控制非适应证输血研究

目的研究控制非适应证输血对临床输血合理性的影响,探讨提高临床输血合理性的有效方法。方法回顾性分析控制非适应证输血前(2005年)和控制非适应证输血后(2006年)临床输血适应证符合率及使用血液成分构成比的变化。结果2005年和2006年临床输血适应证符合率分别为66.6%和89.7%,P<0.05;红细胞使用率分别为34.9%和45.8%,P<0.05;血浆使用率分别为41.9%和26.6%,P<0.05。结论控制非适应证输血可有效提高临床科学、合理用血水平。     

某医院临床输血不良反应调查与分析

目的通过对各类成分血液输血反应发生频率和输血反应类型的调查分析,以提高临床医护人员对输血反应的认识和处理能力。方法对某院2005年1月～2010年2月各种成分输血后所发生的输血反应进行回顾分析。结果在139 852单位输血中,共发生输血反应143次,总输血反应率为0.10%,输注全血反应率最高为0.99%,红细胞悬液0.14%,冰冻血浆0.07%,血小板0.05%,滤白红细胞0.01%,自体输血无输血反应。输血单位为1,2,3,4和≥5单位的构成比分别为0.03%、0.06%、0.31%、0.41%和1.12%。血液内科、其他科室与外科患者反应频率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。输血反应表现类型以非溶血性发热反应最多见,占62.94%,其次是过敏反应,占32.16%。结论自体输血和去除白细胞悬浮红细胞输注能有效降低输血反应发生率,对多次输血的患者,应输注去除白细胞悬浮红细胞,以减少输血反应的发生。预防性用药可减少轻度的输血反应。     

Improvement in transfusion safety using a specially designed transfusion wristband

Fatal haemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility occurs mainly as a result of clerical error. A blood sample drawn from the wrong patient and labelled as another patient's will not be detected by the blood bank unless there is a previous ABO grouping result. We report here the detection of such clerical error by the use of a specially designed transfusion wristband. The wristband has the following special features: (i) once attached, it cannot be removed except by cutting; (ii) it has a pocket containing a transfusion label; (iii) a unique transfusion barcode is printed on each transfusion label and the corresponding wristband simultaneously by computer technology; (iv) a transfusion label removed from the wristband after attachment to the patient has a characteristic tear-mark distinguishing it from one removed prior to attachment. The blood bank only accepted those specimens bearing the tear-marked transfusion labels. All blood units for this patient were labelled with this unique transfusion code together with the patient's details. The nurses counter-checked the transfusion code on the blood units against the transfusion code on the patient's transfusion wristband prior to transfusion. If the blood sample for compatibility testing was drawn from the 'wrong' patient, the intended patient either did not carry a wristband or the transfusion codes did not match at all. Pretransfusion compatibility tests were performed on 2189 patient samples using this procedure. It was well accepted by both ward and blood bank staff. Two potential mismatched transfusions were avoided. These two clerical errors would not have been detected because neither patient had previous ABO grouping results.     

临床急性输血反应的回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析安徽省立医院近年来发生的急性输血反应,为临床减少输血反应、有效处理输血反应提供参考。方法对2012年1月～2013年6月期间输注各种血液成分的住院患者的急性输血反应情况进行调查分析。结果研究期间共有37 857人次输注了108 543 U的各种血液成分;结果158例患者发生159次急性输血反应,反应发生率为0.38%（415/108 543）,其中FNHTR和ATR占97.48%,两者分别为46.54%（74/159）和50.94%（81/159）;不同血液成分中输注红细胞悬液、血浆和血小板的急性反应发生率分别为0.43%（225/52 554）、0.33%（166/50 456）和0.57%（24/4237）;既往输血次数为0、1、2、3次和大于3次的构成比分别为21.38%（34/159）、7.55%（12/159）、10.69%（17/159）、12.58%（20/159）和47.80%（76/159）。结论急性输血反应主要是FNHTR和ATR,以输注血小板的反应发生率最高,发生急性输血反应的病例中输血次数超过3次的比例最高;合理输血、减少血液输注、自体输血是目前预防输血反应最好的措施。     

Would doctors dream of electric blood bankers? Large language model-based artificial intelligence performs well in many aspects of transfusion medicine

Background

Large language models (LLMs) excel at answering knowledge-based questions. Many aspects of blood banking and transfusion medicine involve no direct patient care and require only knowledge and judgment. We hypothesized that public LLMs could perform such tasks with accuracy and precision.

