遗传性代谢病高危患儿尿有机酸的筛查

目的探讨气相色谱质谱技术(GC/MS)在遗传性代谢病高危患儿筛查中的应用。方法 2010年3月~2015年11月,疑有遗传性代谢病患儿119例,采用GC/MS检测尿液中有机酸的含量,对相关疾病进行筛查。结果阳性17例(14.29%),可疑阳性20例(16.81%)。阳性患儿主要表现为发育落后16例(94.12%)。结论 GC/MS是筛查遗传性代谢病高危患儿病因的一种有效措施,可为进一步明确诊断提供筛查依据。     

串联质谱用于顺德区新生儿代谢遗传病筛查工作的临床价值

目的探讨串联质谱用于顺德区新生儿代谢遗传病筛查工作的临床价值。方法以2014年2月至2015年3月顺德地区各镇街道医院收治的4 100例新生儿为对象,所有新生儿采用串联质谱法及荧光分析法进行代谢遗传病筛查,主要检查项目包含氨基酸代谢异常、有机酸代谢异常及脂肪酸代谢异常,并对确诊患儿进行流行病学特点、预后及随访分析。结果 4 100例新生儿,荧光分析组召回率较串联质谱组显著高,且荧光分析组新生儿代谢遗传病确诊率较串联质谱组显著低;串联质谱筛查结果显示氨基酸代谢病25例(59.52%),其中苯丙酮尿症13例,酪氨酸血症Ⅰ型2例,瓜氨酸血症Ⅰ型2例,枫糖尿症2例,精氨酸血症6例;有机酸代谢病14例(33.33%),甲基丙二酸血症9例,丙酸血症3例,生物素酶缺乏症2例;脂肪酸代谢异常3例(7.15%),肉碱棕榈酰转移酶Ⅱ缺乏症2例,原发性肉碱吸收障碍1例。结论串联质谱是一种高效、准确的新生儿代谢遗传病筛查技术,顺德地区新生儿代谢遗传病及时诊断对于一些可给予特殊饮食及药物干预的疾病具有较高的应用价值,同时可提高患儿预后,对提高新生儿生存质量意义重大。     

2018-2019年上饶市串联质谱筛查新生儿遗传代谢病情况分析

目的 探讨串联质谱检测在新生儿疾病筛查中的临床应用价值,明确串联质谱筛查在上饶市的初筛阳性率及确诊阳性率,统计出新生儿遗传代谢病在上饶市的总体发病率.方法 回顾性分析2018年10月至2019年8月在上饶市妇幼保健院新生儿筛查中心进行遗传代谢病筛查的15207例新生儿筛查结果;利用串联质谱技术对新生儿血液样本进行氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸、游离肉碱和酯酰肉碱谱检测,根据记录不同质荷比的离子质量谱,通过待测样品峰面积与内标峰面积之比获得定量结果,通过线性回归计算出所测样品各项指标的浓度.根据结果分析初筛阳性情况,明确串联质谱筛查在上饶市的初筛阳性率及确诊阳性率,对初筛阳性患儿召回复查后仍为阳性的患儿进行实验室检测分析,观察记录不同遗传代谢病的临床症状,以便早期发现遗传代谢病患儿并及时予以有效治疗,保障儿童正常体格发育及智力发育.结果 诊断出短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,瓜氨酸血症Ⅱ型1例,原发性肉碱缺乏症1例.结论 串联质谱技术应用于新生儿遗传代谢病筛查有利于疾病的早期发现和诊断,兼有超敏性、高特异性、高通量、可重复性的特点,有利于疾病的及早干预.     

难治性癫痫患儿先天性代谢异常筛查

目的探讨难治性癫痫(IE)患儿不同先天性代谢异常情况,以利早期进行病因及对症治疗。方法 50例诊断为IE的患儿纳入本研究。运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和串联质谱(MS/MS)技术对IE患儿尿和血标本进行包括氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸、糖、核苷酸等代谢异常的筛查,并进行尿常规、肝功能、血生化、脑部影像学及脑干听、视觉诱发电位等检查。结果 50例IE患儿中,24例(48.0%)尿筛查异常,其中全身性发作异常率42.9%(6/14),部分性发作异常率33.3%(4/12),全身性或部分性等多种形式发作异常率33.3%(2/6),而婴儿痉挛症异常率66.7%(12/18),婴儿痉挛症尿筛查异常率高于其他发作类型(P均<0.05)。20例IE患儿(14例尿筛异常,6例尿筛正常)进行了血筛查,9例异常。26例尿和/或血筛查异常IE患儿(包括24例尿筛异常和2例尿筛正常但血筛异常病例)中18例(69.2%)有不同程度的智力运动发育落后或倒退,头颅CT或MRI异常15例(57.7%),脑干诱发电位异常14例(53.9%),血生化、血气分析异常5例(19.2%),肝功能异常4例(15.4%),尿常规酮体阳性(+～++)4例(15.4%),皮肤改变5例(19.2%),异常家族史4例(15.4%)。9例(18.0%)IE患儿尿或血筛查结果呈典型改变,确诊为先天性遗传性代谢病。结论先天性代谢异常为IE常见致病原因,尤以婴儿痉挛症多见,因此对IE患儿应尽早进行先天性代谢异常筛查,以助早期诊断及治疗。     

