室间隔组织多普勒成像的舒张期多相波对诊断缩窄性心包炎的应用价值

目的 研究室间隔在舒张期的组织多普勒多相波对诊断缩窄性心包炎的可行性和准确性.方法 总结2000-2012年经手术证实的50例缩窄性心包炎患者(缩窄性心包炎组)在手术前的超声心动图、心脏CT、心脏MRI资料,并根据性别、年龄选择50例正常人作为正常组,全部完成了上述的超声心动图检查项目以进行对比分析.以缩窄性心包炎室间隔的组织多普勒舒张期的Ew-R-Aw多相波表现为参考,比较正常组与缩窄性心包炎组患者的室间隔的组织多普勒频谱的差异.结果 正常组均无Ew-R-Aw多相波形出现,缩窄性心包炎组均有此多相波形,但其中反弹波R的振幅大小有差别,两组比较差异有统计学意义(0与50;x2=30.00,P＜0.001).结论 室间隔在舒张期的组织多普勒频谱多相波形可以作为诊断可疑缩窄性心包炎时的一个可靠指标.     

多普勒组织成像评价房间隔缺损并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能

目的探讨多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术评价房间隔缺损(ASD)并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能的临床意义.方法56例ASD并肺动脉高压患者按肺动脉高压程度分为轻、中、重3组,并选取22例健康人作为正常对照组.采用频谱多普勒技术分别测定三尖瓣口舒张早期血流峰值速度e波、舒张晚期血流峰值速度a波,并计算e/a比值.然后进入DTI条件,测定三尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度E波、舒张晚期运动峰值速度A波,并计算E/A比值.结果ASD并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能随肺动脉压力的升高而逐渐减低;与频谱多普勒检测三尖瓣口充盈参数法相比,DTI法在ASD并轻、中度肺动脉高压患者中,对右心室舒张功能异常检出率更高,而在重度肺动脉高压患者中两者无差别.结论DTI在早期检测ASD并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能减低方面较频谱多普勒具有优越性,其不但能早期预测病情变化,且可以帮助判断病情变化程度.     

先天性心脏病所致肺动脉高压患者肝中静脉血流频谱变化特征

目的分析先天性心脏病所致肺动脉高压（PH）患者肝中静脉多普勒血流频谱变化规律,寻找超声无创评价肺动脉高压的新指标。 方法收集第四军医大学唐都医院及沈阳军区总医院2012年1月至2013年6月来院诊治的房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等拟行封堵术的先天性心脏病患者80例,经右心导管测量肺动脉压力,按照不同肺动脉压力分为健康对照组、轻度PH组、中度PH组、重度PH组,采用超声检测肝中静脉血流频谱,测量心房收缩期离心波峰值血流速度（AR）、收缩期回心波峰值血流速度（S）、舒张期回心波峰值血流速度（D）和速度时间积分（VTI）。 结果健康对照组28例、轻度PH组9例、中度PH组10例、重度PH组22例,各组组间收缩期离心波血流速度时间积分（ARVTI）、收缩期回心波血流速度时间积分（SVTI）、舒张期回心波血流速度时间积分（DVTI）、AR、AR/S、ARVTI/SVTI、AR/（S＋D）、ARVTI/（SVTI＋DVTI）的差异具有统计学意义（F=2.940、2.838、3.373、7.681、3.478、12.052、4.806,P<0.05、<0.05、<0.05、<0.01、<0.05、<0.01、<0.01）。相关分析结果显示AR/（S＋D）比值与肺动脉平均压具有正相关关系（r=0.575,P<0.01）。 结论先天性心脏病患者肝中静脉频谱参数中AR/（S＋D）比值随肺动脉压力的升高而增大,具有相关性。肝中静脉血流频谱的超声探测对肺动脉高压的诊断具有一定参考价值,AR/（S＋D）比值可作为无创评价肺动脉高压的新指标。     

