高频与低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗帕金森病的临床观察

摘要 目的：观察低频与高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗帕金森病（PD）的疗效和安全性 方法: 采用1Hz低频、5Hz高频rTMS分别治疗PD患者21例,设立假刺激组作为对照。采用统一帕金森病评分量表（UPDRS）和10m折返运动试验、爱泼沃斯思睡量表（ESS）、简明精神状态量表（MMSE）、疲劳严重程度量表（FSS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）于治疗前、治疗后即刻及治疗后1个月对患者进行评估。记录患者治疗前、治疗后即刻及治疗后1个月运动诱发电位的静息阈值（RMT）。 结果: 低频与高频组治疗后患者的 UPDRS、ESS、FSS分值、10m折返运动试验所需时间与治疗前相比有显著性降低（P<0.01）,MMSE分值有显著性提高（P<0.01）,但两组治疗前后同时间点比较差异不明显（P＞0.05）。RMT：低频组治疗后与治疗前相比有显著性上升（P<0.01）,高频组有显著性降低（P<0.01）。低频组治疗后即刻HAMD、ESS分值较同时间点假刺激组显著性下降（P<0.05）,但治疗后1个月差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。高频组UPDRS、ESS、FSS分值、10m折返运动试验所需时间与治疗后同时间点假刺激组比较均显著性降低（P<0.05）,MMSE分值治疗后即刻与假刺激组同时间点比较显著性降低（P<0.05）,但治疗后1个月差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。 结论: 低频与高频rTMS治疗均能改善PD患者的运动症状和非运动症状,安全性较好,高频rTMS治疗可能更有疗效,但短疗程的rTMS治疗的改善作用可能非持久性。     

帕金森病疲劳与运动障碍相关性的病例对照研究

目的探讨帕金森病（PD）的疲劳症状是否与运动障碍具有相关性。方法应用疲劳严重度量表（FSS）评测139例PD患者的疲劳症状并分为疲劳组和非疲劳组。分别用统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS）、Hohen-Yahr分级、抑郁量表和简易精神状态量表（MMSE）等对两组患者进行比较。应用Spearman法分析帕金森病疲劳与运动障碍的相关性。结果70例受试的PD患者存在疲劳。疲劳组UPDRS运动分量表评分高于非疲劳组PD患者（25.24&#177;13.95vs19.34&#177;11,P〈0.05）;肌强直项目评分（6.27&#177;4.60）和运动迟缓项目评分（7.78&#177;6.88）高于非疲劳组相应评分（4.07&#177;3.89和5.51&#177;5.03,P〈0.05）;但两组震颤项目评分无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。PD患者FSS评分与UPDRS运动分量表评分具有显著性相关（r=0.260,P〈0.05）。结论疲劳是PD常见非运动症状。PD疲劳的程度与运动障碍程度相关。     

恩他卡朋联合复方左旋多巴治疗帕金森病的疗效 及对血清生物标记物的影响

目的：观察恩他卡朋联合复方左旋多巴治疗帕金森病（PD）的疗效及对血清淀粉样蛋白β_1-42(Aβ_1-42)、尿酸（UA）、胱抑素C（CysC）及表皮生长因子（EGF）的影响。方法：本院收治的PD患者104例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各 52 例。对照组给予复方左旋多巴治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用恩他卡朋,疗程 12周。于治疗前和治疗4周、12周,采用帕金森病统一评分量表（UPDRS）第Ш分量表评价患者运动功能;于治疗前及治疗12周后,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评价认知功能,采用采用帕金森病生活质量问卷-39（PDQ-39）评价生活质量;晨取空腹静脉血检测Aβ_1-42、UA、CysC和EGF水平。结果：治疗前,2组的各项评分差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。治疗后,2组的UPDRS-Ⅲ和PDQ-39评分均降低（均P<0.05）,且观察组幅度大于对照组（均 P<0.05）;2 组 MoCA 评分升高（均 P<0.05）,但 2 组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2 组患者的血清 ...     

神经节苷脂GM1在帕金森氏病症状波动治疗中的应用

目的探讨神经节苷脂GM1治疗帕金森氏病(PD)的疗效和安全性。方法对33例长期服用左旋多巴等治疗帕金森氏病药物后出现症状波动的患者,加用神经节苷脂GM1100mg/d,静脉滴注,每日1次,疗程4周。分别在GM1治疗后2、3、4周对患者进行帕金森病统一评分量表(UPDRS)运动评分及日常生活活动能力(ADL)评分,并观察治疗期间药物的毒副作用。结果33例PD患者在GM1治疗后2、3、4周UPDRS运动评分分别为(23.5±8.9)、(22.8±8.3)和(22.5±9.1),与治疗前(36.7±10.2)比较,均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);ADL评分分别为(21.4±10.9)、(20.3±9.5)和(20.6±10.2),与治疗前(30.5±12.1)比较,亦均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。但治疗2、3、4周的UPDRS运动评分或ADL评分两两比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗期间没有观察到明显的毒副作用。结论对长期服用左旋多巴出现症状波动或疗效减退的PD患者,加用GM1治疗,能在一定程度上改善患者的运动功能和日常生活能力。     

