腹腔镜胆囊切除及经胆囊管胆道探查术围手术期不使用抗生素的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术及经胆囊管胆道探查术围手术期不使用抗生素的安全性、可行性。方法对部分择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术及经胆囊管胆道探查术患者,围手术期不使用抗生素,观察其临床指标和愈后情况并统计分析。结果 329例患者术前均未预防性应用抗生素,常规完成手术。305例患者术后也未用抗生素,占总患者数的92.7%。所有患者愈后良好,均未出现感染性并发症。结论择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术及经胆囊管胆道探查术围手术期不用抗生素并未增加感染率,是安全可行的。     

术中纤维胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石的临床研究

目的讨论术中纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查及取石的技术要点及临床价值。方法在行胆囊切除手术中．将纤维胆道镜通过胆囊管开口插入胆道进行探查取石等操作。完成后结扎胆囊管，总结分析388例临床资料。结果确诊胆道结石271例，胆汁混浊或结石碎屑49例，探查正常68例，阴性率17．53％，与胆管切开T管引流术比较，手术并发症发生率降低（x^2=4．16，P〈0．05），术后平均住院日缩短（t=23．21，P〈0．05）。结论术中纤胆镜经胆囊管行胆道探查及取石手术具有简便、微创、降低胆管盲目切开率，手术并发症少，术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆道结石29例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在治疗胆道结石中的临床应用价值。方法 两镜联合治疗胆总管结石患者29例。采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除、胆总管探查取石术，胆总管放置T管引流27例，胆总管一期缝合2例。结果 均以微创外科方法完成手术，术中未置胃肠减压管。平均手术时间86min。术后疼痛轻微，1～2d胃肠功能恢复。T管放置时间为2个月，均经T型管造影证实无残余结石后拔出T型管。住院天数6～9d（带T管出院），平均7d。无明显并发症发生，7例残留结石术后3个月后在门诊经纤维胆道镜取石后拔除T型管。结论 腹腔镜结合胆道镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查取石术与开腹的传统胆囊切除、胆总管探查取石术比较，其手术适应证、术前准备、术后处理相似；但腹腔镜技术具有损伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快、住院时间短、术后并发症少等优点，具有广泛的临床应用前景。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石的临床效果方法回顾性分析胆囊结石伴胆总管结石的62例患者的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同分为两组,腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术(LTCBDE组)28例、胆总管切开引流加T管引流术(LCHTD组)34例,对比两组手术的手术时间、中转开腹率、引流管留置时间、住院时间、住院费用、手术后并发症发生率。结果 LTCBDE组手术时间、引流管留置时间、住院天数、住院费用优于LCHTD组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);两组在中转开腹率及术后并发症比较,差异无显著性(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术是一种安全有效的术式,患者住院时间缩短,住院费用减少。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管汇入部切开行胆道探查手术17例综合分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管汇入部切开行胆道探查、取石的可行性及临床价值.方法 通过对17例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者采取切开胆囊管汇入部,探查、取石,术后间断缝合胆囊管切口,生物夹夹闭或缝扎胆囊管.术后观察腹腔引流量、肝功能变化及并发症情况.结果 术后腹腔引流量(37±16)ml,无胆瘘发生,肝功能胆红素及酶学无明显升高,术后1周B超检查无腹腔积液,术后5个月随访B超检查无胆总管狭窄.结论 腹腔镜下经胆囊管汇入部切开行胆道探查手术安全、可靠,且对胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆总管较大结石及胆囊管较细的患者同样适用.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石40例疗效分析

目的：分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石40例疗效。方法选取我院2012年12月-2013年6月收治的80例胆囊结合合并胆总管结石的患者,按照治疗方法的不同分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组采用采用腹腔镜下胆囊切除,胆总管切开探查。观察组采用腹腔镜下胆囊切除、经胆囊管行胆道镜探查,比较两组的疗效。结果两组在手术时间、术中出血量方面无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。观察组的术后引流量、并发症、住院时间显著少于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石能够显著减少患者术后的并发症,促进患者早日康复,更具微创疗法的特色。     

纤维胆道镜在胆道手术中的应用体会

目的评价纤维胆道镜在胆道手术中的作用。方法选择经胆总管切开和经扩张的胆囊管或胆囊管与胆总管汇合部的微切口途径插入胆道镜对428例胆道手术施行术中胆道镜检查。结果胆总管切开取石后经胆总管胆道镜检查270例,阳性发现24例（8．9％）;经扩张的胆囊管或胆囊管与胆总管汇合部的微切口胆道镜检查158例,阳性发现40例（25．3％）。结论术中胆道镜检查能降低胆道结石的残留,减少胆总管的阴性探查,提高对胆道病变诊断的准确性,并能为胆总管探查一期缝合提供可行性依据。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗重症急性胆管炎(附41例报告)

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在重症急性胆管炎（ACST）治疗中的应用价值。方法：腹腔镜胆总管切开、胆道镜探查取石、T管引流术（LCDE）。结果：腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）及LCDE37例,LCDE4例,无中转开腹。术中取尽结石33例,术后再次胆道镜取尽残石4例,因胆总管下段狭窄等原因择期开腹手术4例。术后发生胆漏4例,应激性溃疡出血1例,死亡2例。结论：腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗ACST有效、可行。     

不同方式的腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床前瞻性研究

目的通过比较分析腹腔镜下经胆囊管和经胆总管切开T管引流及胆管一期缝合胆道镜取石治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石病人的疗效,以评价各种腹腔镜胆道探查方式治疗胆总管结石的临床价值。方法自2000年1月￣2003年6月根据4项筛选标准,对符合条件的61例病人按胆道探查途径不同分为经胆囊管组(n=14)和胆总管切开组,后者又分为胆总管一期缝合组(n=23)和T管引流组(n=24)。比较观察3组病例的手术时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、恢复正常工作时间、术后平均输液量、住院费用、手术并发症及术后随访结果。结果经胆囊管组手术时间明显短于一期缝合组和T管引流组(P<0.05),T管引流组腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、恢复正常工作时间、术后平均输液量、住院费用明显长于或高于经胆囊管组和一期缝合组(P<0.05),而经胆囊管组和一期缝合组除手术时间外其他指标无明显差异(P>0.05)。经胆囊管组出现手术并发症1例(7.1%),一期缝合组出现手术并发症3例(13.0%),均为胆道并发症;T管引流组出现手术并发症7例(29.2%),其中胆道并发症5例(20.8%)。3组患者随访结果无明显差异。结论经胆囊管途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗适合的胆囊结石继发胆总管结石病人的疗效优于胆管切开途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术,而后者中胆管一期缝合的疗效又明显优与T管引流。     

胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查的临床应用

目的：探讨经胆囊管内镜胆道探查的应用价值。方法：对52例胆道疾病患者，术中胆囊切除后经胆囊管应用胆道镜行胆道探查。结果：48例成功探查肝内外胆管、肝总管、胆总管和壶腹部，4例仅施行胆总管和壶腹部检查。52例中有30例自胆道取出1～4枚大小不等的结石，术后均顺利恢复。结论：经胆囊管内镜胆道探查操作简单，对患者创伤小，不仅可以减轻患者痛苦，而且减少医疗费用及住院日，值得推广。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.