彩色多普勒超声对缩窄性心包炎和限制型心肌病的鉴别诊断

目的　评价彩色多普勒超声对缩窄性心包炎 (CP)与限制型心肌病 (RCM )的鉴别诊断价值。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声观察CP、RCM二尖瓣口、三尖瓣口、肺静脉及肝静脉血流状况 ,并用脉冲多普勒取样 ,记录其频谱随呼吸而发生的速率和时间变化 ,并与正常组进行对照。结果　在呼气与吸气时 ,CP组二尖瓣、三尖瓣舒张期速率峰值 (EM,ET)与正常组比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且EM 随呼吸变化平均 >3 0 % ,而RCM和正常组平均 <5 % ;收缩期CP组二尖瓣、三尖瓣反流发生率明显低于RCM组 ,且程度较轻 ;CP组吸气与呼气时 ,分别发生肺静脉收缩期血流速率 (S)或舒张期血流速率 (D)值增大 ,而RCM组变化不明显 ;CP和RCM组肝静脉频谱D值和S值随呼吸呈不同的变化 ,而正常组受呼吸变化影响较小。结论　彩色多普勒血流显像技术为CP和RCM的鉴别提供了客观依据。如综合多项多普勒频谱征象并加以全面比较、分析 ,则具有相当的诊断和鉴别诊断价值及较高的敏感性和特异性     

正常成人颈内静脉多普勒血流频谱分析

目的　利用多普勒超声对正常成人不同年龄段颈内静脉血流动力学进行分析 ,探讨其血流频谱变化与呼吸、心动周期的关系。方法　对随机选取的 12 0名成年健康志愿者沿颈总动脉外侧探测颈内静脉 ,在二维切面的基础上获取其血流频谱 ,测定不同心动周期及呼吸周期中颈内静脉血流动力学指标。结果　在心动周期中 ,颈内静脉血流频谱呈现收缩期S波、舒张期D波和舒张期A波 ;在平静呼吸状态下 ,受检者吸气相和呼气相S波速率分别为 (2 7.17± 19.88)cm/s、(19.0 4± 14 .2 6)cm/s ,D波速率分别为(17.43± 12 .78)cm/s、(12 .70± 10 .57)cm /s ,吸气相速率较呼气相速率快 (均P <0 .0 0 1) ,呼吸周期中A波速率无明显变化 [(6.3 8± 6.3 2 )cm/s、(7.59± 7.42 )cm /s,P >0 .0 5] ;60岁以上组S和D波血流速率较 2 0～ 60岁组血流速度低 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　正常颈内静脉血流频谱由 3个波组成 ,频谱形态随心动周期、呼吸周期呈规律性变化 ;年龄因素影响颈内静脉多普勒血流速率 ;建立了正常成人颈内静脉多普勒血流速率参数的正常值     

不同程度脂肪肝的肝静脉血流频谱变化

目的观测肝静脉血流频谱变化与不同程度脂肪肝的关系,探讨其对脂肪肝的诊断价值。方法对87例脂肪肝患者及90例正常人肝静脉进行多普勒检测,并将肝静脉频谱变化与脂肪肝分度结果进行比较。结果病例组异常肝静脉波形(衰减型与平坦型)所占比例(41%)较对照组(4%)显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),随脂肪肝分度增加,异常波型也增加。结论肝静脉血流频谱检测有助于脂肪肝的诊断。     

