β_2-微球蛋白血清质控物的制备及评价

目的制备β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)质控血清并对其进行质量评价。方法收集病人混合血清样本制备β_2-MG质控物,并依据《能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价指南》和ISO Guide 35标准对其均匀性及稳定性进行评价。结果均匀性检验结果显示制备的2个浓度水平质控物样品内和样品间均匀性差异无统计学意义(F=0.699,2.091,均P0.05)。在室温条件下保存至少稳定5天(t=-1.76,-2.64,均P0.05);4℃储存条件下至少稳定28天(t=-1.86,-2.44,均P0.05);-20℃储存条件下至少稳定4个月(t=0.26,-2.68,均P0.05);-80℃储存条件下至少稳定1年(t=-0.96,0.01,均P0.05)。结论自制的β_2-微球蛋白质控血清制备方便,其均匀性、稳定性符合标准要求。     

自制异常值血脂复合质控品

目的 探讨利用临床血清标本自制血脂异常值复合质控品的方法。方法 采用体检健康者混合血清，通过聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)沉淀法浓缩脂蛋白，依据所得各成分浓度，与健康人混合血清混合后得到异常值血脂复合质控品，加入保护剂和防腐剂。依据国家行业标准《生化分析仪用质控物》评价均匀性、复融开瓶稳定性、长期保存稳定性。结果 瓶间均匀性结果经F检验，P均>0.05;复融开瓶后4～8℃保存至少稳定14 d;-20℃冰冻保存可以稳定12个月。结论 利用临床血清标本制备血脂复合质控品，标本易得、方法简单、成本低廉，各项性能指标完全满足要求，不仅为临床自制异常值血脂质控品提供了一个新的方法，同时也为血脂质控品研制提供了一个新的思路。     

造血干细胞计数全血质控物的研制与评价

目的评价自制造血干细胞计数全血质控物的均匀性及稳定性。方法依据CNAS-GL03及ISO Guide 35的要求,对两个批号自制质控物的均匀性、稳定性进行评价,同时检测进口质控物作为对照。结果均匀性评价结果显示两批号自制质控物样品间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;稳定性评价结果显示20111101、2011111批号自制质控物随保存时间的延长均无线性趋势变化（P〉0.05）;各批号自制质控物及进口质控物长期稳定性的不确定度分别为0.023%、0.015%和0.012%。结论自制造血干细胞计数质控物的均匀性及稳定性良好。     

降钙素原室内质控品的制备与应用

目的评价降钙素原(PCT)室内质控品的制备方法与应用价值。方法收集该院检验科日常工作中PCT检测水平正常和较高患者的血清标本,根据0.5 ng/L和2.0 ng/L两个医学决定水平,自制PCT高、低两水平室内质控品,每天与罗氏质控品共同进行检测,以评价自制PCT室内质控品的均匀性和稳定性。结果自制PCT室内质控品的瓶间不精密度分别为1.04%和0.96%,满足≤1/3室内不精密度要求。自制PCT室内质控品复融后稳定性评价结果均在控制范围内。长期稳定性评价结果显示,自制PCT室内质控品12个月的室内不精密度分别为4.36%和3.89%,均≤1/3允许总误差(TEa)(TEa=25%);根据12个月的质控图和Westgard规则判断,自制PCT室内质控品与罗氏质控品的相关性良好,无偏离现象,与罗氏质控品同步出现7次质控失控现象,均与试剂有关,校准后重新检测即在控。结论自制PCT室内质控品的均匀性、稳定性良好,在-20℃条件下保存时,稳定时间可达12个月,适用于实验室PCT检测系统的室内质量控制。     

冷冻分离技术在肿瘤标志物质控品研制中的应用

目的采用冷冻分离技术进行肿瘤标志物室内质控品的制备,并对其性能进行评价。方法收集常规检测标本中无传染性的剩余血清,采用冷冻分离技术制备不同水平的甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、总前列腺特异性抗原(TPSA)质控品,并根据CNAS-GL03标准对自制质控品的稳定性和均匀性进行分析。结果稳定性分析结果表明,自制质控品的稳定时间可达12个月,各样品间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);均匀性分析结果表明,自制质控品的样品间和样品内测定结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用冷冻分离技术所研制的肿瘤标志物质控品具有良好的均匀性及稳定性,在临床实验室可用于室内质控。     