Study Design and Methods

We presented three sets of tasks to three publicly-available LLMs (Bard, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4). The first was to review short case presentations and then decide if a red blood cell transfusion was indicated. The second task was to answer a set of consultation questions common in clinical transfusion practice. The third task was to take a multiple-choice test experimentally validated to assess internal medicine postgraduate knowledge of transfusion practice (the BEST-TEST).

Results

In the first task, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for correct transfusion decisions was 0.65, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively for Bard, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. All three models had a modest rate of acceptable responses to the consultation questions. Average scores on the BEST-TEST were 55%, 40%, and 87%, respectively.

Conclusion

When presented with transfusion medicine tasks in natural language, publicly available LLMs demonstrated a range of ability, but GPT-4 consistently scored very well in all tasks. Research is needed to assess the utility of LLMs in transfusion medicine practice. Transfusion Medicine physicians should consider their role alongside such technologies, and how they might be used for the benefit and safety of patients.     

Transfusion-associated adverse events incidence and severity after the implementation of an active hemovigilance program with 24 h follow-up. A prospective cohort study

Background

Hemovigilance (HV) is usually based on voluntary reports (passive HV). Our aim is to ascertain credible incidence, severity, and mortality of transfusion-associated adverse events (TAAEs) using an active HV program.

Study Design and Methods

Prospective cohort study to estimate transfusion risk after 46,488 transfusions in 5830 patients, using an active HV program with follow-up within the first 24 h after transfusion. We compared these results to those with the previously established passive HV program during the same 30 months of the study. We explored factors associated with the occurrence of TAAEs using generalized estimating equations models.

Results

With the active HV program TAAEs incidence was 57.3 (95% CI, 50.5–64.2) and mortality 1.1 (95% CI, 0.13–2.01) per 10,000 transfusions. Incidence with the new surveillance model was 14.0 times higher than with the passive. Most events occurred when transfusions had already finished (60.2%); especially pulmonary events (80.4%). Three out of five deaths and 50.3% of severe TAAEs were pulmonary. In the multivariate analysis surgical patients had half TAAEs risk when compared to medical patients (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34–0.78) and women had nearly twice the risk of a pulmonary event compared to men (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.03–3.32). Patient's age, blood component type, or blood component shelf-life were unrelated to TAAEs risk.

Discussion

Active hemovigilance programs provide additional data which may lead to better recognition and understanding of TAAEs and their frequency and severity.     

Unchanging attitudes to autologous transfusion in the UK

Our aim was to assess changes in attitudes to autologous transfusion amongst surgeons over a 10-year period in response to scientific evidence, public awareness, published guidelines, management and the increasing cost of blood products. Surgeons across the north-west of England completed questionnaires on knowledge, experience and attitude towards autologous transfusion in 1990, 1994 and 1999. Main outcome measures were changes in knowledge, experience and utilization of autologous transfusion; perceived advantages of autologous transfusion, obstacles to its implementation in surgical practice and preferences for specific techniques (preoperative autologous donation, acute normovolaemic haemodilution, intraoperative and postoperative cell salvage). There has been little change in practice over 10 years. Many more surgeons were keen to employ autologous transfusion than were using it. Autologous transfusion was only used in general, orthopaedic and cardiothoracic surgery. Safety and patient preference were the main arguments for implementation and logistics the main obstacles. Autologous transfusion was used sporadically in surgical practice. Clinical trials are needed to guide clinicians in the choice of transfusion techniques.     