肺动脉高压患者上腔静脉血流频谱变化特点的临床研究

目的 探讨肺动脉高压(PAH)患者上腔静脉(SVC)血流频谱变化的特点. 方法心脏介入手术和心脏外科手术患者45例,男26例,女19例,平均年龄(29±21.5)岁,右心导管检测肺动脉收缩压.按照肺动脉收缩压(PASP)分为肺动脉压正常值对照组(PASP＜30 mmHg,n=8)、轻度肺动脉高压组(30 mmHg≤PASP＜50 mmHg,n=18)、中度肺动脉高压组(50 mmHg≤PASP＜75 mmHg,n=13)、重度肺动脉高压组(PASP≥75 mmHg,n=6).同时采用彩色多普勒超声仪经右侧锁骨上窝探测上腔静脉,记录平静呼吸时上腔静脉的频谱曲线,测量同一呼吸周期中频谱曲线各波峰值及速度时间积分(VTI),计算其呼吸变化率. 结果肺动脉压正常对照组上腔静脉血流频谱,收缩期S波、舒张期D波随呼吸波动明显.与肺动脉压正常对照组比较,轻度肺动脉高压组上腔静脉血流频谱S波、D波振幅无显著性差异(P＞0.05).中、重度肺动脉高压组上腔静脉血流频谱S波、D波随呼吸变化振幅减低,而离心方向的室缩波VR、房缩波AR波振幅增高(P＜0.05),部分患者频谱形态发生变化. 结论上腔静脉血流频谱随呼吸变化是评价肺动脉压力的有效指标,可为肺动脉高压的临床诊断提供无创血流动力学指标.     

上腔静脉和三尖瓣血流评价肺动脉高压时右心室舒张功能的研究

目的　研究上腔静脉和三尖瓣血流频谱评价肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能的价值。方法　用多普勒超声心动图检测 17例肺动脉高压患者和 19例正常人的上腔静脉和三尖瓣的血流频谱及右心系统的常规超声心动图参数 ,将结果对比分析。结果　 (1)肺动脉高压组右心系统的常规超声心动图参数均较正常组恶化 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )三尖瓣血流频谱肺动脉高压组与正常组比较 ,A波峰值 [Ap,(5 8.97± 2 0 .70 ) vs(45 .91± 10 .6 2 ) cm/ s]和流速时间积分 [Ai,(10 .0 8± 3.76 ) vs(7.4 8±2 .73) cm]显著增大 ,E波流速时间积分 [Ei,(10 .6 3± 3.92 ) vs(13.35± 3.4 4 ) cm]和 E波减速时间 [DT- E,(0 .14± 0 .0 6 ) vs(0 .18± 0 .0 4 ) s]明显减小 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但 E波、 A波峰值流速比值 [Ep/ Ap,(1.4 2± 0 .5 9) vs (1.5 7± 0 .4 1) ]和流速时间积分比值 [Ei/ Ai,(1.38± 0 .99) vs(1.6 1± 1.30 ) ]与正常组比较差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;(3)上腔静脉血流频谱肺动脉高压组 S波流速时间积分 [Si,(10 .0 2± 4 .86 ) vs(13.2 4± 3.4 3) cm]变小 ,D波峰值流速 [Dp,(39.5 1± 11.92 ) vs(32 .38±8.37) cm / s]增大 ,S波与 D波流速时间积分比值 [Si/ Di,(1.72± 0 .88) vs (2 .2 2± 0 .5 7) ]减小 ;AR波峰     

肝静脉血流多普勒频谱变化评估肺动脉高压

用彩色多普勒超声心动图观察了３０例正常人和右心导管测压的２８例先天性心脏病人的肝静脉血流（ＨＶＦ）频谱。结果显示肺动脉高压（ＰＨ）病人ＨＶＦ频谱测值具有特征性变化，ＨＶＦ频谱改变评估ＰＨ可以弥补其它方法之不足或结合其它方法提高估测肺动脉压的准确性。     

脂肪肝患者肝静脉血流频谱形态分析

目的从频谱多普勒超声层面研究脂肪肝对肝静脉血流的影响。方法利用多普勒超声检测362例脂肪肝患者，得到相应的肝静脉多普勒频谱。与对照组140例无脂肪肝人群肝静脉多普勒频谱进行分型分析。结果病例组肝静脉异常波形所占比例较对照组明显增加。差异有显著性意义，异常肝静脉波形中衰减型与平坦型所占比例无明显差异。结论脂肪肝怠者肝静脉血流频谱可出现异常衰减型及平坦型。对脂肪肝肝血流动力学的进一步研究有助于提高对此疾病的诊断与治疗。     