左旋多巴与乌灵胶囊治疗帕金森病伴发抑郁的临床研究

目的:观察左旋多巴与乌灵胶囊对帕金森病伴发抑郁的临床疗效及安全性.方法:将65例帕金森病伴发抑郁患者随机分为两组,两组都予左旋多巴常规药物治疗(左旋多巴1日3～6g,分4～6次口服),治疗组在此基础上加用乌灵胶囊3粒/次(每粒0.33g),1日3次连服2个月,而对照组不予任何抗抑郁治疗.采用帕金森病综合评分量表(unified Parkinson's disease rating scale,UPDRS)第三部分进行运动功能的评定,采用汉密顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)进行抑郁症状评分,比较两组治疗前和治疗后第1、2个月UPDRS和HAMD变化,并观察治疗后不良反应.结果:治疗组在治疗后2个月HAMD评分从19±6变为14±4,治疗组抗抑郁有效率为85%,而对照组为59%,两者比较差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.治疗组治疗后2个月UPDRS从39±5变为31±5,治疗组总疗效61%,而对照组为38%,两者比较差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.不良反应8例(24%),但均较轻微,不影响治疗.结论:乌灵胶囊不但能改善帕金森患者伴有的抑郁症状,同时能辅助左旋多巴对运动功能障碍的治疗,对运动功能的恢复有一定的帮助.     

Hohen—YahrⅡ期帕金森病患者多巴胺转运体代谢与急性多巴胺能反应性的相关性研究

目的研究帕金森病（PD）患者的多巴胺转运体代谢与多巴胺能反应性是否具有相关性。方法选择13例Hohen—YahrⅡPD患者,分别应用急性阶梯式左旋多巴／苄丝肼（50．0／12．5、100．0／25．0、150．0／37．5mg）试验评价患者的急性多巴胺能反应性,应用甲酯基托品烷衍生物（11C．CFT）PET研究基底节区的多巴胺转运体代谢变化。分析服用左旋多巴后PD患者的统一PD评分量表运动分量表（UPDRSⅢ）评分改善率与基底节区多巴胺转运体示踪剂“C—CFF摄取强度的相关性。结果13例PD患者首发症状肢体对侧的壳核后部11C-CFT摄取信号缺损,11例患者首发症状肢体同侧的壳核后部11C—CFT摄取信号部分缺损。首发症状肢体对侧的壳核后部11C-CFT摄取信号强度低于首发症状同侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。PD患者在左旋多巴／苄丝肼100．0／25．0mg和150．0／37．5mg剂量水平的UPDRS运动评分最大改善率与首发症状对侧壳核后部11C-CFT摄取信号强度的r值分别为0．513和0．572（P均〈0．01）;与首发症状同侧壳核后部11C-CFT摄取信号强度的r值分别为0．452和0．478（P均〈0．05）;与基底节其他感兴趣区11C-CFT摄取信号强度无相关性（P〉．0．05）。结论Hzhen—YahrⅡ期PD多巴胺转运俸代谢与多巴胺能反应性这两种生物学标记物具有相关性,有助深入了解PD的病理生理过程。     

帕金森病患者吞咽障碍的临床分析

目的：研究帕金森病（PD）患者吞咽障碍的发生情况,调查PD患者发生吞咽障碍与其基本状况及PD特征的相关性,探讨其危险因素。方法：将83例 PD患者根据吞咽X线荧光透视检查（VFSS）分为吞咽障碍组（PD-D组）63例和非吞咽障碍组（PD-ND组）20例。分析与吞咽障碍发生的有关情况,采用H-Y分期、统一帕金森运动评分量表（UPDRS）Ⅲ、非运动症状评估量表（NMSS）、自主神经症状量表（SCOPA-AUT）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、左旋多巴等效剂量（LED）、帕金森综合评分量表（UPDRS）Ⅱ及帕金森病生活质量问卷（PDQL）对患者进行评估,分析PD合并吞咽障碍的独立危险因素。结果：PD D组较PD ND组年龄更大,更容易出现吞咽障碍（P＜0.01）;PD-D组较PD-ND组病程更长（P＜0.01）,H-Y分期更严重（P＜0.05）,LED剂量更高（P＜0.01）,UPDRSⅢ、SCOPA-AUT、HAMD、HAMA、UPDRSⅡ及PDQL评分均更高（P＜0.01,0.05）;年龄、H-Y分期、UPDRSⅢ及HAMD是吞咽困难的独立影响因素。结论：吞咽障碍是PD患者常见的非运动症状;年龄、疾病分期及运动症状更严重的PD患者更容易出现吞咽障碍,合并吞咽障碍的PD患者更容易出现抑郁。     