扬州地区应用串联质谱技术进行新生儿遗传代谢病筛查的临床价值

目的 探讨串联质谱技术在扬州地区新生儿遗传代谢病筛查中的临床意义。方法 采用串联质谱技术对扬州地区2017年7月—2019年12月的新生儿进行遗传代谢病筛查,并对筛查结果为可疑阳性的新生儿进行基因检测。结果 共纳入新生儿25 771例。其中,初筛阳性435例,召回394例,确诊17例。在17例确诊患儿中,氨基酸代谢病10例、有机酸代谢病3例及脂肪酸氧化代谢病4例,死亡3例。结论 串联质谱技术在新生儿氨基酸代谢病、有机酸代谢病及脂肪酸氧化代谢病筛查中的广泛应用,对新生儿遗传代谢病的早期筛查、诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

青岛市280例高危新生儿遗传代谢性病例分析

目的:分析青岛市280例高危新生儿遗传代谢性疾病(inherited metabolic disease,IMD)病例。方法:选取2014年5月至2018年9月青岛市妇女儿童医院应用串联质谱技术进行遗传代谢疾病筛查的高危新生儿280例,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术进行血液、尿液化学分析,并对初筛可疑阳性病例进行尿气相色谱检测及基因分析。结果:280例IMD高危新生儿经串联质谱初筛阳性17例(6.07%),其中脂肪酸代谢病8例(2.86%),氨基酸代谢病5例(1.78%),有机酸代谢病4例(1.42%),且甲基丙二酸血症发病率最高,占1.42%(4/280),最终确诊4例,总发病率1.42%(4/280);17例质谱初筛阳性患儿主要表现为黄疸、肝脾肿大、代谢性酸中毒、肌张力异常、喂养困难、反应力较差、惊厥或间歇性抽搐、昏迷等,实验室检查见肝功能异常、血氨升高、代谢性酸中毒、空腹低血糖;串联质谱检测中,除鸟胺酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症、原发性肉碱缺乏症异常指标表现降低外,大多数指标均显著高于参考值上限。结论:青岛市具有高危因素的新生儿人群中,IMD存在一定发病率,对其进行质谱筛查意义重大。     

串联质谱和高效液相色谱-串联质谱二次筛查联合应用于新生儿MMA筛查

目的探讨串联质谱和高效液相色谱-串联质谱二次筛查联合应用在甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)中的筛查价值。方法收集新生儿串联质谱初筛结果中C3、C3/C2、C3/C0单一或多个指标异常的新生儿干血滤纸片标本,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱的方法定量检测原始血片中甲基丙二酸、甲基枸橼酸和高半胱氨酸,对二次筛查后疑似阳性的新生儿进行召回复查,并进行尿气相色谱/质谱检测。临床诊断患儿进一步予以基因检测进行确诊。结果共收集423例C3、C3/C2、C3/C0单一或多个指标异常的新生儿筛查标本,初筛阳性率约为1%,行联合筛查检测结果发现8例标本中甲基丙二酸和同型半胱氨酸表达水平明显升高,召回复查尿气相色谱质谱提示甲基丙二酸轻度升高。结论串联质谱和高效液相色谱-串联质谱联合应用可以提高新生儿MMA筛查的阳性预测值、降低假阳性率,在新生儿遗传代谢病筛查中具有重要价值。     

串联质谱技术在新生儿遗传代谢性疾病筛查中的临床应用分析

目的在新生儿遗传代谢性疾病筛查中应用串联质谱技术,并分析其临床应用效果。方法在2018年2月-2019年2月间,选取在我院进行串联质谱技术筛查的5548例新生儿作为分析对象。结果5548例新生儿中具有41例可疑阳性新生儿,概率为0.74%,1年后确诊病情为高瓜氨酸血症、甲基丙二酸血症、尿素循环障碍、异戊酸血症、脂肪酸代谢异常的例数为1例、5例、3例、2例、4例。15例患儿及时确诊病情,并及时得到有效的治疗干预。结论在新生儿遗传代谢性疾病筛查中应用串联质谱技术,为遗传代谢性疾病的诊断提供参考,应用效果显著,值得在临床中推广应用。     

2012～2014年盐城地区新生儿遗传代谢病的筛查研究

目的探讨盐城市新生儿遗传代谢病的筛查状况及确诊病例的随访情况。通过串联质谱技术在盐城地区筛查新生儿遗传代谢病的发生率及确诊病例的随访情况。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年6月在盐城市第一人民医院、亭湖区人民医院及盐城市中医院新生儿科进行新生儿遗传代谢病筛查的18 988例新生儿的筛查结果;利用串联质谱(MS/MS)、血液氨基酸谱和酯酰肉谱分析对筛查阳性患儿进行实验室检测并分析不同遗传代谢病的临床症状。结果诊断出苯丙酮尿症(PKU)5例、中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(MCAD)7例,丙酸血症(PA)6例,枫糖尿症(MSUD)4例。结论新生儿遗传代谢病的筛查有利于遗传代谢病患儿得到早期、准确的诊断及治疗。     

基于Ion Torrent半导体测序技术的遗传代谢病基因诊断Panel临床应用

目的探讨基于Ion Torrent半导体测序的遗传代谢病基因诊断Panel的临床应用价值。方法收集109例串联质谱筛查可疑代谢病患儿及其父母的外周血标本,用基因Panel进行检测,可疑突变经Sanger测序验证。结果 109例患儿中有97例(88.99%)基因诊断明确,其中96例检测到存在与临床症状相符的2个等位基因致病突变,1例鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶缺乏症为男性半合子; 11例(10.09%)仅检测到1个等位基因致病突变; 1例(0.92%)未检测到致病性突变。结论基因Panel在临床疑似遗传代谢病的检测中有较高的阳性诊断率,可为串联质谱筛查后续临床治疗和遗传咨询提供依据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.