缩窄性心包炎心脏几何形态的二维超声心动图特征

目的：探讨缩窄性心包炎心脏形态学。材料和方法：应用二维超声心科观察２０例缩窄性心包炎心脏形态学特征,并与１５例正常人对比分析。结果：缩窄性心包炎心脏同 形态具有特征性变化,并可分为右室凹陷型、左室凹陷型和不规则型。 此为标准判断是否存在缩窄性心包炎,其敏感性达９０％,特生为１００％。结论：心脏几何形态改变可作为评价缩窄性心包炎的一种方法。     

Unique features of early diastolic mitral annulus velocity in constrictive pericarditis.

BACKGROUND: In most primary myocardial diseases, early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E') decreases with disease progression. To our knowledge, constrictive pericarditis (CP) is the only condition without this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic and pathophysiologic role of mitral annulus velocity in patients with CP. METHODS: In all, 17 patients with CP (9 men; mean age 46.5 +/- 14.3 years), 8 patients with cardiac tamponade (Tamp) (2 men; mean age 44.5 +/- 15.0 years), and age- and sex-matched control subjects for CP and Tamp were recruited for the study. Early mitral inflow velocity and E' were obtained while simultaneously recording respiration. In 8 patients with CP and in all patients with Tamp, these measurements were repeated after the relief of constrictive physiology or after pericardiocentesis. RESULTS: In patients with CP, E' was significantly higher than it was for control subjects (12.9 +/- 3.0 cm/s vs 9.8 +/- 2.4 cm/s, P <.01). An E' of 2 cm/s higher than the predicted normal E' could differentiate patients with CP from control subjects with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 82%. In 12 of 17 patients (71%), inspiratory E' was higher than expiratory E'-the opposite of mitral inflow variation. In 8 patients, E' decreased significantly after the relief of constrictive physiology (13.8 +/- 2.5 cm/s vs 9.3 +/- 3.1 cm/s, P <.05). In contrast, E' in the Tamp group was significantly lower than in the control group (6.8 +/- 1.6 cm/s vs 10.2 +/- 2.5 cm/s, P <.01), did not show significant respiratory variation, and increased significantly after pericardiocentesis (6.8 +/- 1.6 cm/s vs 9.5 +/- 3.0 cm/s, P <.05). CONCLUSION: E' is exaggerated in CP, which is helpful for diagnosis. The opposite phenomenon was noted in Tamp, a dissimilarity that might contribute to different hemodynamics.     

Diagnostic value of mitral annular velocity for constrictive pericarditis in the absence of respiratory variation in mitral inflow velocity

Respiratory variation of 25% or more in transmitral early diastolic filling (E) velocity is a well-recognized diagnostic feature of constrictive pericarditis (CP) that is useful for distinguishing it from restrictive cardiomyopathy. However, a subset of patients with CP do not exhibit the typical respiratory change. Recent data showed that mitral annular (E') velocity measured by Doppler tissue echocardiography (DTE) is markedly reduced in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy whereas E' velocity is well-preserved in CP. This study evaluated the role of DTE for the diagnosis of CP when there is no characteristic respiratory variation of E velocity. From September 1999 to March 2001, 19 patients (17 men, 2 women; mean age, 57 +/- 13 years) with surgically confirmed CP underwent comprehensive echocardiography preoperatively, including pulsed wave and DTE examination with simultaneous recording of respiration. Nine (47%) of the 19 patients had less than 25% respiratory variation in E velocity. There was no significant difference in mitral inflow peak velocity, deceleration time, early-to-late ventricular filling ratio, and E' velocity between patients with and patients without respiratory variation of E velocity of 25% or more. Regardless of the presence or absence of a significant respiratory variation of E velocity, E' velocity was relatively normal (mean, 12 +/- 4 cm/s) in all patients with CP. In conclusion, E' velocity is well preserved in patients with isolated CP even when there is no characteristic respiratory variation of E velocity. Thus, when the respiratory variation in Doppler E velocity is blunted or absent during the evaluation of suspected CP in patients with restrictive mitral inflow velocity, preserved E' velocity shown by DTE should support the diagnosis of CP over a primary myocardial disease.     

