和c.798insT单碱基插入。     

罕见的B(A)表型血清学及基因检测

目的对1例B(A)表现型用血清学及基因检测进行鉴定。方法使用2个厂家的单克隆抗-A、抗-B血型定型试剂;进口单克隆抗-A、抗-B血型定型试剂;Diamed凝胶系统;人源抗-A、抗-B、抗-H血型试剂和试剂红细胞,用常规血清学方法对被检血样进行ABO血型定型。采用吸收放散方法;分子生物学PCR-RFLP方法;ABO基因第6、7外显子的PCR产物正反向测序方法进一步分析。结果被检血样红细胞及血清经2种单克隆抗-A、抗-B和试剂红细胞进行抗原抗体鉴定:正定型结果不一致;正反定型结果不符合。用吸收放散方法,人源抗-A、抗-B、抗-H;进口单克隆抗-A、抗-B血型定型试剂和Diamed凝胶系统检测:有弱A抗原、强H抗原检出;PCR-RFLP基因分型:检出B/O基因;基因克隆测序证实为:B(A)700/O*02。结论证实该例为B(A)700/O*02。     

罕见B_w血型鉴定与输血策略探讨

目的对1例B_w血型用血清学及基因检测的方法进行鉴定。方法使用单克隆抗-A、B、D、AB、H和反定试剂红细胞以及人源抗-B,用血清学的方法对血样进行血型定型;采用分子生物学PCR-RFLP法对ABO基因第6、7外显子进行测序分析。结果患者血样血型血清学鉴定时正定抗-B较弱,且正反定不符;吸收放散实验证明患者红细胞表面存在B抗原;患者标本基因测序显示为Bw/O,并在721CT突变。结论血型血清学与分子生物学实验相结合确定患者血型为B_w(03)/O,建议输注O型洗涤红细胞和AB型血浆。     

IgM抗-N引起血型定型困难1例

无偿献血者,女,23岁,无输血史.在对其血型定型时,发现正反定型不符,逐作如下血清学检查. 1 血型血清学检查 1.1 血型鉴定正定其红细胞与抗-A和抗-A、B标准血清凝集(均为4+)与抗-B不凝集、红细胞血型为A型;反定其血清可凝集A、B、O型标准红细胞(分别为2+、4+、2+),自身不凝集;判断该血清中可能有ABO以外的抗体.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.