加压输血的临床研究

对近年来临床上有关加压输血的方法,如一次性输血器、塑料三通辅助、袖带加压、输液泵等进行综述,提出加压输血器的研制还有待于改善和推广。     

广西三级医院临床用血有关问题的调查研究

目的了解广西三级医院临床输血现状，研究今后监管的方向。方法严格按照国家颁布的相关法律法规、技术操作规程与规范，对42家广西三级医院的临床安全用血进行调查。结果合格率为92．86％。结论并非所有三级医院都能认真按《临床输血技术规范》开展工作，距卫生部相关要求仍有距离。     

白细胞过滤在预防血小板输注无效中的作用

目的 探讨白细胞过滤在预防血小板输注无效(PTR)中的作用.方法 患者于输注机采血小板前1h和输注后24 h检查静脉血小板数量,计算血小板计数纠正增加指数(CCI),以输注后24 h CCI＜4.5×109/L为PTR;部分发生PTR的患者,于再次输注血小板前,采用白细胞滤器进行白细胞过滤.结果 机采血小板输注次数、累积剂量与输注效果比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005);白细胞过滤与未过滤组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005).结论 PTR的发生与患者血小板输注剂量和次数有关,输注剂量越大,次数越多,发生PTR的机率越高;白细胞过滤可有效预防PTR.     

A narrative review of prehospital hemorrhagic shock treatment with non-blood product medications

Background

Hemorrhagic shock remains a leading cause of death in both military and civilian trauma casualties. While standard of care involves blood product administration, maintaining normothermia, and restoring hemostatic function, alternative strategies to treat severe hemorrhage at or near the point of injury are needed. We reviewed adjunct solutions for managing severe hemorrhage in the prehospital environment.

Methods

We performed a literature review by searching PubMed with a combination of several keywords. Additional pertinent studies were identified by crossreferencing primary articles. Clinical experience of each author was also considered.

Results

We identified several promising antishock therapies that can be utilized in the prehospital setting: ethinyl estradiol sulfate (EES), polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG20K), C1 esterase inhibitors (e.g. Berinert, Cinryze), cyclosporin A, niacin, bortezomib, rosiglitazone, icatibant, diazoxide, and valproic acid (VPA).

Conclusion

Several studies show promising adjunct treatment options in the management of severe prehospital hemorrhage. While some are rarely used, many others are readily available and commonly utilized for other indications. This suggests the potential for future use in resourcelimited settings. Human studies and case reports supporting their use are currently lacking.     

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction following ABO-mismatched platelet transfusion: Two case reports

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction following ABO-incompatible platelet transfusion: two case reportsAn ideal platelet transfusion should provide ABO identical platelet concentrate, and cross match compatibility is not routinely performed in the standard practices. However, ABO non identical platelet transfusions are not uncommon with the limited resources and short shelf life of platelet concentrate. Though rare, acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR) may occur following minor ABO-incompatible platelet transfusion. Here, we report two cases of thrombocytopenic patients (one child and one adult) type as Group B RhD positive and received Group O RhD positive platelet transfusions. Both patients experienced an AHTR evidenced by a drop in hemoglobin level, spherocytosis and small agglutinations on the blood film, and positive direct Coombs test. They were treated symptomatically, recovered and discharged well post-event without any morbidity. No anti-B isohemagglutinins titer were done to confirm the high titer of the antibody in the platelet donors. Our cases highlighted the importance of ABO-compatible platelet transfusion, especially to children and those vigilant groups of patients.     

Survey of the implementation of the recommendations in the Health Service Circular 2002/009 'Better Blood Transfusion'

This report describes the results of questionnaire surveys in 2003 and 2004 on the implementation of the recommendations of the Health Service Circular (HSC) 'Better Blood Transfusion' 2002/009 for improving transfusion practice. These followed a similar survey in 2001 to determine the progress with the implementation of recommendations in the previous Health Service Circular (HSC) 'Better Blood Transfusion' 1998/224. There was a disappointing response rate (47%) to the 2003 survey and evidence for incomplete compliance with the action plan. It was repeated in April 2004 with a systematic approach to encouraging returns, and the response rate was 95%. The results indicate progress in the implementation of Better Blood Transfusion between 2001 and 2004 in relation to increases in the proportion of hospitals with Hospital Transfusion Committees, the training of some staff groups, the number of hospitals with transfusion practitioners, the development of protocols for the use of blood and audit activity. However, the results also indicate the need for further progress in the training of some staff groups, particularly nurses and doctors, the development of Hospital Transfusion Teams, the development of protocols for the appropriate use of blood, the provision of information to patients and the use of peri-operative cell salvage. This information should be used to plan further local, regional and national initiatives to implement the Better Blood Transfusion action plan and improve transfusion practice.