Doppler tissue imaging improves assessment of abnormal interventricular septal and posterior wall motion in constrictive pericarditis.

We hypothesized that Doppler tissue imaging in the short axis would provide enhanced quantitative information for differentiating the pattern and extent of abnormal septal and posterior wall motion in constrictive pericarditis (CP). Using quantitative pulsed wave and color M-mode Doppler tissue imaging, we quantified the pattern of abnormal septal and posterior wall motion and studied its incremental advantage over conventional M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography in 40 patients with surgically proven CP. The pattern and extent of abnormalities were compared with 35 age- and sex-matched control subjects and 20 patients with abnormal septal motion of other causes. In 33 patients (82.5%) with CP, the interventricular septum showed high-velocity (>7 cm/s) early diastolic biphasic motion with or without multiple recoil waves (polyphasic diastolic septal fluttering). In the posterior wall, the early diastolic wave was normal but the late diastolic wave was reduced in 24 patients (60%) and absent in 7 (17.5%). In comparison, M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography identified abnormal septal or posterior wall motion in 24 patients (60%) ( P = .003). The pattern of abnormal septal motion in CP could be differentiated from abnormal septal motion of other causes in 16 patients (80%). The overall sensitivity and specificity of high-velocity polyphasic septal flutter for differentiating CP from control cases and other diseases was 82.5% and 92.7%, respectively. In CP, Doppler tissue imaging in the short axis provides unique diagnostic information and reliably differentiates CP from control cases and most other causes of abnormal septal motion.     

二维斑点追踪技术定量评价缩窄性心包炎患者左心室纵向运动功能

目的 应用二维斑点追踪技术定量评价缩窄性心包炎（CP）患者左心室纵向应变能力。方法 对CP 患者40例（CP组）及41名健康志愿者（正常对照组）行超声检查,并存储心尖两腔心、心尖四腔心及心尖左心室长轴切面二维图像;应用二维斑点追踪技术（2D STI）定量分析并记录各个节段纵向峰值应变及各个切面的总体纵向峰值应变,计算二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平及心尖水平室间隔应变与侧壁应变的比值。结果 CP组心尖两腔心、心尖四腔心及心尖左心室长轴总体纵向峰值应变均低于正常对照组,左心室有心包覆盖的室壁纵向峰值应变峰值低于正常对照组,且二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平及心尖水平室间隔应变与侧壁应变的比值明显高于正常对照组（P<0.05）。结论 CP患者心脏纵向运动功能减低,心肌存在损伤。二维斑点追踪技术可较射血分数更早检出心肌损伤,为评估CP患者心功能提供了更为精确的方法。     

应用组织追踪技术研究缩窄性心包炎

目的 探讨缩窄性心包炎（constrictive pericarditis，CP）患者组织追踪成像的特征及诊断价值。 方法 缩窄性心包炎患者26例，对照组30例，同步显示中段右室壁、室间隔（I）和左室侧壁（L）组织追踪曲线图tissue（tracking），测量最大组织位移量（displacement）。 结果 CP患者右室壁及左室侧壁位移低于对照组，P〈0．05；室间隔位移低于对照组，但P〉0．05。 结论 CP患者组织追踪曲线图特征性明显，有重要的诊断价值。     