持续性多巴胺能刺激对帕金森病非运动症状作用的前瞻性研究

目的评价以复方多巴联合恩他卡朋的持续性多巴胺能刺激疗法对于帕金森病非运动症状的疗效。方法筛选58例已出现运动波动、合并非运动症状的帕金森病患者,在原来服用复方多巴的基础上,联合恩他卡朋的方法进行持续性多巴胺能刺激治疗,在治疗前和治疗8周后进行基线和研究终点的评测,包括非运动症状筛查量表（NMSS）、PD疲劳量表（PFS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、统一PD评测量表（UPDRS）和匹兹堡睡眠障碍量表（PSQI）等量表评测,并对基线和终点的各量表评分进行比较。结果受试者在研究终点的NMSS量表总分（48.2&#177;24.6）低于基线的（59.4&#177;25.6）（P〈0.05）,其中在泌尿功能、性功能、抑郁和焦虑、睡眠和疲劳等分量表上的终点评分低于基线评分（P〈0.05）;在胃肠道功能、心血管功能、幻觉和错觉、注意力和记忆力等分量表上的终点评分与基线评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。受试者研究终点的HAMD、PFS、PSQI等量表评分均低于基线评分（P〈0.05）。结论持续性多巴胺能刺激疗法有助于改善帕金森病的部分非运动症状。     

低频与高频rTMS对帕金森病患者运动功能和自主神经功能障碍的影响

目的观察低频与高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗帕金森病（PD）患者运动功能障碍和自主神经功能障碍的效果及安全性。 方法将90例伴自主神经功能障碍的PD患者分为低频组、高频组及假刺激组。治疗组患者分别给予低频1 Hz、高频5 Hz rTMS治疗,假刺激组于相同时间点、相同部位给予假性rTMS治疗。于治疗前、治疗后即刻、7 d、14 d、30 d,采用起立-行走实验时间、统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS）和帕金森病自主神经症状量表（SCOPA-AUT）评分作为评定指标。 结果组内比较：高频组和低频组患者治疗后即刻、7 d、14 d、30 d,起立-行走实验时间均较治疗前有所缩短,且差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。低频组UPDRS评分、SCOPA-AUT评分在治疗后7 d、14 d较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后即刻和治疗后30 d与治疗前相比,UPDRS评分、SCOPA-AUT评分无明显统计学意义（P＞0.05）。高频组UPDRS评分、SCOPA-AUT评分在治疗后7 d、14 d、30 d均较治疗前降低,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。组间比较：与假刺激组比较,低频组、高频组治疗后即刻、7 d、14 d起立-行走实验时间均缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与假刺激组比较,治疗组UPDRS评分在治疗后7 d、14 d均降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;至治疗后30 d时,与假刺激组比较,低频组UPDRS评分不具有统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但高频组UPDRS评分仍低于假刺激组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与假刺激组比较,高频组、低频组患者SCOPA-AUT评分在治疗后7、14 d均明显降低（P＜0.05）;在治疗后30 d,低频组与假刺激组比较,SCOPA-AUT评分差异不具有统计学意义（P＞0.05）;但高频组SCOPA-AUT评分仍低于假刺激组（P＜0.05）。 结论低频及高频rTMS均能有效改善PD患者的运动功能和自主神经功能障碍症状,安全性较好,且高频rTMS治疗可能较低频rTMS治疗作用更强、更持久。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术在改善帕金森病核心症状中的应用

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术在改善帕金森病(PD)核心症状中的疗效。方法选取行双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术PD患者20例,采用自身前后对照法在基线和随访结束时(术后12个月)对患者运动症状、认知功能进行评估,观察患者术后不良反应,比较术前、术后日左旋多巴等效计量。结果术前及术后12个月时,服药状态下帕金森病评定量表第3部分(UPDRSⅢ)评分及各亚相评分均明显低于未服药状态(P0.05);术后12个月时,未服药及服药状态下的UPDRSⅢ评分及各亚相评分均明显低于术前(P0.05),服药后各个评分项目的改善率均明显高于术前(P0.05),VFT评分明显低于术前(P0.05),CDT评分明显高于术前(P0.05);术后1年日左旋多巴等效计量均较术前明显减少(P0.01);术后未见颅内出血、电极位置不当、脑脊液漏等并发症。结论双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术能显著改善PD患者运动及认知功能,有效减少药物用量,手术安全性高,治疗效果显著。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.