酶联免疫吸附试验0.5倍临界值阴性质控物的自制与评价

目的 配制酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(HBsAb)、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗HIV)、梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗TP)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗H CV)0.5倍临界值左右的阴性质控物,并对其均一性和稳定性进行评价.方法 对弱阳性质控物进行倍比稀释,取吸光度值/临界值(S/CO值)在0.5倍临界值左右的稀释水平作为阴性质控物的目标水平,以此制作阴性质控物.阴性质控物均一性评价:每批次抽检20个质控物,均分为两组,对其S/CO值进行单因子方差分析.稳定性评价:将分装的自制质控物置于-70℃以下冰箱冻存1、3、6个月,按期随机取出10份进行检测,将其S/CO值与均一性评价结果进行比较.结果 阴性质控物的目标水平分别为HbsAg 0.06 IU/mL、HbsAb 5 mIU/mL、HBeAg 0.3 NCU/mL、抗HCV 0.1 NCU/mL、抗HIV 0.05 NCU/mL、抗TP 0.7 mIU/mL.均一性评价:两组6项阴性质控物检测数据比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均一性评价通过.稳定性评价:6项阴性质控物第1、3、6个月的S/CO值与均一性评价结果比较,第1、6个月的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),第3个月的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),稳定性符合要求.结论 自制的HbsAg、HbsAb、HBeAg、抗HCV、抗HIV、抗TP阴性质控物的均一性和稳定性均符合ISO15189:2012质量管理体系CNAS-CL02-A004《医学实验室质量和能力认可准则在临床免疫学定性检验领域的应用说明》要求,可用于临床实验室的质量控制.     

网织红细胞计数质控物的均匀性和稳定性评价

目的对制备的网织红细胞计数质控物进行均匀性和稳定性评价。方法依据ISO Guide 35《标准物质／标准样品的定值一通用原则和统计原理》对自制质控物的网织红细胞计数百分比进行均匀性、稳定性评价。随机抽取足够数量的样本,用单因素方差分析评价质控物的均匀性,用一元线性回归分析方法评价质控物的稳定性,并根据评价结果进行不确定度的计算。结果均匀性评价结果显示样品内和样品间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,两个批号的自制质控物均匀性的不确定度分别为0．372％、0．039％。稳定性数据的回归分析结果显示,质控物网织红细胞计数百分比随储存时间变化的线性趋势无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,两个批号质控物长期稳定性的不确定度分别为0．069％、0．031％。结论自制网织红细胞计数质控物的均匀性和稳定性符合要求。     

同型半胱氨酸质控品的制备和性能评价

目的研制一种液体非定值同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)室内质控品,并初步评价其性能。方法采用混合人血清为基质制备Hcy质控品,依据CNAS-GL03的要求对其均匀性、稳定性进行评价。将自制质控品应用于室内质量控制,并与朗道质控品进行比较。结果自制质控品均匀性和稳定性检测结果均符合要求,与朗道质控品比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论自制质控品具备较好的均匀性和稳定性,可用于临床实验室的室内质量控制。     

血凝质控物的研制

目的　研制血凝质控物 ,以保证血凝质控工作的开展。方法　血浆中加入稳定剂 ,经冷冻干燥制备血凝质控物。置于 4～ 8℃、室温和 37℃ ,与德国DADEBEHRING质控物一同测定 ,每周测定 1次 ,观察其稳定性。随机抽取一定数量样品评价其均匀性。用不同仪器、不同试剂测定该血凝质控物 ,以观察其适应性。结果　 4～ 8℃、室温和 37℃条件下 ,每周检测 1次 (一式二份 ) ,经近 8个月观察 ,4～ 8℃ ,P >0 .0 5 ;室温 3个月 ,P >0 .0 5 ;37℃ 3周 ,P >0 .0 5。瓶间均匀性结果经方差分析 ,凝血酶原时间 (PT)F =0 .4 2 3,F 0 .5 19;活化部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)F =0 .834,F 0 .372 ;纤维蛋白原 (FIB)F =0 .6 85 ,F 0 .4 18。血凝质控物和国外同类产品以及新鲜血浆用不同仪器和不同试剂测定的差异相近 ,经t检验差异无显著性。结论　该血凝质控物稳定性、均匀性、适应性好 ,可用作凝血试验的质控物     

自制类风湿因子质控品的应用及其质量的监控作用评价

目的自制类风湿因子质控品，用于全自动生化分析仪的室内质控，并评价其稳定性。方法收集本院类风湿因子增高的患者血清，测定其类风湿因子的含量后分装备用。结果贮存于-20℃的自制类风湿因子质控血清复融后测定，有较好的重复性和稳定性。结论自制类风湿因子质控品符合临床使用要求，可以作室内质控监测的质控品，具有推广应用价值和开发前景。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.