快速进展型结核性心包炎的临床治疗

目的探讨不同治疗方案对于快速进展为缩窄性心包炎的结核性心包炎（快速进展型结核性心包炎）治疗效果、并发症、死亡率、患者预后的影响,以期对结核性心包炎的治疗获得更好的效果。 方法回顾性分析2014年6月至2019年5月成都市第三人民医院心脏大血管外科对38例快速进展型结核性心包炎的治疗方式、外科手术干预时机、手术方式及疗效、并发症、死亡率和随访情况等,治疗方式包括药物治疗、心包穿刺引流术、心包开窗术、心包剥脱术等。同期观察对慢性缩窄性心包炎行外科手术治疗患者115例。 结果对于快速进展型结核性心包炎采用不同的治疗方案,随访1~5年。所有患者均采用抗结核药物治疗,其中单纯药物治疗5例,全部进展为缩窄性心包炎;早期行心包穿刺引流术12例,治愈1例,其余11例进展为慢性缩窄性心包炎;早期行心包开窗术10例,进展为慢性缩窄性心包炎1例,治愈9例;早期行心包剥脱术11例,无进展为慢性缩窄性心包炎病例。全组无围术期死亡病例。与同期行慢性缩窄性心包炎外科手术治疗患者相比,快速进展型结核性心包炎外科手术治疗患者低心排综合征发生率较低（4.8% vs 24.3%,P＜0.05）,患者心功能改善情况较好（100.0% vs 80.7%,P＜0.05）,术后5年随访生存率较高（100% vs 78%,P＜0.05）。 结论快速进展型结核性心包炎单纯采用药物治疗和心包穿刺术治疗,有很高比例的患者会进展为缩窄性心包炎,从而严重影响患者的预后。早期外科干预能显著降低快速进展型结核性心包炎进展为缩窄性心包炎的概率,从而改善患者总体预后,改善患者生存质量,减轻社会负担。     

Reversal of the pattern of respiratory variation of Doppler inflow velocities in constrictive pericarditis during mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous inspiration causes a characteristic decrease of the mitral valve (MV) and pulmonary venous (PV) flow velocities obtained by Doppler echocardiography in patients with constrictive pericarditis (CP). This has been explained by the decrement it causes in the intrathoracic pressure. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) causes an increment of intrathoracic pressure with mechanical inspiration. Therefore the pattern of respiratory variation produced during PPV may differ from that seen during spontaneous breathing. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe the effect of PPV on the pattern and magnitude of respiratory variation of MV and PV flow velocities in CP. METHODS: We performed intraoperative pulsed Doppler transesophageal echocardiography on 15 patients (13 men, mean age 52+/-15 years) with CP after general anesthesia and before sternotomy and pericardial stripping. The peak velocity and time-velocity integral (TVI) of the mitral inflow E and A waves and the PV systolic and diastolic waves were measured at onset of inspiration and expiration for 3 to 6 respiratory cycles. Respiratory phase was monitored with a heat-sensitive nasal thermistor. The percent change in Doppler flow velocities from mechanical inspiration (INS) to mechanical expiration (EXP) was calculated with the formula %change = INS - EXP / INS x 100. RESULTS: The peak velocity of the mitral inflow E wave was significantly higher during mechanical inspiration than expiration (57 +/-14.5 versus 47+/-13.9 cm/s, P<.001). This represented a percent change of 18%+/-7.9% from expiration to inspiration. The mean TVI of the mitral inflow E was also higher during mechanical inspiration than expiration (P = .02). The peak velocity of the PV D wave was higher during mechanical inspiration than expiration (39+/-17.8 versus 28+/-14.7 cm/s, P<.001). This represented a mean percent change of 28%+/-13.8%. The mean value of the TVI for the PV D wave was also significantly greater during mechanical inspiration than expiration (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Positive pressure ventilation reverses the pattern of respiratory variation of the MV and PV flow velocities in CP. The percent change in the peak velocities of the MV and PV flows produced by PPV is the same range reported in CP during spontaneous breathing.